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333 results for “Convergent evolution”
Data from: Convergent evolution as a generator of phenotypic diversity in threespine stickleback
Convergent evolution, in which populations produce similar phenotypes in response to similar selection pressure, is strong evidence for the role of natural selection in shaping biological diversity. In some cases, closely related populations can produce functionally similar but phenotypically divergence forms in response to selection. Functional convergence with morphological divergence has been observed in laboratory selection experiments and computer simulations, but while potentially common, is rarely recognized in nature. Here, we present data from the North Pacific threespine stickleback radiation showing that ecologically and functionally similar, but morphologically divergent phenotypes rapidly evolved when an ancestral population colonized freshwater benthic habitats in parallel. Additionally, we show that in this system, functional convergence substantially increases morphospace occupation relative to ancestral phenotypes, which suggests that convergent evolution may, paradoxically, be an important and previously underappreciated source of morphological diversity.
Data from: Testing convergence versus history: convergence dominates phenotypic evolution for over 150 million years in frogs
Striking evolutionary convergence can lead to similar sets of species in different locations, such as in cichlid fishes and Anolis lizards, and suggests that evolution can be repeatable and predictable across clades. Yet, most examples of convergence involve relatively small temporal and/or spatial scales. Some authors have speculated that at larger scales (e.g., across continents), differing evolutionary histories will prevent convergence. However, few studies have compared the contrasting roles of convergence and history, and none have done so at large scales. Here we develop a two-part approach to test the scale over which convergence can occur, comparing the relative importance of convergence and history in macroevolution using phylogenetic models of adaptive evolution. We apply this approach to data from morphology, ecology, and phylogeny from 167 species of anuran amphibians (frogs) from 10 local sites across the world, spanning ∼160 myr of evolution. Mapping ecology on the phylogeny revealed that similar microhabitat specialists (e.g., aquatic, arboreal) have evolved repeatedly across clades and regions, producing many evolutionary replicates for testing for morphological convergence. By comparing morphological optima for clades and microhabitat types (our first test), we find that convergence associated with microhabitat use dominates frog morphological evolution, producing recurrent ecomorphs that together encompass all sampled species in each community in each region. However, our second test, which examines whether and how much species differ from their inferred optima, shows that convergence is incomplete: that is, phenotypes of most species are still somewhat distant from the estimated optimum for each microhabitat, seemingly because of insufficient time for more complete adaptation (an effect of history). Yet, these effects of history are related to past ecologies, and not clade membership. Overall, our study elucidates the dominant drivers of morphological evolution across a major vertebrate clade and shows that evolution can be repeatable at much greater temporal and spatial scales than commonly thought. It also provides an analytical framework for testing other potential examples of large-scale convergence.
Data from: Convergent evolution in Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa on calamine metalliferous soils
It is a plausible hypothesis that parallel adaptation events to the same environmental challenge should result in genetic changes of similar or identical effects, depending on the underlying fitness landscapes. However, systematic testing of this is scarce. Here we examine this hypothesis in two closely related plant species, Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa, which co-occur at two calamine metalliferous (M) sites harbouring toxic levels of the heavy metals zinc and cadmium. We conduct individual genome resequencing alongside soil elemental analysis for 64 plants from eight populations on M and non-metalliferous (NM) soils, and identify genomic footprints of selection and local adaptation. Selective sweep and environmental association analyses indicate a modest degree of gene as well as functional network convergence, whereby the proximal molecular factors mediating this convergence mostly differ between site pairs and species. Notably, we observe repeated selection on identical single nucleotide polymorphisms in several A. halleri genes at two independently colonized M sites. Our data suggest that species-specific metal handling and other biological features could explain a low degree of convergence between species. The parallel establishment of plant populations on calamine M soils involves convergent evolution, which will probably be more pervasive across sites purposely chosen for maximal similarity in soil composition.
Data from: Convergence and functional evolution of longirostry in crocodylomorphs
During the Mesozoic, Crocodylomorpha had a much higher taxonomic and morphological diversity than today. Members of one particularly successful clade, Thalattosuchia, are well-known for being longirostrine: having long, slender snouts. It has generally been assumed that Thalattosuchia owed their success in part to the evolution of longirostry, leading to a feeding ecology similar to that of the living Indian gharial, Gavialis. Here, we compare form and function of the skulls of the thalattosuchian Pelagosaurus and Gavialis using digital reconstructions of the skull musculoskeletal anatomy and finite element models to show that they had different jaw muscle arrangements and biomechanical behaviour. Additionally, the relevance of feeding-related mandibular traits linked to longirostry in the radiation of crocodylomorph clades was investigated by conducting an evolutionary rates analysis under the variable rates model. We find that, even though Pelagosaurus and Gavialis share similar patterns of stress distribution in their skulls, the former had lower mechanical resistance. This suggests that compared to Gavialis, Pelagosaurus was unable to process large, mechanically less tractable prey, instead operating as a specialised piscivore that fed on softer and smaller prey. Secondly, innovation of feeding strategies was achieved by rate acceleration of functional characters of the mandible, a key mechanism for the diversification of certain clades like thalattosuchians and eusuchians. Different rates of functional evolution suggest divergent diversification dynamics between teleosaurids and metriorhynchids in the Jurassic.
Data from: Detecting adaptive convergent amino acid evolution
In evolutionary genomics, researchers have taken an interest in identifying substitutions that subtend convergent phenotypic adaptations. This is a difficult question that requires distinguishing foreground convergent substitutions that are involved in the convergent phenotype from background convergent substitutions. Those may be linked to other adaptations, may be neutral or may be the consequence of mutational biases. Furthermore, there is no generally accepted definition of convergent substitutions. Various methods that use different definitions have been proposed in the literature, resulting in different sets of candidate foreground convergent substitutions. In this article, we first describe the processes that can generate foreground convergent substitutions in coding sequences, separating adaptive from non-adaptive processes. Second, we review methods that have been proposed to detect foreground convergent substitutions in coding sequences and expose the assumptions that underlie them. Finally, we examine their power on simulations of convergent changes—including in the presence of a change in the efficacy of selection—and on empirical alignments.
Fig. 6 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 6. Bayesian analysis of the concatenated 18S + 28S rDNA dataset constructed using MrBayes ver. 3.6.2 under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide evolution. The analysis was run for 10 million generations; 7 million generations were discarded as burn-in. Posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. All nodes with <0.95 posterior probabilities have been collapsed. The branch length scale bar indicates number of substitutions per site. Higher level classification is given at the right-hand side. Emboldened terminals indicate newly generated data.
Fig. 4 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 4. Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov. A. Paratype (NHMUK 2021.2.25.1). B–C, F–H. Holotype (MNHN-IB-2017-696). D–E. Paratype (NHMUK 2021.3.19.1). A. Frontal view of autozooids with short peristomes interspersed with kenozooids. B–C. Calcified diaphragms with a central lumen closing an autozooid (B) and a kenozooid (C). D–E, G. Longitudinal sections of zooids showing the moniliform walls with mural pustules, and the communication pores. F. Funnel-shaped diaphragm with a sectioned autozooid. H. Mural spines and pustules surrounding a communication pore.
Figure 1 from: Perger R (2013) Did the genus Parandrocephalus Heller, 1916 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Callichromatini) cross the Wallace line? The taxonomic status of Parandrocephalus blairi Bentanachs & Vives 2009 and a new subgenus of Hexamitodera Heller, 1896, with notes on convergent evolution and secondary sexual characters. ZooKeys 293: 77-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.293.5133
Figure 1 - Dorsal view habitus, scale bars 10 mm A Parandrocephalus eversor, male, Malaysia, Cameron Highlands, Kampong Rajah B idem, female C Hexamitodera (Sulcognatha) blairi comb. n., male, Indonesia, Central Sulawesi, Puncak D idem, female, allotype, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Palolo Palu E Hexamitodera semivelutina, male, Sulawesi F, idem, female, holotype, Indonesia, North Sulawesi.
Figure 3 from: Perger R (2013) Did the genus Parandrocephalus Heller, 1916 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Callichromatini) cross the Wallace line? The taxonomic status of Parandrocephalus blairi Bentanachs & Vives 2009 and a new subgenus of Hexamitodera Heller, 1896, with notes on convergent evolution and secondary sexual characters. ZooKeys 293: 77-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.293.5133
Figure 3 - Dorsal view male mandibles; light grey, dorsal surface; dark grey, ventral external concavity; black, interior surface; a, dorso-lateral border; mandibles of A and D are drawn from specimens that were digitally scaled until they had similar body length A Hexamitodera semivelutina B, C hypothetical intermediate forms D Hexamitodera (Sulcognatha) blairi comb. n. E Parandrocephalus eversor.
Figure 2 from: Perger R (2013) Did the genus Parandrocephalus Heller, 1916 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Callichromatini) cross the Wallace line? The taxonomic status of Parandrocephalus blairi Bentanachs & Vives 2009 and a new subgenus of Hexamitodera Heller, 1896, with notes on convergent evolution and secondary sexual characters. ZooKeys 293: 77-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.293.5133
Figure 2 - Dorsal view head and pronotum, scale bars 5 mm A Hexamitodera (Sulcognatha) blairi comb. n., male, Indonesia, Central Sulawesi, Puncak B Parandrocephalus eversor, male, Malaysia, Cameron Highlands, Kampong Rajah.
Data from: Antitropicality and convergent evolution: a case study of Permian neospiriferine brachiopods
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Data from: Divergent in shape and convergent in function: adaptive evolution of the mandible in Sub-Antarctic mice
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Data from: Convergent evolution of phenotypic integration and its alignment with morphological diversification in Carribean Anolis ecomorphs
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Data from: Evolution of a soft-tissue foraging adaptation in African cichlids: roles for novelty, convergence, and constraint
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Sequence-capture phylogenomics of true spiders reveals convergent evolution of respiratory systems
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A common endocrine signature marks convergent evolution of an elaborate dance display in frogs
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Data from: Wasp waist and flight: convergent evolution in wasps reveals a link between wings and body shapes
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Data from: Phylogenetic relationships and convergent evolution of ocean-shore ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidion and relatives)
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Data from: Data set incongruence and correlated character evolution: an example of functional convergence in the hind-limbs of stifftail diving ducks
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Data from: Detecting adaptive convergent amino acid evolution
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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