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Fig. 2 in Genomics Reveals Exceptional Phylogenetic Diversity Within a Narrow-Range Flightless Insect
Fig. 2. Striking genetic substructuring across the narrow geographic range of Zelandoperla maungatuaensis. (a) Collection localities (coloured circles) for Z. maungatuaensis across the Maungatua range.White crosses indicate sites where Z. maungatuaensis has not been found. (b) Principal component analysis, based on 10,429 genome-wide SNPs, illustrating the genetic differentiation among Northern, Southern, and Central Z. maungatuaensis lineages.
Fig. 1. A in Genomics Reveals Exceptional Phylogenetic Diversity Within a Narrow-Range Flightless Insect
Fig. 1. A portion of southeastern South Island, illustrating the topographic isolation of the Maungatua Range, where the flightless stonefly Zelandoperla maungatuaensis (inset) is found.
FIGURE 39 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity
FIGURE 39. Cleonini, adults, claws, dorsal view. A: Adosomus (Adosomus) roridus; B: Afghanocleonus haarloevi; C: Ammocleonus hieroglyphus; D: Bothynoderes declivis; E: Gonocleonus margaritiferus; F: Isomerops fausti; G: Leucochromus imperialis; H: Maximus strabus; I: Pleurocleonus quadrivittatus; J: Terminasiania granosa; K: Trichocleonus leucophyllus.
Data from: Mapping wing morphs of Tetrix subulata using citizen science data: flightless groundhoppers are more prevalent in grasslands near water
<p>To analyse the correlation between groundhopper wing morph and landscape characteristics, we collected the following data. GBIF observations of <em>Tetrix subulata</em> (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Netherlands were annotated with wing morph and sex (based on the images), and weather and landscape information (based on the location). The weather information is based on an interpolation of data from the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). Landscape and habitat information was characterised by determining the area of different area types, from the Basisregistratie Topografie (BRT) TOP10NL dataset, in a radius around the observation. The landscape information also includes Dutch physical-geographical regions. To check for possible effects of seasonality, the event date of the observation is included. To check for the effect of the landscape radius on the analysis, those analyses were repeated for different radiuses. Depending on the precision of the coordinate location, some radiuses could not be tested for some observations. </p> <p>The file "data.csv" contains one row per observation-radius combination, with the following columns (* repeated for each radius):</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Columns</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>gbifID*</td> <td>ID of the observation on GBIF</td> </tr> <tr> <td>eventDate*</td> <td>Date of observation (YYYY-MM-DD)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>wing_morph*</td> <td>Wing morph annotation (long; short)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sex*</td> <td>Sex annotation (female; male; obscured; multiple; reevaluate i.e. unknown)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>region*</td> <td>Physical-geographical region in which the observation was made</td> </tr> <tr> <td>temperature*</td> <td>Predicted temperature (average over 1991-2020; degrees Celsius)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>windspeed*</td> <td>Predicted windspeed (average over 1991-2020; meters per second)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>precipitation*</td> <td>Predicted precipitation (average over 1991-2020; millimeters)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>landscape_radius</td> <td>Landscape radius (50, 100, 200, 500, or 1000 meters)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>deciduous forest, grass, mixed forest, ...</td> <td>Total surface area of given area type in given radius around observation (square meters)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Figs. 5–12. Cymatodera species, male pygidia. C in New Species of Flightless Cymatodera Gray, 1832 (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Tillinae) from the California Channel Islands
Figs. 5–12. Cymatodera species, male pygidia. C. insularis: 5) Dorsal view; 6) Ventral view. C. vandykei: 7) Dorsal view; 8) Ventral view. C. angustata: 9) Dorsal view; 10) Ventral view. C. caterinoi: 11) Dorsal view; 12) Ventral view.
Figs. 13–20. Cymatodera caterinoi, paratypes. 13 in New Species of Flightless Cymatodera Gray, 1832 (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Tillinae) from the California Channel Islands
Figs. 13–20. Cymatodera caterinoi, paratypes. 13) Male habitus; 14) Male abdomen, ventral view; 15) Antenna; 16) Last tergite of male, dorsal view; 17) Last ventrite of male, ventral view; 18) Male metasternum, showing tubercles; 19) Female pygidium, ventral view; 20) Aedeagus.
FIGURE 3 in An unexpected new flightless dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Endroedyolini) from the Cederberg Mountains, South Africa
FIGURE 3: The type locality of Silvaphilus joselmae Daniel, Strümpher & Deschodt, new species. Photo by W.P. Strümpher, 9. viii. 2021.
FIGURE 2 in An unexpected new flightless dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Endroedyolini) from the Cederberg Mountains, South Africa
FIGURE 2. Distribution map of Silvaphilus joselmae Daniel, Strümpher & Deschodt, new species. In green, the limited extent of the Fynbos riparian vegetation following the valleys in the Cederberg Mountains as shown by Mucina & Rutherford (2006).
FIGURES 1A–F in An unexpected new flightless dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Endroedyolini) from the Cederberg Mountains, South Africa
FIGURES 1A–F. Silvaphilus joselmae Daniel, Strümpher & Deschodt, new species, holotype (TMSA). A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, pygidium; D, elytron, lateral view; E, aedeagus (paratype), lateral and dorsal views; F, holotype labels.
Data from: Sex differences in morphology across an expanding range edge in the flightless ground beetle, Carabus hortensis
<p class="yiv346426588"><span>Many species experience range shifts, contractions, and/or expansions. Often, morphological traits that increase movement capacity are observed in higher frequencies at the edge of an expanding or shifting range. Although traits observed at the range edge may differ between the sexes, sex differences in the distribution of morphological traits across species' changing ranges are rarely studied. Here, we report pronotum width (as a proxy for body size) and body condition data from individual <em>Carabus hortensis</em> ground beetles that were captured at varying proximities to an expanding range edge. The relationships between measures of both body size and body condition and the position along the expansion front with which individuals were captured were assessed for males and females separately. Body size increased with proximity to the range edge in males alone. Body condition (relative to body size) was not predicted by position along the expansion front, but decreased with increasing population density in males but not females. Our results therefore indicate that sex is an important factor influencing patterns in trait distribution across species' ranges.</span></p>
Eggs survive through avian guts—A possible mechanism for transoceanic dispersal of flightless weevils
<p>How flightless animals disperse to remote oceanic islands is a key unresolved question in biogeography. The flightless <em>Pachyrhynchus</em> weevils represent repetitive colonization history in West Pacific islands, which attracted our interests about how some weevils have successfully dispersed in the reverse direction against the sea current. Here, we propose endozoochory as a possible mechanism that the eggs of the weevils might be carried by embedded in the fruits as the food of frugivorous birds. In this study, <em>Pachyrhynchus</em> eggs were embedded in small pieces of persimmon fruits (<em>Diospyros kaki</em>) and fed to captive frugivorous birds. After digestion, 83%–100% eggs were retrieved from the feces of a bulbul (<em>Hypsipetes leucocephalus</em>) and two thrushes (<em>Turdus chrysolaus</em>). The retrieved eggs had hatching rates higher than 84%, which were not different from the control. In contrast, no egg was retrieved from the feces of the frugivorous pigeon (<em>Treron sieboldii</em>), which took a longer retention time in the guts. Our study identified that the eggs of <em>Pachyrhynchus</em> weevils are possible to be transported by internal digesting in some bird species.</p>
Big, flightless, insular, and dead: characterizing the extinct birds of the Quaternary
<p><b>Aim:</b> Birds have recently undergone a major extinction event which apparently, is ongoing. According to some estimates, humans have caused the extinction of up to 20% of the entire avian species diversity since the latter part of the Pleistocene, which is continuing at an unprecedented rate to this day. Few attempts, however, were made to determine how many extinctions are actually known, rather than projected to have occurred. We aimed to quantify the known avian extinctions, and assess the relevance of factors thought to have promoted their extinctions, i.e., large size, flightlessness, and insularity.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Global</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Aves</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We collected data on bird extinctions from the literature. We recorded the geographic range, flight ability, and body size of each species. If mass data were unavailable, we estimated it from linear measurements using machine learning tools. We modelled masses of extinct birds on those of extant ones and estimated the effects of taxonomy, body mass, insularity, and flight ability.</p> <p><b>Results</b> We have identified 469 species of birds that humans, directly or indirectly, drove to extinction. These extinctions have predominantly occurred on islands. Extinct birds were often flightless. We estimated the body mass of 291 extinct species and found that overall, the median mass of extinct species was seven times larger than that of extant ones. Extinctions mostly occurred in families of large-bodied birds, while lineages of small birds have fared better. Insular birds are overall larger than mainland birds, a trend that becomes even more evident when the extinct forms are analyzed. However, within lineages, sizes are only slightly larger on islands than on continents.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions</b> Our findings suggest that extinct bird species differed from extant birds by being larger, mostly restricted to islands, and often flightless. These factors made them especially vulnerable to human prosecution and to other anthropogenically-related declines. Our modern understanding of birds is skewed with respect to the nature of avian faunas that existed before the current wave of human-induced extinctions changed our world forever.</p>
FIGURE 3. Diablophthalmus female terminalia. A in A New genus of flightless leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae) from the Páramo of Northern South America
FIGURE 3. Diablophthalmus female terminalia. A, sternite VII, D. wygodzinskyorum. B, same, D. marmoratus. C–G, D. marmoratus: C, first valvula; D, same, enlarged view of apex. E, second valvulae; F, same, enlarged view of apex. G, gonoplac.
FIGURE 1, Diablophthalmus. A–B, D in A New genus of flightless leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae) from the Páramo of Northern South America
FIGURE 1, Diablophthalmus. A–B, D. wygodzinskyorum sp. n., male holotype, dorsal and lateral habitus. C–E, D. marmoratus sp. n.: C–D, dorsal and lateral habitus; E, head and thorax in part, anteroventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A New genus of flightless leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae) from the Páramo of Northern South America
FIGURE 2. Diablophthalmus wygodzinskyorum sp. n. A–B, male genital capsule, lateral and ventral views. C–D, male genitalia, lateral and ventral views.
Supplementary material 1 from: Meza-Joya FL, Morgan-Richards M, Trewick SA (2022) Relationships among body size components of three flightless New Zealand grasshopper species (Orthoptera, Acrididae) and their ecological applications. Journal of Orthoptera Research 31(1): 91-103. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.31.79819
Supplementary material 1 from: Meza-Joya FL, Morgan-Richards M, Trewick SA (2022) Relationships among body size components of three flightless New Zealand grasshopper species (Orthoptera, Acrididae) and their ecological applications. Journal of Orthoptera Research 31(1): 91-103. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.31.79819
Figure 10 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)
Figure 10. Dorsal, lateral, ventral (Amblyptera) and front (Magrebmelia) view of characteristic or taxonomically relevant specimens of: A, P. (Amblyptera) tristis, B, P. (Amblyptera) scabrosa, C, P. (Amblyptera) fornicatiformis, D, P. (Magrebmelia) xauenensis, E–F, P. (Magrebmelia) escalerai, F, P. (Magrebmelia) escalerai.
Figure 9 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)
Figure 9. Hypothetical stages of Pimelia dispersal by tsunamis: A, after an earthquake occurs, surface oscillations move water columns towards the coast, B, tsunami waves impact and coastal inundation occurs, C, sea water recedes, dragging offshore organic coastal debris with living animals such as Pimelia, D, currents disperse the rafts until they touch shore again.
Figure 6. Ancestral ranges within Magrebmelia inferred with the package BioGeoBEARS using the DEC model. Temporal estimates derived from a in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)
Figure 6. Ancestral ranges within Magrebmelia inferred with the package BioGeoBEARS using the DEC model. Temporal estimates derived from a relaxed molecular clock analysis. Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) tree showing clade divergence times in millions of years. Coloured squares represent ancestral ranges depicted in the map, upper left; A, Betic, B, Rifean/ Kabylia, C, Middle Atlas, D, High Atlas. Coloured branches correspond to arrows in the lower left maps (1, 2), which indicate diversification route of Magrebmelia throughout the western Mediterranean Basin since the Early Miocene [East lineage (red) and South lineage (purple)], based on biogeographical reconstructions of western Mediterranean Pimelia (MasPeinado et al., 2018). Populations morphologically assignable to P. xauenensis but related to P. mauritanica are indicated by specimen numbers. Maps 1–2 modified from Andeweg (2002); Meulenkamp & Sissingh (2003).
Figure 8 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)
Figure 8. Mitochondrial (cox1) and nuclear (ITS2) network analyses for P. scabrosa including three main mitochondrial lineages (I, II and III). Specimens from the Iberian Peninsula are coloured in red and from Morocco in green.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.