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Figure 4 in Ontogenetic instars of the oribatid mite Scheloribates arsizonensis n. sp. (Acari, Oribatida, Scheloribatidae) from Ethiopia
Figure 4 Scheloribates arsizonensisn. sp., larva: a – dorsal view (legs omitted); b – ventral view (gnathosoma and legs except trochanters omitted); c – right lateral view (gnathosoma and legs except trochanters omitted). Scale bar 100 μm.
Figure 3 in Ontogenetic instars of the oribatid mite Scheloribates arsizonensis n. sp. (Acari, Oribatida, Scheloribatidae) from Ethiopia
Figure 3 Scheloribates arsizonensisn. sp., adult: a – subcapitulum, ventral view; b – palp, left, paraxial view; c – chelicera, left, paraxial view; d – leg I, right, antiaxial view; e – leg II, right, antiaxial view; f – leg III, left, antiaxial view; g – leg IV, left, antiaxial view. Scale bars 20 μm (a-c), 50 μm (d-g).
Fig 5 in Description and key to the fifth-instars of some Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) associated with coffee plants in Brazil
Fig 5 Spines along the length of mid tibia. a) Dorisiana viridis; b) Fidicina mannifera; c) Fidicinoides pronoe. Scales = 1 mm.
Fig 2 in Description and key to the fifth-instars of some Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) associated with coffee plants in Brazil
Fig 2 Left foreleg of fifth-instars. a) Dorisiana drewseni, inner view; b) D. drewseni, outer view; c) Dorisiana viridis, outer view; d) Fidicina mannifera, outer view; e) Fidicinoides pronoe, outer view; f) Carineta fasciculata, outer view; g) Quesada gigas, outer view. acf. Accessory tooth of femur; apt. Apical tooth of tibia; bt. Blade of tibia; f. Femur; fc. Femoral comb; itf. Intermediate tooth of femur; pbt. Point of blade of tibia; ptf. Posterior tooth of femur; t. Trochanter; ti. Tibia. Scale = 1 mm.
Fig 3 in Description and key to the fifth-instars of some Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) associated with coffee plants in Brazil
Fig 3 Abdominal apex in ventral view. a) Dorisiana drewseni, female; b) D. drewseni, male; c) Dorisiana viridis, male; d) Fidicina mannifera, male; e) Fidicinoides pronoe, male; f) Carineta fasciculata, male; g) Quesada gigas, male. Scales = 1 mm.
Fig 1 Fifth-instars. a in Description and key to the fifth-instars of some Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) associated with coffee plants in Brazil
Fig 1 Fifth-instars. a) Dorisiana drewseni, general lateral view of body; b) D. drewseni, dorsal view of head and thorax; c) Dorisiana viridis, general lateral view of body; d) D. viridis, dorsal view of head and thorax; e) Fidicina mannifera, general lateral view of body; f) F. mannifera, dorsal view of head and thorax; g) Fidicinoides pronoe, general lateral view of body; h) F. pronoe, dorsal view of head and thorax; i) Carineta fasciculata, general lateral view of body; j) C. fasciculata, dorsal view of head and thorax. Scale = 3 mm.
Figs. 4-10 in Cicadas (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadidae) from Brasília (Brazil): exuviae of the last instar with key of the species
Figs. 4-10. Terminal segments of the male nymphal exuviae (ventral view). (4) Fidicinoides determinata; (5) Quesada gigas; (6) Fidicina mannifera; (7) Dorisiana viridis; (8) Fidicinoides pronoe; (9) Dorisiana sp.; (10) Dorisiana drewseni.
Figs. 1-3 in Cicadas (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadidae) from Brasília (Brazil): exuviae of the last instar with key of the species
Figs. 1-3. (1) Ventral view of male abdomen (Majeorona aper); (2) ventral overview of female developing genitalia (Fidicina mannifera); (3) First leg (trochanter, femur and tibia) of Quesada gigas. (c) Femoral comb, (dv) dorsal valve or gonapophysis, (F) femur, (st) sternum, (T) tibia, (tg) tergum, (Tr) trochanter, (t1, t2) femoral teeth, (vv) ventral valve or gonapophysis. The terms are from BOULARD (1965) and CHAPMAN (1998).
FIGURE 2 Different habitat types that were sampled during the 2018 in Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae
FIGURE 2 Different habitat types that were sampled during the 2018 survey. Natural habitats: a) Bromelias, b) inflorescences of Heliconia sp. c) rock pool/beach pool, d) crab hole; Semi-natural habitats: e) temporary/permanent pond, Artificial habitats: f) bucket, g) well, h) car tire, i) abandoned swimming pool, j) cistern. Photos courtesy of K.-D.B. Dijkstra, J.G. van der Beek and K. Hulshof.
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae
FIGURE 1 Sample sites of mosquitoes on Sint Eustatius, Saba and Dutch Sint Maarten during the 2018 Naturalis expeditions. The sampling methods referred to as "Other" comprise of different manual methods to sample adults and larvae. Sites with a BG-sentinel trap or other sampling method that was within 50 m of a Mosquito Magnet site are not separately shown on this map. Map created with QGIS, basemap. © OpenStreetMap contributors and the GIS user community.
Food quality effects on instar-specific life histories of a holometabolous insect
<ol> <li><span><span>It is a long-standing challenge to understand how changes in food resources impact consumer life history traits and, in turn, impact how organisms interact with their environment. To characterize food quality effects on life history, most studies follow organisms throughout their life cycle and quantify major life events, such as age at maturity or fecundity. From these studies, we know that food quality generally impacts body size, juvenile development, and life span. Importantly, throughout juvenile development, many organisms develop through several stages of growth that can have different interactions with their environment. For example, parasitoids typically attack larger instars, whereas larval insect predators typically attack smaller instars. Interestingly, most studies lump all juvenile stages together, which ignores these ecological changes over juvenile development. </span></span></li> <li><span><span>We combine a cross-sectional experimental approach with a stage-structured population model to estimate instar-specific vital rates in the bean weevil, <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> across a food quality gradient. We characterize food quality effects on the bean weevil's life history traits throughout its juvenile ontogeny to test how food quality impacts instar-specific vital rates. </span></span></li> <li><span><span>Vital rates differed across food quality treatments within each instar; however, their effect differed with instar. Weevils consuming low quality food spent 38%, 37% and 18% more time, and were 1%, 8% and 60% smaller than weevils consuming high quality food in the second, third and fourth instars, respectively. Overall, our results show that consuming poor food quality means slower growth, but that food quality effects on vital rates, growth and development are not equal across instars. Differences in life history traits over juvenile ontogeny in response to food quality may impact how organisms interact with their environment, including how susceptible they are to predation, parasitism, and their competitive ability.</span></span></li> </ol>
Figure 7. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 in Description of the third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Southern Brazil
Figure 7. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844; third instar larva. Raster, rear view. AST = anal slit; PLD = palidia; VAL = ventral anal lobe; SPT = septula (in grey); Scale = 1 mm.
Figure 6. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 in Description of the third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Southern Brazil
Figure 6. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844; third instar larva, maxilla and labium. (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view. GLA = galea; HSC = hypopharyngeal sclerome; LGL = ligula; LPL = labial palpi; MLA = mala; MNT = mentum; PRM = prementum; SBM = submentum; UNC = uncus. Scale = 1 mm.
Figure 5. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 in Description of the third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Southern Brazil
Figure 5. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844; third instar larva. (A) left mandible, ventral view; (B) right mandible, ventral view; (C) right mandible, dorsal view; (D) left mandible, dorsal view.BTA = brustia; CLX = calx; MLR = molar lobe; S1-S3 = incisor teeth; STA = stridulatory area; VSC = ventral setal comb. Scale = 1 mm.
Figure 4. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 in Description of the third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Southern Brazil
Figure 4. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844; third instar larva. (A) labrum, dorsal view; (B) epipharynx, ventral view. ACP = acroparia; ALS = anterolabral setae; CTP = chaetoparia; DXT = dexiotorma; GMP = gymnoparia; HTL = haptolachus; HTM = haptomerum; LAP = left acanthoparia; LLS = laterolabral setae; LTM = laeotorma; MLS = mediolabral seta; PLS = posterolabral setae; PTM = pterotorma; RAP = right acanthoparia. Scale = 1 mm.
Figure 3. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 in Description of the third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Southern Brazil
Figure 3. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844; third-instar larva, head, frontal view. AAS = anterofrontal angle setae; AES = anteroepicranial setae; ALS = anterolabral setae; DES = dorsoepicranial setae; ECS = externoclypeal setae; EES = externoepicranial setae; EFS = externofronal setae; LLS = laterolabral setae; MLS = mediolabral setae; PES = posteroepicranial setae;PFS = posterofrontal setae; PLS = posterolabral setae;SPT = dorsal sensorial spots; STM = stemma. Scale = 1 mm.
Figure 2. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 in Description of the third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Southern Brazil
Figure 2. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844; third instar larva. (A) Lateral view; (B) right legs; inner view. PRL = protibiotarsus; MSL = mesotibiotarsus; MTL = metatibiotarsus; TRS = pretarsus. Scale = 1 mm.
Figure 8. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 in Description of the third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Southern Brazil
Figure 8. Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844; female pupa; (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view. Scale = 1 mm.
Comparative analysis of larval growth in Lepidoptera reveals instar-level constraints
1. Juvenile growth trajectories evolve via the interplay of selective pressures on age and size at maturity, and developmental constraints. In insects, the moulting cycle is a major constraint on larval growth trajectories. 2. Surface area to volume ratio of a larva decreases during growth, so renewal of certain surfaces by moulting is likely needed for the maintenance of physiological efficiency. A null hypothesis of isometry, implied by Dyar's Rule, would mean that the relative measures of growth remain constant across moults and instars. 3. We studied ontogenetic changes and allometry in instar-specific characteristics of larval growth in 30 lepidopteran species in a phylogenetic comparative framework. 4. Relative instar-specific mass increments (RMI) typically, but not invariably, decreased across instars. Ontogenetic change in RMIs varied among families with little within-family variation. End-of-instar growth deceleration (GD) became stronger with increasing body size across instars. Across-instar change in GD was conserved across taxa. Ontogenetic allometry was generally non-isometric both in RMI and GD. 5. Results indicate that detailed studies on multiple species are needed for generalizations concerning growth trajectory evolution. Developmental and physiological mechanisms affecting growth trajectory evolution show different degrees of evolutionary conservatism, which must be incorporated into models of age and size at maturation.
FIGURE 1 in Crozetia Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae): redescription of Cr. crozetensis, Cr. seguyi, number of larval instars, phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography
FIGURE 1. Geographic position of the Crozet Archipelago. (Adapted from Carroll 2001)
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.