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Fig. 8 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 8. Occlusal views of p4–m3 of the end-member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, B. robustum, UNSM 25552; B, B. neomexicanus, F:AM 49241. The squared posterior border of p4 is characteristic of species of the subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon.
Fig. 34 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 34. Bivariate diagram of calcaneal width at the sustentaculum plotted against height. The more slender, distally narrow Borocyon calcanea are readily distinguished from the more robust calcanea of large contemporary amphicyonines.
Fig. 28 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 28. Tibia of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 25558) compared with the tibia of the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (ZM 16913) showing a similarity in form. The sulcus muscularis (sm), a groove for the long digital extensor muscle of cheetah and wolf is absent in B. robustum, but the extended cnemial crest and developed tibial tuberosity are shared traits.
Fig. 4 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 4. Cranium of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 26416), Hemingford Quarry 12D, Box Butte Co., Nebraska, upper Runningwater Fm., early Hemingfordian. A, Dorsal view showing broad forehead for expanded frontal sinuses; B, ventral view showing broad palate, P4–M2, and characteristic absence of M3 in B. robustum.
Fig. 3 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 3. Peterson's holotype of Borocyon robustum (CM 1918): an anterior mandible with right p2, p1 alveolus, and worn canine; two caudal vertebrae indicating a long tail; distal right tibia and fibula; partial right tarsus-metatarsus including astragalus, navicular, ecto-, meso-, and entocuneiforms, and parts of metatarsals 3, 4, and 5. Runningwater Fm., Whistle Creek area, Sioux Co., Nebraska.
Fig. 5 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 5. Stereoimage of the diagnostic upper molars (M1–M2) and carnassial (P4) of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 25547), Hemingford Quarry 7B, upper Runningwater Fm., Box Butte Co., Nebraska. Note elongate P4, the notch (at arrow) in the anterolingual cingulum of M1, the ''folded'' M2 (see text), and absence of M3.
Fig. 33 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 33. Bivariate diagram of trochlear width of the astragalus plotted against height for species of Borocyon, large amphicyonines, and plesiomorphic species of Daphoenodon. A narrow trochlea sets B. robustum apart from large contemporary amphicyonines. Note that the holotype astragalus of B. robustum and the Oregon and Florida astragali fall within the B. robustum hypodigm.
Fig. 2 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 2. Geographic distribution of the daphoenine amphicyonid Borocyon in North America. A, Borocyon robustum, UCMP Locality PG-36, Rose Creek Mbr., upper John Day Fm., Oregon; B, Borocyon neomexicanus, Standing Rock Quarry, Piedra Parada Mbr., Zia Sand, New Mexico; Borocyon robustum, Blick Quarry, Chamisa Mesa Mbr., Zia Sand, New Mexico; C, Borocyon cf. B. robustum, sinkhole or fissure in Suwanee River, Florida. Inset shows localities in western Nebraska and Wyoming: 1, B. robustum holotype, Whistle Creek area, Sioux Co.; 2, Hemingford Quarries 7A, 7B, 12A, and 12D, Box Butte Co.; 3, Marsland, Hovorka, and Shimek Quarries, Box Butte Co.; 4, Dunlap Camel Quarry, Dawes Co.; 5, Bridgeport Quarries, Morrill Co.; 6, Aletomeryx Quarry, Cherry Co.; 7, UNSM Locality Sh-101B, Sheridan Co.; 8, Northeast of Agate, Sioux Co.; 9, Horse Creek Quarry, Laramie Co.; 10, Merycochoerus Butte, Goshen Co.; 11, Skavdahl Ranch, Sioux Co.; 12, Red Horse Quarry, Dawes Co. Nos. 1–5, B. robustum; nos. 6–12, B. niobrarensis.
Fig. 27 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 27. Placement of the fovea capitis femoris for the femoral ligament in Borocyon robustum and some living carnivorans. In cheetah, puma, and wolf the fovea is more centrally situated on the femoral head, whereas in the lion, tiger, and B. robustum it is more posteriorly placed, indicating a somewhat more abducted femur in these large felids and Borocyon. Diagram of articulated femur and pelvis shows femoral head of B. robustum fully adducted; the femur is more abducted in normal stance. A, Acinonyx jubatus; B, Canis lupus; C, Felis concolor; D, Panthera leo; E, Borocyon robustum; F, Panthera tigris.
Fig. 37 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 37. Hypothetical restoration of the skeleton of Borocyon robustum (A) compared to the holotype skeleton of Daphoenodon superbus (B, from Peterson, 1910), representing the two end-member species of the Borocyon lineage during the early Miocene in North America. Fossils show that Borocyon robustum, the terminal species of the subgenus, was widely distributed from the Pacific Northwest to the Gulf Coast of Florida by the end of the early Hemingfordian.
Fig. 31 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 31. Comparison of the astragalus of Borocyon robustum (A, B) and Amphicyon galushai (C, D). Dimorphic astragali within each species are thought to represent large males (B, D) and smaller females (A, C).
Fig. 21 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 21. Comparison of the distal humerus of Borocyon robustum (right, UNSM 26420) and Amphicyon galushai (left, UNSM 26375). The narrow distal humerus and symmetric olecranon fossa of B. robustum parallel the form of the distal humerus of the wolf and cheetah, indicating parasagittal orientation of the forelimb with minimal elbow eversion.
Fig. 24 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 24. Comparison of the carpus (anterior view) of Borocyon robustum and those of Panthera leo, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos. See text for discussion. 1, Elevated bony ridge on scapholunar forcing ulnar deviation of the forepaw during flexion of the wrist; 2, scapholunar process inserted in concavity of magnum preventing hyperextension within the carpus (this stop mechanism is maximally developed in the cheetah). Abbreviations: a, scapholunar; b, carpal cuneiform; c, unciform; d, magnum; e, trapezoid; f, trapezium.
Fig. 30 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 30. Bivariate diagram of width of the posterior tibial–long digital flexor scar plotted against tibial length in representative living ursids, felids, canids, and in early Miocene amphicyonids. The cheetah, wolf, and Borocyon plot together beneath the enclosing curvilinear. Note the correspondence between the large ambulatory amphicyonines (Amphicyon, Ysengrinia) and ursine ursids.
Fig. 23 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 23. Comparison of the ulnae of Amphicyon galushai (left) and Borocyon niobrarensis (center and right), showing the more elongate, slender, curved ulna of the latter species. No complete ulna of B. robustum is known; however, eight radii of this species demonstrate the existence of an even more slender, elongate ulna.
Fig. 9 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 9. Reconstructed palate of Borocyon cf. B. robustum (cast, KU 114592) from sinkhole or fissure, Suwanee River, north Florida. Complete dentition includes I1–I3, C, P1–P4, M1–M2. Note absence of M3.
Fig. 6 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 6. Mandible of Borocyon robustum (UNSM 25548), Hemingford Quarry 7B, Box Butte Co., Nebraska, upper Runningwater Fm., early Hemingfordian. A, Lateral view, right c, p1–p4, m1–m3; B, medial view. Note m3 elevated on margin of ascending ramus.
Fig. 17 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 17. Comparison of (A) M1 and (B) M2 dimensions of species of the daphoenine subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon and the amphicyonine Amphicyon galushai from the early Miocene of North America.
Fig. 29. A in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum
Fig. 29. A, chronogram of species of Cormohipparion showing window for time of origin of H. primigenium-like morphology between the biochrons of C. merriami and C. fricki, the exit of H. primigenium-like morphology at ca. 11.3 Ma, and the age of Cormohipparion sp. from California (illustrated below), thought to be close to the species population that dispersed to the Old World. The?Dispersal barrier? refers to the high sea-level that lowered at about 11.3 MA (Ta3 of Haq et al., 1988; modified by Hardenbol et al., 1998). B, upper cheek tooth dentition of Hippotherium primigenium from Höwenegg, Germany, HLMD 1081. After Sondaar (1961), fig. 21A.
Fig. 16. Cormohipparion johnsoni, F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum
Fig. 16. Cormohipparion johnsoni, F:AM 71891, Burge Quarry, Burge Member, Valentine Formation, late Barstovian, Nebraska. A, left lateral view of cranium. B, occlusal view of right upper cheek tooth dentition.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.