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Figure 3 from: van der Vos W, Stein K, Di-Poï N, Bickelmann C (2018) Ontogeny of Hemidactylus (Gekkota, Squamata) with emphasis on the limbs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 195-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22289

Figure 3 Overview of embryonic developmental stages G to L, erected in this study, including µCT data. Stage G is shown in (A–C), its representative is CA2017_004. CA2017_011 represents stage H in (D–F). (G–I) show stage I represented by CA2017_014. Stage J is depicted in (J–M), represented by CA2017_008. Stage K is CA2017_013 and shown in (N, O). (P–R) show CA2017_002 for stage L. (B) and (E) are in cranial view, (R) in dorsal view, and all others in lateral view. Scale bars equal 1mm. Abbreviations: at – adhesive toepads; ca – cornea; cw – claw formation; l – lens; np – nose pit; ot – otic capsule; s – scansors; sp – swollen pads; ub – urogenital bud; ws – wrinkly skin.

Figure 7 from: van der Vos W, Stein K, Di-Poï N, Bickelmann C (2018) Ontogeny of Hemidactylus (Gekkota, Squamata) with emphasis on the limbs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 195-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22289

Figure 7 Lamellar bone histology and endosteal remodeling in other squamate lizards. (A) Cross section of an Iguana iguana femur (AC1896 288). (B) Cross section of a Varanus timorensis femur (MK52920). (C) Cross section of Tupinambis teguixin femur (MK53531). All images were taken under cross polarized light. Note the cross cutting relations in the endosteal bone of V. timorensis and Tupinambis. Also note the more extensive layer of remodeling with secondary osteons in the innermost cortex of Tupinambis. Abbreviations: eb – endosteal bone; pb – periosteal bone; so – secondary osteon. Scale bar in (A) equals 1 mm, in (B) 250 µm, and in (C) 500 µm.

Figure 2 from: van der Vos W, Stein K, Di-Poï N, Bickelmann C (2018) Ontogeny of Hemidactylus (Gekkota, Squamata) with emphasis on the limbs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 195-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22289

Figure 2 Overview of embryonic developmental stages A to F, erected in this study. Stage A is depicted in (A, B) and represented by CA2017_007. (C, D) show the representative CA2017_003 for stage B. Stage C (E–G) is represented by CA2017_006. CA2017_005 represents stage D in (H–J). Note the immunohistochemistry for SOX9 expression in a limb cross section in (J). Stage E is shown in (K–L), represented by CA2017_010. CA2017_012 represents stage F in (M-O). Except for (J), all pictures in lateral view. Scale bars equal 1mm. Abbreviations: aer – apical ectodermal ridge; au – autopod; cc – cartilage capsule; cf – choroid fissure; en – external nares; ep – eye pigmentation; fp – frontal nasal process; ha – hyoid arch; lb – limb bud; ll – lateral lines; mda – mandibular arch; mxa – maxillary process; oc – optic cup; of – olfactory pit; op – otic pit; pa – pharyngeal arches; st – stylopod; tc – thorac cavity; zu – zeugopod.

Fig 6 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 6 Effects of water extracts of frass produced by desert locusts (Sg), migratory locusts (Lm), and Bombay locusts (Ns) fed with rescue grass leaves on the number of A. Egg pods and B. Holes dug by adult desert locusts presented with extracts mixed with sand. Three cups containing frass extracts of the three locust species were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages (light and dark histograms) for seven days. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Different letters in each comparison (light or dark histograms) in (A) indicate significant differences at the 5% level with Tukey's multiple comparison test. n.s. indicates no significant differences in each comparison with ANOVA (light or dark histograms).

Fig 5 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 5 Effects of water extracts of frass produced by A, B. Bombay locusts and C, D. Migratory locusts fed with rescue grass leaves on the numbers of egg pods laid (A, C) and holes dug (B, D) by adult female desert locusts presented with extracts mixed with sand. Two cups containing frass extract (treated) and water (control) were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages, and the data were combined. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Asterisks indicate significant differences at the 5% level with a t-test. n.s. indicates no significant difference.

Fig 2 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 2 Effects of water extracts of frass obtained from lab-reared desert locust fed with romaine lettuce in Tunisia on the number of A. Egg pods laid and B. Holes dug by adult female desert locusts presented with sand mixed with frass extracts. Two cups containing frass extracts (treated) and water (control) were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages for seven or eight days, and the data were combined. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Asterisks indicate a significant difference at the 5% level with a t-test. n.s. indicates no significant difference.

Fig 9 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 9 Effects of water extracts of rescue grass-fed desert locust frass on A. Egg widths (mean ± SD; n = 10) and B. Antennal lengths of embryos (mean ± SD; n = 6–11). Eggs were incubated in sand wetted with the frass extract (treated) or water (control) on day three after oviposition at 30°C. C–F. Photographs show embryos observed on days 5 and 9. Triangles in (A) and (B) indicate the time when the treatment started. Vertical bars in C–F indicate 1 mm. White arrows indicate an embryonic antenna in C–E.

Fig 1 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 1 Effects of water extracts of desert locust frass collected under umbrella thorn trees in the Mauritanian desert on the number of A., B. Egg pods laid, and C., D. Holes dug by adult female desert locusts presented with extracts mixed with sand. Frass were collected at sites #1 and #2 in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Two cups containing frass extracts (treated) and water (control) were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages for seven or five days, and the data were combined. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Asterisks indicate a significant difference at the 5% level with a t-test. n.s. indicates no significant difference.

Fig 8 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 8 Effects of water extracts of rescue grass-fed Bombay locust (Ns) and migratory locust (Lm) frass on desert locust egg hatching rates. Five groups of 20 eggs were buried in sand wetted with each extract and water alone (control, C) within three days after oviposition and were observed for hatching at 30°C. Asterisks indicate significant differences at the 5% level with GLMM.

Fig 7 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 7 Effects of hot and cool water extracts of rescue grass-fed desert locust frass on the number of A. Egg pods laid and B. Holes dug by adult female desert locusts. Frass were extracted with boiling and cool water and the extracts were mixed with sand. Sand cups containing these extracts and water as a control were presented to locusts in the same cage for 4 days. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Different letters in (A) indicate significant differences at the 5% level with Tukey's multiple comparison test. n.s. in (B) indicates no significant difference with ANOVA at the 5% level.

Fig 3 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 3 Effects of water extracts of leaves of various plants and desert locust frass collected after locusts fed on these plants on the numbers of egg pods laid by adult female desert locusts presented with sand mixed with extracts. Sand wetted with water was also presented as a control. Three cups containing leaf, frass extract, and water (control) were simultaneously presented to locusts in one (A, C, D) or two locust cages (B, E, F) for three to five days, and the data were combined in (B), (E), and (F). Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Different letters in each panel indicate significant differences at the 5% level with Tukey's multiple comparison test. DG, Dactylis glomerata (orchard grass); BO, Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage); SB, Sorghum bicolor (sorghum); LS, Lactuca sativa var. longifolia (romaine lettuce); BR, Brassica rapa var. perviridis (Japanese mustard spinach); MS, Miscanthus sinensis (silver grass).

Fig 4 from: Tanaka S, Kotaki T, Nishide Y, Ben-Hamouda A, Abdellaoui K, Ebbe MAB, Ely SO (2019) Effects of water extracts of feces from three locust species and various plants on oviposition and embryonic development in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.34665

Fig 4 Effects of water extracts of leaves of various plants and desert locust frass after locusts fed on these plants on the numbers of egg pods laid when extracts were mixed with sand and presented to adult female desert locusts. Two cups containing leaf and frass extracts were simultaneously presented to locusts in each of two locust cages for three to five days, and the data were combined. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total numbers of days observed. Bars on histograms indicate one standard deviation. Asterisks indicate significant differences at the 5% level with a t-test. n.s. indicates no significant difference. DG, Dactylis glomerata (orchard grass); BO, Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage); SB, Sorghum bicolor (sorghum); LS, Lactuca sativa var. longifolia (romaine lettuce); BR, Brassica rapa var. perviridis (Japanese mustard spinach); MS, Miscanthus sinensis (silver grass).

Figure 6 from: van der Vos W, Stein K, Di-Poï N, Bickelmann C (2018) Ontogeny of Hemidactylus (Gekkota, Squamata) with emphasis on the limbs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 195-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22289

Figure 6 - Bone histology of Hemidactylus long bones. Adult specimen CA2017_001 (cross section no. H63_FR_B5; A, C), ZMB 87078 (cross section no. A12_FL_6b, one year old, SVL 47 mm; B, D, E), and developmental stage I specimen CA2017_015 (F) and CA2017_014 (G). (A–E) Longitudinal sections (HE staining) of the humeral shaft showing a clear pattern of alternating bone lamellae in the periosteal cortex and remodeling in the endosteal region. (C) Close-up of boxed area in (A). (D, E) Magnification of cortical bone of similar areas in (B). (F, G) Onset of ossification in individuals, 25 days before hatching, as seen in histological sections (F) and µCT scans (G). Abbreviations: eb – endosteal bone; f – femur; h – humerus; hl – Howship lacunae; mc – medullary cavity; pb – periosteal bone; r – radius; u – ulna. Scale bars in (A, B) equal 200 µm, in (C–E) 100 µm, in (F) 500 µm, and 1 mm in (G).

Figure 3 from: van der Vos W, Stein K, Di-Poï N, Bickelmann C (2018) Ontogeny of Hemidactylus (Gekkota, Squamata) with emphasis on the limbs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 195-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22289

Figure 3 - Overview of embryonic developmental stages G to L, erected in this study, including µCT data. Stage G is shown in (A–C), its representative is CA2017_004. CA2017_011 represents stage H in (D–F). (G–I) show stage I represented by CA2017_014. Stage J is depicted in (J–M), represented by CA2017_008. Stage K is CA2017_013 and shown in (N, O). (P–R) show CA2017_002 for stage L. (B) and (E) are in cranial view, (R) in dorsal view, and all others in lateral view. Scale bars equal 1mm. Abbreviations: at – adhesive toepads; ca – cornea; cw – claw formation; l – lens; np – nose pit; ot – otic capsule; s – scansors; sp – swollen pads; ub – urogenital bud; ws – wrinkly skin.

Figure 2 from: van der Vos W, Stein K, Di-Poï N, Bickelmann C (2018) Ontogeny of Hemidactylus (Gekkota, Squamata) with emphasis on the limbs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 195-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22289

Figure 2 - Overview of embryonic developmental stages A to F, erected in this study. Stage A is depicted in (A, B) and represented by CA2017_007. (C, D) show the representative CA2017_003 for stage B. Stage C (E–G) is represented by CA2017_006. CA2017_005 represents stage D in (H–J). Note the immunohistochemistry for SOX9 expression in a limb cross section in (J). Stage E is shown in (K–L), represented by CA2017_010. CA2017_012 represents stage F in (M-O). Except for (J), all pictures in lateral view. Scale bars equal 1mm. Abbreviations: aer – apical ectodermal ridge; au – autopod; cc – cartilage capsule; cf – choroid fissure; en – external nares; ep – eye pigmentation; fp – frontal nasal process; ha – hyoid arch; lb – limb bud; ll – lateral lines; mda – mandibular arch; mxa – maxillary process; oc – optic cup; of – olfactory pit; op – otic pit; pa – pharyngeal arches; st – stylopod; tc – thorac cavity; zu – zeugopod.

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Supplementary material 1 from: van der Vos W, Stein K, Di-Poï N, Bickelmann C (2018) Ontogeny of Hemidactylus (Gekkota, Squamata) with emphasis on the limbs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 195-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22289

SOM Table : Data type: Adobe PDF file

Figure 7 from: van der Vos W, Stein K, Di-Poï N, Bickelmann C (2018) Ontogeny of Hemidactylus (Gekkota, Squamata) with emphasis on the limbs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 195-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22289

Figure 7 - Lamellar bone histology and endosteal remodeling in other squamate lizards. (A) Cross section of an Iguana iguana femur (AC1896 288). (B) Cross section of a Varanus timorensis femur (MK52920). (C) Cross section of Tupinambis teguixin femur (MK53531). All images were taken under cross polarized light. Note the cross cutting relations in the endosteal bone of V. timorensis and Tupinambis . Also note the more extensive layer of remodeling with secondary osteons in the innermost cortex of Tupinambis . Abbreviations: eb – endosteal bone; pb – periosteal bone; so – secondary osteon. Scale bar in (A) equals 1 mm, in (B) 250 µm, and in (C) 500 µm.

Figure 5 from: van der Vos W, Stein K, Di-Poï N, Bickelmann C (2018) Ontogeny of Hemidactylus (Gekkota, Squamata) with emphasis on the limbs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 195-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22289

Figure 5 - Forelimb of juvenile Hemidactylus , stained with azan (A, B) and scanned by µCT (C). (A) and (C) are of the hatchling ZMB 87077 (cross section no. in A is A5_F_13a), and (B) of the juvenile ZMB 87076 (cross section no. A4_F_21a). Note the yet unossified paraphalanges in both. In contrast, reduced phalangeal elements have started ossifying. Radius and ulna are not yet fully ossified, and carpal elements are as yet unossified. Numericals indicate: 1 – trapezium; 2 – metacarpal; 3 – phalanx; 4 – paraphalanx; 5 – metacarpal; 6 – phalanx; 7 – paraphalanx. Scale bars in (A) and (B) equal 200 µm, and scale bar in (C) is 550 µm.

Figure 4 from: van der Vos W, Stein K, Di-Poï N, Bickelmann C (2018) Ontogeny of Hemidactylus (Gekkota, Squamata) with emphasis on the limbs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(1): 195-209. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.22289

Figure 4 - µCT images of the manus of an adult Hemidactylus (ZMB 87075). Left (A) and right (B, C) manus in dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C) view. Large lateral paraphalanges are shown in red, small nubbin-like ones laterally and dorsally in orange, and ventral ones in yellow. Note the reduced antepenultimate in pink in (B, C). Scale bar is 500 µm. Abbreviations: dc – distal carpals; m – metacarpals; p –pisiform; pp – paraphalanges; R – radius; r – radiale; rp – reduced phalanges; U – ulna; u – ulnare; 1-5 – phalanges 1-5; I-V – digits I-V.