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FIGURE 14 in Taxonomy and distribution of irregular echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Sri Lanka

FIGURE 14. Comparison of pore-pairs (A and B) and peristome (C and D) between Echinolampas alexandri (A and C, WUSL/EI/1) and Echinolampas ovata (B and D, WUSL/EI/3).

Fig. 4 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 4 Absence of Gregory's diverticulum in Marginoproctus (a–e) as well as presence and shape of the organ in the Scutellidae (f–o) and Dendrasteridae (p–t). The figure shows selected X-ray images and a photograph of a dissected specimen. a–e Marginoproctus djakonooi (3, 3, 5, 6, 9 mm test length); f–j Scaphechinus griseus (2, 6, 9.5, 35, 36 mm);

Fig. 8 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 8 Evolution of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars. a The phylogenetic tree shows a combination of results based on analyses of morphological characters (Mooi 1987, 1990; Kroh and Smith 2010; Mooi et al. 2014). Marginoproctus is omitted due to uncertain placement. Note that branch length is uninformative in this schematic. Taxa in bold black letters do possess Gregory's diverticulum, while taxa in regular black letters don't. The occurrence of the organ in taxa marked in gray letters remains unknown or inconclusive. b X-ray images of selected species, illustrating evolution and loss of the organ in sand dollars. (c) Clypeaster rosaceus (35 mm test length), (d) Laganum joubini (19 mm), (e) Echinocyamus pusillus (5.5 mm), (f) Fibularia ooulum (5.5 mm), (g) Rotula deciesdigitatus (22 mm), (h) Sinaechinocyamus mai (3.5 mm), (i) Echinarachnius parma (12 mm), (j) Scaphechinus griseus (8.5 mm), (k) Dendraster excentricus (9 mm), (l) Astriclypeus mannii (9 mm), and (m) Mellita grantii (23 mm). Black square = hypothetical evolutionary event,†= fossil taxon, R! = loss of structure

Fig. 6 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 6 Presence and shape of Gregory's diverticulum in the Mellitidae (Encope, Mellitella, Leodia). The figure shows selected X-ray images. a, b Encope michelini (9, 16 mm test length); c, d Encope micropora (36, 42 mm); e Encope wetmorei (14 mm); f–j Mellitella stokesii (15, 19, 26,

Fig. 5 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 5 Absence of Gregory's diverticulum in the Astriclypeidae. The figure shows selected X-ray images as well as virtual MRI sections. a–e Astriclypeus mannii (9, 13, 16, 17.5, 16 mm test length); f– j Sculpsitechinus auritus (8, 11, 28, 30, 16 mm); and k–o Echinodiscus bisperforatus (12, 30, 31, 32, 15 mm). White arrows denote the area of the

Fig. 2 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 2 Absence of Gregory's diverticulum in the Clypeasteridae (a–f), Laganidae (g–m), Echinocyamidae (n–p), Fibulariidae (q, r), and the miniaturized rotulid Fibulariella (s, t). This figure shows selected X-ray images, virtual MRI sections at the level of the main digestive tract, as well as a drawing and a photograph of dissected specimens. a, b Clypeaster reticulatus (24 mm test length); c Ammotrophus cyclius (35 mm); d, e Arachnoides placenta (27 mm); f Fellaster zelandiae (47 mm); g, h

Fig. 1 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 1 Semischematic illustration of the two principle shapes of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars. The figure is based on volume renderings of μCT data obtained from specimens of a Scaphechinus mirabilis (21 mm test length) and b Mellitella stokesii (17 mm). The shape of Gregory's diverticulum can be discerned due to the presence of X-ray-opaque sediment contained within the organ. The course of the predominantly empty main digestive tract is drawn in white (primary siphon not shown). White numbers denote ambulacra (I–V) and interambulacra (1–5), while black letters (A–J) and numbers (1–5) indicate ambulacral or interambulacral lobes, respectively. Both images

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Fig. 4 in Rediscovery of an internal organ in heart urchins (Echinoidea: Spatangoida): morphology and evolution of the intestinal caecum

Fig. 4 Homology of selected accessory structures associated with the digestive tract of heart urchins (Echinoidea: Spatangoida). a Dissected specimen of Brisaster latifrons (left) and schematic drawing of the general digestive tract morphology found within all species of the genera Brisaster and Tripylaster, as well as some species of the genus Abatus (right). b Dissected specimen of Heterobrissus niasicus (left) and

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Fig. 3 in Rediscovery of an internal organ in heart urchins (Echinoidea: Spatangoida): morphology and evolution of the intestinal caecum

Fig. 3 Absence and presence of the intestinal caecum in selected paleopneustine heart urchins (Spatangoida: Paleopneustina). Aboral views of partially dissected specimens. Ambulacrum III facing upwards. a–c Representatives of three outgroup taxa, i.e., Prenasteridae (a),

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Fig. 3 in Phylogeny of Cidaroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers

Fig. 3 Optimal tree obtained under ML (LogL 0 –5,265.11487) with PHYML 3.0 for the 28 S and COI genes concatenated under a GTR + gamma model. Bootstrap frequencies (1,000 replicates) are indicated below nodes. We also report, to the right of the nodes, bootstrap

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Fig. 4 in Phylogeny of Cidaroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers

Fig. 4 Strict consensus of the two optimal trees (L 01,060) obtained under maximum parsimony with TNT for the 28 S and COI genes concatenated. Bootstrap frequencies (1,000 replicates) are indicated below nodes

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Fig. 2 in Phylogeny of Cidaroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers

Fig. 2 Optimal tree obtained under ML (LogL 0 –3,825.12487) with PHYML 3.0 for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxydase subunit I gene (COI) under a GTR + I + gamma model. Bootstrap frequencies (1,000 replicates) are indicated below nodes

FIGURE 43. Pentaceraster sibogae A in New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong

FIGURE 43. Pentaceraster sibogae A. In situ observation of predation on Scleronephthya. B. In situ observation, possible predation on Scleronephthya. C. In situ, six armed variant. D. In situ, four armed variant. E. In situ abactinal surf showing red variant. F. In situ closeup on actinal surface showing benthic ctenophores with feeding tentacles extended. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.

FIGURE 36 in New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong

FIGURE 36. Echinaster luzonicus In situ observation of five rayed individual. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.

FIGURE 27. Anseropoda rosacea A in New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong

FIGURE 27. Anseropoda rosacea A. In situ view of abactinal surface. B–C. Abactinal view of individuals showing color variation. D. Actinal views showing color variation. E. Snail attached to the actinal surface of the specimen. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.

FIGURE 39 in New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong

FIGURE 39. Anthenea chinensis in situ A. In situ showing abactinal of light color variant. B. In situ showing dark color variant. C. In situ, living color actinal surface. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.

FIGURE 17 in New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong

FIGURE 17. Tripneustes gratilla. Color morphotypes and in situ covering behavior. A. Dark orange morphotype. B. Yellow Morphotype. C. White morphotype. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.

FIGURE 16 in New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong

FIGURE 16. Toxopneustes pileolus. In situ observation showing collecting behavior. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.

FIGURE 42 in New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong

FIGURE 42. Pentaceraster alveolatus/P. sibogae A. In situ, abactinal surface. B. Abactinal surface showing pattern variation. C. & D. Pentaceraster sibogae. Feeding on urchin, Heliocidaris crassispina Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.

FIGURE 15. Pseudoboletia indiana A–B in New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong

FIGURE 15. Pseudoboletia indiana A–B. In situ observation showing color variation and collector's behavior. C. Aboral view. D. Oral view. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.