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Text-fig. 5. Most parsimonious trees obtained after addition of the Pennipollis plant to the (A) D&E and (B) J/M trees. Relative parsimony of alternative positions of the Pennipollis plant is indicated as in Text-fig. 2; abbreviations as in Text-fig. 1. in Early Cretaceous Monocots: A Phylogenetic Evaluation

Text-fig. 5. Most parsimonious trees obtained after addition of the Pennipollis plant to the (A) D&E and (B) J/M trees. Relative parsimony of alternative positions of the Pennipollis plant is indicated as in Text-fig. 2; abbreviations as in Text-fig. 1.

Fig. 7 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 7. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. A. TsSGM 2048/17, holotype, interior of right valve (A1), exterior of left valve with attached oyster (A2). B. TsSGM 2048/24, paratype, interior of right valve. C. TsSGM 2068/33, paratype, interior of left valve.

Fig. 11 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 11. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea? robusta sp. nov., Middle Volgian, Yatriya River, Subpolar Urals,. A. TsSGM 2068/37, interior of right valve. B. TsSGM 2068/36, interior of right valve. C. TsSGM 2068/35, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/38, interior of left valve attached to other oyster shell.

Fig. 10 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 10. Comparison of morphology Deltoideum vs. Pernostrea. A, C. Deltoideum delta (Smith, 1817) (labelled as "Ostrea deltoidea"), Kimmeridgian, La Hève, France. A. NHM 204314, interior of right valve. C. NHM 204314, interior of left valve. B, D. Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. B. TsSGM 2068/30, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/84, interior of left valve.

Fig. 3 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 3. Main morphological characters of oysters. A. Left valve of Phygraea (Gryphaeidae, Pycnodonteinae), TsSGM 2068/88, inner view. B. Left valve of Crassostrea (Flemingostreidae, Crassostreinae), TsSGM 2068/13, inner view. C. Left valve of Pernostrea (Gryphaeidae, Gryphaeinae), TsSGM 2068/2, inner view.

Fig. 6. Gryphaeid oysters from the subgenus Boreiodeltoideum. A, E in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 6. Gryphaeid oysters from the subgenus Boreiodeltoideum. A, E. Deltoideum (Boreiodeltoideum) borealis sp. nov. A. TsSGM 2068/31, paratype, Lower Kimmeridgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals; exterior (A1) and interior (A2) of left valve. E. TsSGM 150/3887, holotype, Lower Kimmeridgian, Khatanga depression, north of Eastern Siberia; interior of RV (E1) and exterior of LV (E2). B–D, F. Deltoideum (Boreiodeltoideum) praeanabarensis Zakharov, 1966), Lower Volgian, Dyabaka-Tari River, north of Eastern Siberia. B. TsSGM 2068/10, view on left (B1) and right (B2) valves. C. TsSGM 2068/57, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/8, exterior (D1) and interior (D2) of left valve. F. TsSGM 150/2031, interior of left valve.

Fig. 9 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 9. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. A. TsSGM 2048/23, left (A1) and right (A2) valve views, view from posterior side (A3). B. TsSGM 2068/34, left (B1) and right (B2) valve views. C. TsSGM 2068/32, exterior (C1) and interior (C2) of left valve, view from anterior side (C3).

Fig. 5 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 5. Microstructure of studied gryphaeid oysters. A. Deltoideum delta (Smith, 1817), TsSGM 2068/87; Kimmeridgian, Dorset, England. B. Pernostrea uralensis (Zakharov, 1972), TsSGM 2068/45; Upper Volgian, Maurynya River, eastern slopes of the Northern Urals. Microstructure (A1, B1), cross section (A2, B2). RF, regularly foliated structure; HCF,?herringbone cross-foliated structure.

Fig. 1 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 1. Geographical position of the studied oysters locations: 1, Lopsiya River; 2, Tolya River; 3, Maurynya River; 4, Yatriya River; 5, Boyarka River; 6, Bol'shaya Romanikha River; 7, Dyabaka-Tari River (after Zakharov 1966; Zakharov and Mesezhnikov 1974).

Fig. 4 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 4. Measurements of morphometric parameters of oyster shells. D1, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and anterior valve margin; D2, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and posterior valve margin; D3, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and ventral margin; D4, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and dorsal margin; H, shell height; HCF, herringbone cross-foliated structure; Hla, ligament area height; Hpam, posterior adductor muscle scar height; L, shell length; LA, ligament area; LV, left valve; Lab, anterior bourrelet length; Lla, ligament area length; Lpam, posterior adductor muscle scar length; Lpb, posterior bourrelet length; Lr, resilifer length; PAM, posterior adductor muscle scar; RF, regularly foliated structure; RV, right valve.

Fig. 8 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 8. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. A. TsSGM 2068/28, paratype, details of right valve sculpture: fine radial striae (A1), exterior with Gastrochaenolites (A2), interior (A3). B. TsSGM 2048/21, interior of right valve. C. TsSGM 2068/29, interior of right valve.

Fig. 5 in A new relict stem salamander from the Early Cretaceous of Yakutia, Siberian Russia

Fig. 5. Drawings of atlases of stem (A) and extant crown (B–D) salamanders in lateral views. A. Kulgeriherpeton ultimum gen. et sp. nov. B. Cryptobranchus. C. Amphiuma. D. Hynobius. Note the antero-posteriorly short neural arch with its anterior border situated far behind the level of the anterior cotyles in stem salamanders (A) and long neural arch with its anterior border is situated at the level of the anterior cotyles in crown salamanders (B–D). Arrows show the anterior border of the neural arch. Not to scale.

Fig. 4 in A new relict stem salamander from the Early Cretaceous of Yakutia, Siberian Russia

Fig. 4. Stem salamander Kulgeriherpeton ultimum gen. et sp. nov. from Teete locality, Yakutia, Eastern Siberia, Russia; Sangar Series, Batylykh Formation, Berriasian–Barremian, Lower Cretaceous. Digital restoration of atlas ZIN PH 3/246 (holotype), detailed anatomy with the locations of the microCT digital sections, dorsal view (A); longitudinal section, vertical plane (B); transverse sections (C–F).

Fig. 3 in A new relict stem salamander from the Early Cretaceous of Yakutia, Siberian Russia

Fig. 3. Stem salamander Kulgeriherpeton ultimum gen. et sp. nov. from Teete locality, Yakutia, Eastern Siberia, Russia; Sangar Series, Batylykh Formation, Berriasian–Barremian, Lower Cretaceous. Digital restoration of atlas ZIN PH 3/246 (holotype) in right antero-lateral (A), right dorso-lateral (B), left dorso-lateral (C), left antero-lateral (D), dorsal (E), right lateral (F) posterior (G), ventral (H), left lateral (I), right postero-lateral (J), anterior (K), and left postero-lateral (L) views.

Fig. 2 in A new relict stem salamander from the Early Cretaceous of Yakutia, Siberian Russia

Fig. 2. Stem salamander Kulgeriherpeton ultimum gen. et sp. nov. from Teete locality, Yakutia, Eastern Siberia, Russia; Sangar Series, Batylykh Formation, Berriasian–Barremian, Lower Cretaceous. Atlas ZIN PH 3/246 (holotype) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views, with anterior end to top of figure.

Fig. 1. A, B in A new relict stem salamander from the Early Cretaceous of Yakutia, Siberian Russia

Fig. 1. A, B. Maps showing the geographic location of the Lower Cretaceous Teete locality (asterisk) in Eastern Siberia, Russia.

Fig. 12 in Palaeobiology and evolutionary context of Angulithes mermeti, a streamlined early Late Cretaceous shallow-water nautiloid

Fig. 12. Comparison of whorl sections, position of siphuncles, sutural sinuosity, and septal spacing of Angulithes mermeti (Coquand, 1862) (A) and a specimen illustrated as Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758 in the Treatise (Kummel 1964: fig. 329) (B). A. AFK 225 from the upper Cenomanian of Egypt in lateral (A1) and apertural (A2) views; external suture (A3). B. Specimen from Tagnan (Philippines) at D = 130 mm from the SW Pacific (drawn from an artificial internal mould) (B1, B2); suture line (B3) (modified from Wani et al. 2008).

Fig. 11 in Palaeobiology and evolutionary context of Angulithes mermeti, a streamlined early Late Cretaceous shallow-water nautiloid

Fig. 11. Geochronology (Ogg and Hinnov 2012), ammonite biostratigraphy (Wright and Kennedy 2017) and sequence stratigraphy (Robaszynski et al. 1998; Wilmsen 2003) of the Cenomanian Stage plotted against evolutionary trends in the hercoglossid nautiloid genus Angulithes. See text for further explanations.

Fig. 2 in Palaeobiology and evolutionary context of Angulithes mermeti, a streamlined early Late Cretaceous shallow-water nautiloid

Fig. 2. Shell parameters, suture terminology, and biometric factors of the planispiral nautiloid shell (modified after Wilmsen 2016). Abbreviations: Dmax, maximum diameter; U, umbilical width at Dmax; Wb, whorl breadth at Dmax; Wh, whorl height at Dmax.

Fig. 9 in Palaeobiology and evolutionary context of Angulithes mermeti, a streamlined early Late Cretaceous shallow-water nautiloid

Fig. 9. Reconstruction of the life position of the hercoglossid nautilid Angulithes mermeti (Coquand, 1862) in sagittal cross-section (A1) and apertural view (A2) (approximately 1/2 of natural size).