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Figure 7 in A new leptarctine (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from the early Miocene of the northern Tibetan Plateau: implications for the phylogeny and zoogeography of basal mustelids
Figure 7. Phyletic relationships, time ranges, and migration events of Eurasian and North American late Cenozoic leptarctines and some basal mustelids. The first appearance datums (FAD) are derived from the following sources: Paragale and Plesiogale from the late Aquitanian Montaigu-le-Blin locality in the Allier Basin of France (MN2a, c. 20.5–22.5 Mya) (Ginsburg, 1999), Trocharion from Vieux Collonges (MN 5, 17–15 Mya) of France (Qiu & Schmidt- Kittler, 1982), Kinometaxia from the IVPP DH 9910 locality in the Tiejianggou Formation (Wang et al., 2003c), North America leptarctines (Schultzogale, Craterogale, and Leptarctus) from the early Hemingfordian Runningwater Formation of Nebraska (Baskin, 1998; Lim & Martin, 2000), and Leptarctus neimenguensis from the late Tunggurian Tairum Nor locality in the Tunggur Formation of China (Zhai, 1964; Wang et al., 2003b). Open arrows pointing right and left indicate eastward and westward migration events respectively.
Figure 2 in Phylogeny of the genera of the parasitic wasps subfamily Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on morphological evidence
Figure 2. External morphological features in the Doryctinae. A, anterior part of mesosoma, lateral view; B–D, mesosoma, lateral view; E, areas of propodeum; F, mesonotum; G, propodeum, view from behind; H–K, stigma-like enlargement of the hind wing in male. A, Binarea spinicollis Brullé; B, Bracodoryctes tergalis Belokobylskij & Quicke; C, Evaniodes areolaris Szépligeti; D, E, Doryctes germanicus Belokobylskij; F, Fijibracon insularis Belokobylskij; G, Stephanospathius ornatipes (Kieffer); H, Dendrosoter middendorffi (Ratzeburg); I, Heterospilus orientalis Belokobylskij; Leluthia asiatica (Tobias); J, K, H. separatus Fischer.
Figure 111 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 111. Results of the Continuous Jackknife Function Analysis (Miller, 2003). The current analysis is converging on the preferred hypothesis. The stability of the data is greater than in any morphological, and most molecular (or total evidence), datasets explored by Miller. In other words, comparatively few data are necessary to recover e.g. 50% and 90% of the nodes, supported by the entire matrix (S50 = 77, S90 = 18). Interestingly, at 50% probability of character removal, 73% of the nodes are retained.
Figure 108 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 108. Evolution of the theridiid web. A three-dimensional cobweb (thick lines) is an unambiguous synapomorphy of the theridioids, but has been lost, or modified, multiple times. Ambiguous optimization is indicated with broken lines, unknown web types with question marks. Taxa marked with a star are autapomorphic. Thwaitesia does not make the typical H-shaped web of other spintharines, but still depends on only a few lines. Phoroncidia builds a unique single line web (sometimes a few lines) with sticky silk on one end (see Fig. 97B–D); related taxa are probably all litter dwellers and some may well be web-less.
Figure 107 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 107. Optimization of kleptoparasitism and araneophagy within Argyrodinae. Kleptoparasitic behaviour unambiguously optimizes at the base of Argyrodinae (clade 32); specialized araneophages have secondarily lost kleptoparasitism. Araneophagy is present in some but probably not all Faiditus species; the behaviour of the species included in this phylogeny is not known. Given the cladogram, the optimization of this character will either be ambiguous (gain and loss, or two gains), or if Faiditus is primitively nonaraneophagous, multiple gains will be inferred. However, given the data at hand, and logical preference for retaining homology of complex features, I prefer the hypothesis that araneophagy arose once and was lost in the strictly kleptoparasitic Argyrodes.
Figure 103 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 103. Cladogram of outgroups and basal theridiids. Clade numbers in circles at nodes; other Pholcomma numbershirsutum indicate characters changing on those nodes; underlined characters have perfect fit to the cladogram. Numbers on terminal branches are branch lengths (steps) when different from zero. All changes are shown cf. chickeringi
Figure 101. A–D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 101. A–D, 'nonstar' Achaearanea spp. webs (225-3, 226-0, 227-1). A, platform and gumfoot lines, surrounding a tree trunk (Ranamofana, Madagascar). B, ditto, gumfoot lines. C, gumfoot lines radiating in several directions, attached to a tree trunk and surrounding leaves (Ranamofana, Madagascar). D, ditto, gumfoot lines. E, Achaearanea sp. web covered with flies that use silk lines for resting (Fanies Island, S. Africa), the extremely simple, nonsticky, web of the argyrodine Ariamnes helps to lure nematocerous flies into proximity with the spider. F, Theridion sp., egg sac is protected in a special (nonsnare) web (Fanies Island, S. Africa). G, Chrysso sp. female and egg sac (Fanies Island, S. Africa).
Figure 102 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 102. Single most parsimonious cladogram (L = 759, CI = 37, RI = 73) and preferred phylogenetic hypothesis of theridiid spiders with major groups identified and the family Theridiidae shown with thick lines. Numbers above branches indicate Bremer support; below branches are bootstrap values (above 50%). Parsimony jackknife scores were nearly identical and are not shown.
Figure 99 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 99. Webs and habitus of species all previously in Anelosimus. A, Kochiura attrita web (Puyehue, Chile, 225-3). B. Selkirkiella luisi web (Puyehue, Chile, 225-3, 226-1). C. Anelosimus eximius web (Kaieteur falls, Guyana, 225-1). D, A. eximius female, standing on the dense mat of silk which forms the dome of the web (Bartika, Guyana). E, Selkirkiella luisi, female habitus (Puyehue, Chile). F, Kochiura sp., female habitus (Puyehue, Chile).
Figure 98. Argyrodinae. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 98. Argyrodinae. A, Argyrodes sp. and Faiditus sp. stealing food caught by its Nephila host (Cabo Blanco, Costa Rica). B, Argyrodes sp. pilfering tiny prey, ignored by the Nephila host (Cabo Blanco, Costa Rica). C, Faiditus female in a nonsnare web at edge of host web, attaching egg sac. D, Faiditus sp. egg sac; note distinct stalk (230-1), a synapomorphy of Argyrodinae (Cabo Blanco, Costa Rica). E, Ariamnes female with egg sac (231-3), both extremely elongated (Gunn's Landing, Guyana). F, Rhomphaea draca (Chamberlin & Ivie) female in a very simple, nonsticky web (Gunn's Landing, Guyana).
Figure 97. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 97. A, Episinus sp. in web (225-4), posterior line held with one leg IV; leg pairs I, II both holding on to the line in front of the animal (Perinét, Madagascar). B–D, Phoroncidia spp., simple line webs (225-6). B, typical posture of a single line web, the spider holding on to dry silk near substrate; note transition to sticky silk (Ranamofana, Madagascar). C, similar position to Episinus, but uses only single leg I to hold line in front of the animal (Puyehue, Chile). D, closer. E, Thwaitesia sp. habitus (Sodwana Bay, S. Africa). F, Tidarren sp. (Fanies Island, S. Africa); note characteristic thin white band on abdomen. G, ditto, web.
Figure 100 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 100. Achaearanea spp. webs. The 'star-shaped' web (225-3, 226-0, 227-1) of all species displayed here is typical of many Achaearanea and has also been reported in some Theridion and Chrysso. A–C from Gunn's Landing, Guyana. D from Ranamofana, Madagascar. E, F from Fanies Island, S. Africa. This web structure will no doubt be of use in further phylogenetic studies on Theridiinae. Some species consistently have a leaf retreat in the web's centre (E, F).
Figure 83. Thwaitesia male. A–F in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 83. Thwaitesia male. A–F, Thwaitesia sp. A–E, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, ventral close-up; note extra tegular apophysis (ETA, 101-1). E, the extremely elongated tibia is a putative synapomorphy of Thwaitesia. F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, T. margaritifera, epiandrous gland spigots. Scale bars: A–C, E, 100 Mm. D, F, G, 20 Mm.
Figure 89 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 89. Male palps of outgroups. A, Pimoa rupicola (redrawn from Hormiga, 1994a). B, Linyphia triangularis (redrawn from Hormiga, 1994b). C, Synotaxus monoceros. D, Nesticus cellulanus (Clerck) (redrawn from Huber, 1993). E, Eidmanella pallida.
Figure 96. Latrodectus female and web. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 96. Latrodectus female and web. A, Latrodectus sp., ventral view (Phinda, S-Africa). B, ditto, dorsal view. C–F, L. geometricus web (Berenty reserve, Madagascar). C, female in retreat of web, located in a crevice on a tree trunk about 1.5 m above the ground. D, the retreat opens to a domed sheet, that leads down nearer to the ground. E, 20-30 cm above the ground the sheet turns into a typical cobweb mesh, from which gumfoot lines lead to the ground. F, tips of gumfoot lines (227-1); this trapping area of the web is nearly 2 m away from the female's retreat.
Figure 93. A–D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 93. A–D, models of male sperm duct trajectory. A, Anelosimus eximiu: ectal view, numbers indicate where the duct completes loops 1-3. B, A. eximius, dorsal view. C. Theridion. D, Faiditus. E-J, schematic illustrations. E, Faiditus chickeringi, ducts. F, Anelosimus rupununi, epigynum. G, Kochiura aulica, epigynum. H, A. rupununi, internal female genitalia. I, Dipoena nigra, internal female genitalia. J, Kochiura aulica, internal female genitalia. (F–H & J, drawn by Sarah Crews.)
Figure 79. Theridion varians, male. A–D, palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 79. Theridion varians, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial; note apophysis on MA (arrow, 71-1). B, ventral. C, ectal. D, apical; note membranous (67-1) conductor base (Cb). E, prosomal stridulatory ridges. F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, prosoma. Scale bars: A–D, G, 100 Mm. E, 50 Mm. F, 20 Mm.
Figure 86. Tidarren sisyphoides. A–F, highly modified male palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 86. Tidarren sisyphoides. A–F, highly modified male palp. A, ventral, close-up. B, ectal from below; note single trichobothrium (arrow). C, ectal. D, apical; note extremely modified cymbium. E, dorsal. F, details of cymbial ridges (23-2), and the tarsal organ. G, epigynum. Scale bars: A, 50 Mm; B–E, G, 100 Mm; F, 20 Mm.
Figure 75. Theridion frondeum male. A–C, palp. A, ventral. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 75. Theridion frondeum male. A–C, palp. A, ventral. B, mesial; note two lock mechanisms, embolus-tegulum lock mechanism, the apophysis on the E base (putatively homologous to the El in some other taxa, 98-1) fitting (50-1) in the tegular pit (lower arrow, 49-1), and the bulb-cymbium lock mechanism with a large cymbial hood (upper arrow, 33-1) where the distal arm of the MA fits (78-0). C, apical. D, prosomal stridulatory ridges. Scale bars: 100 Mm.
Figure 74. Stemmops. A-G in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 74. Stemmops. A-G, Stemmops nr. servus. A–C, female spinnerets. A, note sclerotized ring around spinnerets (202-1). B, PLS and PMS. C, colulus (arrow). D, female palpal tibia, dorsal view. E, male fourth tarsal claws. F, female pedicel area. G, epigynum. H-J, S. bicolor. H, epiandrous gland spigots. I, male spinnerets; note functional AG (219-1). J, female spinnerets. Scale bars: A, 100 Mm. C, F, 50 Mm. D, G, 20 Mm. B, E, H-J, 10 Mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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