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FIGURE 23 in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 23. Sternal male gonopores in Thoracotremata. A, Cardisoma carnifex (Herbst, 1796) (Gecarcinidae), male, Madagascar (MNHN-B29589); B, Plagusia depressa (Fabricius, 1775) (Plagusiidae), male 40.0 × 44.0 mm, Senegal (MNHN- B11693): schematic view (see Fig. 33A) (abdomen indicated by dotted line); C, Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Ucididae), male 70.0 × 93.0 mm, Brazil (MNHN-B13237) (abdomen indicated by dotted line); D, Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Grapsidae), male 57.0 × 60.0 mm, Clipperton I. (MNHN-B11538): schematic representation after dissection; E, F, Ocypode cursor (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ocypodidae), male 38.0 × 49.0 m, Senegal (MNHN): E, before dissection along dotted line; F, after dissection showing ejaculatory duct perforating somite 8, instead of P5 coxa. c, P5 coxo-sternal condyle; cx5, P5 coxa; e.d., ejaculatory duct; e7, episternite 7; g, gonopore; p, penis; p5, pereopod 5; 7, 8, sternites 7, 8; 7/8, thoracic sternal suture 7/8.

FIGURE 4 in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 4. Vulvae in Goneplacidae (notice the complete thoracic sternal suture 6/7, incomplete suture 7/8, and median line line along sternites 7, 8). A, Carcinoplax longimanus (De Haan, 1833), female 29.1 × 37.8 mm, Taiwan (MNHN-B29648); B, Pycnoplax victoriensis (Rathbun, 1923), female 12.1 × 14.6 mm, Australia, Victoria (NMV J52213), remains of sperm plug; C, Thyraplax crosnieri (Guinot & Richer de Forges, 1981), female 16.7 × 21.9 mm, Philippines, Panglao I. (ZRC 2004.0720) (after Castro 2007: figs. 1, 18, 19 respectively). s.p., sperm plug; v, vulva; v.c., sternal vulvar cover; 4–8, thoracic sternites 4–8.

FIGURE 7 in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 7. Sperm plugs in Dromiidae. A, Austrodromidia octodentata (Haswell, 1882), female 44.0 × 47.0 mm, South Australia (AM P2311); B, Pseudodromia latens Stimpson, 1858, female 29.0 × 21.0 mm, South Africa (SAM A1725). g, gonopore; s, aperture of spermatheca; s.p., sperm plug; 6–8, thoracic sternites 6–8; 7/8, thoracic sternal suture 7/8. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 2.5 mm (B).

FIGURE 16 in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 16. Coxo-sternal condition in Dorippidae. Dorippe quadridens (Fabricius, 1793), male 33.0 × 33.5 mm, Vietnam (MNHN-B11177): A, genital region; B, genital region with penis exposed (distal half of penis not shown in its normal vertical position); C, G1, penis, G2 in situ; D, G1 apex; E, G2. a1, abdominal somite 1; b, sclerotised bulb; c, coxo-sternal condyle; ca, carapace; cx4, cx5, P4, P5 coxae; G1, G2, gonopods 1, 2; en, endopodite; pa, papilla; t, sclerotised tube; td, distal portion of penial tube; tp, inclined proximal portion of penial tube; 7, 8, thoracic sternites 7, 8; 6/7, 7/8, sternal sutures 6/7, 7/8. Scale bars: 5 mm (A–C); 1 mm (D); 2 mm (E).

FIGURE 11 in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 11. Penis in Dynomeniformia (Homolodromiidae, Dromiidae, Dynomenidae) either enclosed in extended P5 coxa (A–H) or as independent, mobile tube from P5 coxa (I–L). A, Homolodromia paradoxa A. Milne-Edwards, 1880 (Homolodromiidae), 24.0 × 15.0 mm, Bahamas (RMNH); B, Dicranodromia mahieuxii A. Milne-Edwards, 1880 (Homolodromiidae), 9.0 × 6.5 mm, holotype, Bay of Biscay (MNHN-B21681); C, Sphaerodromia lamellata Crosnier, 1994 (Dromiidae Sphaerodromiinae), 47.8 × 42.6 mm, holotype, New Caledonia (MNHN-B24724); D, S. brizops McLay & Crosnier, 1991 (Dromiidae Sphaerodromiinae), 36.4 × 36.4 mm, holotype, Seychelles (MNHN-B24560); E, Dynomene hispida (Latreille in Milbert 1812) (Dynomenidae Dynomeninae), 8.8 × 11.5 mm, New Caledonia (MNHN-B22091); F, Hirsutodynomene ursula (Stimpson, 1860) (Dynomenidae Dynomeninae), 9.6 × 11.7 mm, Galápagos Is. (MNHN-B27637); G, Metadynomene tanensis (Yokoya, 1933) (Dynomenidae Metadynomeninae), 12.5 × 13.5 mm, New Caledonia (MNHN- B25583); H, Paradynomene sp. (Dynomenidae Paradynomeninae), 11 mm width, New Caledonia (MNHN-B24780); I, Hypoconcha californiensis Bouvier, 1898 (Dromiidae Hypoconchinae), 20.3 × 19.4 mm, syntype, Gulf of California (MNHN- B22066); J, H. panamensis Smith in Verrill 1869 (Dromiidae Hypoconchinae), 20 × 21 mm, Panamá (MNHN-B21597); K, Moreiradromia antillensis (Stimpson, 1858) (Dromiidae Dromiinae), 18.0 × 18.0 mm, French Guiana (MNHN-B22030); L, Metadromia wilsoni (Fulton & Grant, 1902) (Dromiidae Dromiinae), 22.0 × 37.0 mm (MNHN-B26254). Scale bars: 1 mm (A, C, D, H–L); 0.5 mm (B, E–G).

FIGURE 1. A in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 1. A, Anatomical relationships of penis and gonopods in Brachyura exemplified by Chionoecetes opilio (Fabricius, 1788) (Oregoniidae) (modified from Beninger et al. 1991: fig. 1C; G1 basal setae not figured); B–D, schematic representation of the dispositions of male gonopore, penis, and ejaculatory duct (indicated by dotted line) in Brachyura: B, C, perforation of P5 coxa by the ejaculatory duct: B, coxal gonopore, with penis emerging from P5 coxa (Podotremata and Heterotremata pro parte); C, coxo-sternal condition, with coxal gonopore and penis emerging at level of thoracic sternal suture 7/8 (Heterotremata pro parte); D, E, perforation of thoracic sternum by ejaculatory duct: D, sternal gonopore at the suture 7/8 level; E, sternal gonopore far from suture 7/8, in posteriormost location in relation to sternite 8. a1, abdominal somite 1; cx5, P5 coxa; g, gonopore; G1, first gonopod; G2, second gonopod; p, penis; p5, fifth pereopod; 7, 8, thoracic sternites 7, 8; 7/8, thoracic sternal suture 7/8. Scale bar: 1 mm (A).

FIGURE 14 in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 14. Derived coxo-sternal condition showing penis sheltered in gutter and location of "supplementary" suture 7/8 at complete dorsal junction of sternites 7 and 8 (both separated here to expose penis), "true" suture 7/8 situated below. Prionoplax ciliata Smith, 1870 (Panopeidae Eucratopsinae), male 13.4 × 20.3 mm, Panamá (MNHN-B24490). cx4, cx5, P4, P5 coxae; g, gutter; p, penis; pa, papilla; 7, 8, thoracic sternites 7, 8; 6/7, 7/8, thoracic sternal sutures 6/7, 7/8. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIGURE 27. Vestigial P5 in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 27. Vestigial P5 coxa, penis, and organisation of posterior portion of cephalothorax in Hexapodidae. A, B, Hexaplax megalops Doflein, 1904, male 13.0 × 19.0 mm, Fiji (MNHN-B29154); C,?Hexapus sexpes (Fabricius, 1798), female 10.6 × 18.0 mm, Persian Gulf (MNHN-B10209): exposed, translucent apodeme prolonging into sclerotised P4 platelet (left). a, apodeme; a.p., apodemal platelet; c, coxo-sternal condyle; cx4, P4 coxa; cx5, vestigial coxa of P5; e7, episternite 7; p, penis; p4, pereopod 4; pl7, pleurite of thoracic somite 7; 7, thoracic sternite 7; 8, reduced thoracic sternite 8; 6/7, thoracic sternal suture 6/7. Scale bar: 5 mm (C).

FIGURE 6. Complex vulvae. A in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 6. Complex vulvae. A, Cavoportunus dubius (Laurie, 1906) (Portunidae Portuninae), female 18.5 × 14.3 mm, Philippines, Bohol, Panglao I. (ZRC 2001.0627) (Photographs by S.T. Nguyen & P.K.L. Ng); B–D, Episesarma lafondii (H. Jacquinot in Hombron & H. Jacquinot 1846) (Sesarmidae), female 26.9 × 30.7 mm, Western New Guinea, Kamora River (ZRC2000.2066). B, vulvae; C, D, detailed views showing sternal vulvar cover with raised posterior wall, shorter inner wall, and folded central operculum. Photographs by P. Davie, Queensland Museum. o, operculum; r, rim; v.c., sternal vulvar cover.

FIGURE 26 in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 26. Thoracotreme condition in Heloecius cordiformis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Heloeciidae). A, male 15.0 × 23.0 mm, Australia, New South Wales (MNHN-B21489): male gonopore sternal, with penis emerging close to P5 coxa; B, dissected male (same data, approximately same size): P5 (left) with penis protruding from sternite 8. c, P5 coxo-sternal condyle; cx5, P5 coxa; c.p., slightly sclerotised proximal portion of penis; pa, papilla; 8, sternite 8.

FIGURE 10 in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 10. The two patterns of P5 coxa in Dromioidea, with penis either as independent, mobile tube (A, Dromiidae Dromiinae) or enclosed in extended coxa (B, Dynomenidae). A, Takedromia cristatipes (Sakai, 1969), male 19.0 × 21.5 mm, New Caledonia (MNHN-B25400): left, lowered penis; B, Dynomene hispida Latreille in Milbert 1812, male 8.8 × 11.5 mm, New Caledonia (MNHN-B22091). cx2–cx5, coxae of P2–P5; e, extension of P5 coxa; p, penis; 6–8, thoracic sternites 6–8. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa

FIGURE 5. Vulvae in Hexapodidae (A–C) and Retroplumidae (D). A,?Hexapus sexpes (Fabricius, 1798), 10.6 × 18.0 mm, Persian Gulf (MNHN-B10209). B, Hexapodidae sp., female 3.0 × 4.7 mm, Gabon (MNHN-B27907). C, Thaumastoplax anomalipes Miers, 1881, female 4.0 × 6.0 mm, Congo (R.O.C.) (MNHN-B27913). D, Bathypluma forficula Saint Laurent, 1989, female 12.0 × 14.0 mm, Indonesia, Makassar Strait (MNHN-B11229). p.b., press-button; v.c., sternal vulvar cover; 4–7, thoracic sternites 4–7; 5/6, thoracic sternal sutur 5/6. Scales bars: 5 mm (A, D), 2 mm (B, C).

Figure 15. Pocillopora meandrina. A in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics

Figure 15. Pocillopora meandrina. A, field appearance of P. meandrina (side view). B, skeleton of previous variation (MTQ-G65917). C and D, scanning electron micrographs of previous specimen. E, corallum of P. meandrina (side view) (MTQ-G66117). D, in situ appearance.

Figure 12 in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics

Figure 12. Field appearance of taxa in partial sympatry, when growing as mosaic colonies or in approximate distance to each other. α, P. damicornis; β, P. acuta; γ, P. verrucosa; x, P. bairdi sp. nov.; e, P. eydouxi; m, P. meandrina.

Figure 9. Pocillopora aliciae. A, field appearance. B in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics

Figure 9. Pocillopora aliciae. A, field appearance. B, skeleton of branch. C and D, scanning electron micrographs of corallite structure. E, corallum of holotype (MTQ-G65423) (Schmidt-Roach et al., 2013). F, typical growth from on reef slope.

Figure 7 in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics

Figure 7. Illustration of morphological plasticity of the corallum of Pocillopora damicornis in different environments and at different latitudes (side views). MTQ-sample numbers: A, G66102; B, G66131; C, G66126; D, G66136; E, G66109; F, G66107; G, G66095; H, G66127; I, G66134; J, G66123; K, G66097; L, G66103; M, n/a; N, G66098; O, G66099; P, G66100; Q, G66093; R, G66094; S, G66121; T, G66091; U, G66090.

Figure 8. Pocillopora acuta. A in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics

Figure 8. Pocillopora acuta. A, in situ appearance. B, skeleton of specimen. C and D, scanning electron micrographs of specimen (photos: Paul Muir). E, side view of corallum of holotype of Pocillopora acuta Lamarck, 1816 (photo: Michel Pichon). F, drawing by Esper (1791). G, P. acuta morph in situ. H, holotype of Pocillopora apiculata Ehrenberg, 1834. I, skeleton of compact morphology of P. acuta (MTQ-G66112).

Figure 13. P in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics

Figure 13. P. bairdi sp. nov. A, in situ appearance. B, skeleton of specimen. C and D, scanning electron micrographs of specimen. E, corallum of holotype (side view) (MTQ-G65918). F, corallum of paratype (side view) (MTQ-G65919). G, mosaic colony including holotype (left), P. meandrina (upper right), and P. damicornis (lower right). H, previous colony in situ.

Figure 5. A in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics

Figure 5. A, haplotype network based on ORF DNA sequence data and incorporating published Pocillopora sequence data from other locations across the Indian and Pacific Oceans (total alignment length 594 bp). B, geographical account of these lineages on a global scale based solely on genetic lineages.

Figure 3. A in With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics

Figure 3. A, DAPC of gross morphological characters. Bi-plot indication of character (see Table 1 for explanation of characters) contribution is shown in blue. Individuals are represented by dots and groups by elipses. Box, cluster-based reassignment probabilities (dotted lines indicate probabilities if Type α is excluded from calculations). B, branch-based reassignment probabilities for each cluster; bars indicate genetic lineages [probability of reassignment of a branch (N = 133) (horizontal bars, y-axis) to a certain cluster (genetic lineage) (vertical bars, x-axis) is indicated by shades: white = 0, dark grey = 1]. Clusters: α, Pocillopora damicornis; β, P. acuta; e, P. eydouxi; m, P. meandrina; δ, P. aliciae; γ, P. verrucosa; x, P. bairdi sp. nov.