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FIGURE 9 in Some scleractinian corals (Scleractinia: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf

FIGURE 9. Pavona decussata (form 1), a, exoskeleton; b, close up of corallites; c & e, underwater photographs of different colonies; d & f, underwater photographs of polyps.

FIGURE 5 in Some scleractinian corals (Scleractinia: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf

FIGURE 5. Montipora cf. danae, a, exoskeleton; b, close up of corallites; c, underwater photograph of the colony; d, underwater photograph of polyps.

FIGURE 10 in Some scleractinian corals (Scleractinia: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf

FIGURE 10. Pavona decussata (form 2), a, exoskeleton; b, close up of corallites; c, underwater photograph of the colony; d, underwater photograph of polyps.

FIGURE 2. Acropora downingi, a in Some scleractinian corals (Scleractinia: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf

FIGURE 2. Acropora downingi, a, exoskeleton; b, close up of corallites; c, underwater photograph of the colony; d, underwater photograph of polyps.

FIGURE 4 in Some scleractinian corals (Scleractinia: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf

FIGURE 4. Montipora cf. aequituberculata, a, exoskeleton; b & d, close ups of corallites; c & e, underwater photographs of different colonies; f, underwater photograph of polyps.

FIGURE 1 in Some scleractinian corals (Scleractinia: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf

FIGURE 1. Map of the Persian Gulf. Collecting sites are presented by dots and numbers. Site 1: 26° 53' 14.4" N, 56° 23' 43.4" E. Site 2: 26° 53' 0.7" N, 56° 20' 51.3" E. Modified after Samimi and Ofwegen, 2009.

FIGURE 7. Stylophora pistillata, a in Some scleractinian corals (Scleractinia: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf

FIGURE 7. Stylophora pistillata, a, exoskeleton; b–c, close up of corallites; d–e, underwater photographs of different forms of colonies; f, underwater photograph of polyps.

FIGURE 1 in New taxonomic, stratigraphic, and geographic information on the genus Faksephyllia Floris, 1972 (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae); first records from the Oligocene of Austria, Germany, and Italy

FIGURE 1. Map showing the distribution of Faksephyllia in the Paleocene (from east to west, marked by Δ): Kazakhstan (Mangyshlag), Azerbaijan (Dash-Salakhly), Austria (Kambühel limestone, Styria), Sweden (Limhamn), Denmark (Fakse), Greenland (1: Kangilia area; 2: Nugssuaq area).

FIGURE 2 in New taxonomic, stratigraphic, and geographic information on the genus Faksephyllia Floris, 1972 (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae); first records from the Oligocene of Austria, Germany, and Italy

FIGURE 2. Map showing the distribution of Faksephyllia in the Oligocene and one possible occurrence in the Eocene (from north to south, marked by Δ): Oligocene of Germany (Reit im Winkel, Bavaria), Austria (Tyrol), Italy (Vicenza area). Possible Eocene occurrence: Bosnia-Herzegovina (Rošići area).

FIGURE 5 in Cladorhiza corallophila sp. nov., a new carnivorous sponge (Cladorhizidae, Demospongiae) living in close association with Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata (Scleractinia)

FIGURE 5. Molecular tree showing the relation of C. corallophila sp. nov. to other Atlantic Cladorhizidae.

FIGURE 4 in Cladorhiza corallophila sp. nov., a new carnivorous sponge (Cladorhizidae, Demospongiae) living in close association with Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata (Scleractinia)

FIGURE 4. Comparative material of C. abyssicola (A–D) and C. gelida (E–F): A: Section of BMNH 1910.1.1.1372, Hansen collection "type", B–D: Habitus and section of BMNH 1934.2.16.14, E–F: Habitus with close-ups of ZMUC-DEM-31 (Syntype). Scale bars: A: 1 mm, B: 1 cm, C: 4 mm, D: 1 mm, E: 2 cm, F–G: 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Cladorhiza corallophila sp. nov., a new carnivorous sponge (Cladorhizidae, Demospongiae) living in close association with Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata (Scleractinia)

FIGURE 3. Spicules of C. corallophila sp. nov. (holotype, SMF 11490): A: Strongyle, B: Mycalostyle, C: Sigma with one bifurcate end, D: Normal sigma, E: Anchorate anisochela, F: Tip of a lateral branch of holotype SMF 11490, G: Tip of a branch of SMF 11489, H: Section with prey inside the tissue, I: Surface-view with prey partly looking out. Scale bars: A, B: 100 µm, C, D: 30 µm, E: 10 µm, F, G: 1 mm (inset of G: 100 µm), H: 500µm, I: 100µm.

FIGURE 2 in Cladorhiza corallophila sp. nov., a new carnivorous sponge (Cladorhizidae, Demospongiae) living in close association with Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata (Scleractinia)

FIGURE 2. Habitus and skeleton of C. corallophila sp. nov.: A: In situ-picture of sponge with pointed surface filaments (SMF 11410) attached to a live Madrepora oculata colony, copyright T. Lundälv, Sven Lovén Centre, Gotenburg University, B: In situ-picture of sponge with rounded surface filaments, sta. GeoB 14908-1, ROV dive 10, 1740.148'N 1640.6'W, 513 m water depth, Banda Mound Complex, copyright T. Lundälv, Sven Lovén Centre, Gotenburg University, C: Basal part of SaM-ID 1430, encalcified by Lophelia pertusa, D: Holotype SMF 11490 in ethanol, E: Close-up of holotype, F: Section of holotype, G: Close-up of SMF 11489, H: Section thereof. Scale bars: A: 4 cm, B: 2 cm, C: 5 mm, D: 1 cm, E: 5 mm, F: 1 mm, G: 5 mm, H: 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Cladorhiza corallophila sp. nov., a new carnivorous sponge (Cladorhizidae, Demospongiae) living in close association with Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata (Scleractinia)

FIGURE 1. Map of the study area off Mauritania with sampling sites (black square). Bathymetry derives from GEBCO (2014).

Figure 3 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Lobophylliidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Figure 3. Micromorphology and microstructure of thickening deposits in Lobophylliidae. (A–E) Acanthastrea echinata (Dana, 1846); UNIMIB PFB201, Duad Island, Papua New Guinea. Microtuberculate texture was observed on surfaces of skeletal structures: overall (scanning electron microscopy; A); enlarged view of septal teeth that, in addition to granulations corresponding to centres of rapid accretion (blue arrows; B), shows microgranulation texture (red arrow and circle; C). Tips of these microtubercules correspond to slender bundles of fibres (red arrow and dashed lines) that form thickening deposits (regular growth bands marked with yellow arrows; polished and etched section, D; transverse thin section under polarized light, E). (F–K) the same microstructure of thickening deposits was observed in other lobophylliids (red arrow and dashed lines), suggesting clade-specific biomineralization control of formation. Similar structural organisation of thickening deposits may be affected by early diagenetic and/or bioerosional processes. (F) Homophyllia bowerbanki (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857); MTQ MH019, Lord Howe Island, Australia. (G) Homophyllia hillae (Wells, 1955) (= Homophyllia bowerbanki); MTQ MH046, north Noddy Island, Lord Howe Island, Australia. (H) Cynarina lacrymalis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849a); IRD HS1604, Banc Gail, New Caledonia. (I) Lobophyllia costata (Dana, 1846); UNIMIB GA024, Gambier Islands, French Polynesia. (J) Echinophyllia orpheensis Veron & Pichon, 1980; MTQ 6821, Little Pioneer Bay, Orpheus Island, Palm Islands, Australia. (K) Oxypora lacera (Verrill, 1864); UNIMIB DJ155, Djibouti.

Figure 11. Micromussa Veron, 2000 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Lobophylliidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Figure 11. Micromussa Veron, 2000, has discrete corallites with double walls, medium-size (4–15 mm) and mediumrelief (3–6 mm) calices, septa in three cycles (24–36 septa), and well-developed epitheca. Septal teeth with medium height (0.3–0.6 mm) and spacing (0.3–1.0 mm), equally shaped between first- and third-order septa, equally sized between wall and septum, strong (pointed) granules, and smooth interarea. Walls formed by dominant paratheca and partial septotheca, with strong costa centre clusters. (A) Micromussa amakusensis (Veron, 1990), type species of Micromussa; macromorphology, holotype MTQ G32485, Amakusa Islands, Japan. (B, C) Micromussa indiana Benzoni & Arrigoni in Arrigoni et al., 2016a; micromorphology (scanning electron microscopy; B) and microstructure (transverse thin section; C), hypotype UF 457, Oman. (D–F) Micromussa multipunctata (Hodgson, 1985); macromorphology (D), micromorphology (E), and microstructure (F), hypotype UP P1L02161, Talim Point, Batangas, Philippines.

Figure 2 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Lobophylliidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Figure 2. Phylogenetic reconstructions of the reef coral family Lobophylliidae with Merulinidae as outgroup. Molecular subclades within Lobophylliidae are differentiated by colour (Arrigoni et al., 2015). (A) strict consensus of 18 maximum parsimony trees based on histone H3, internal transcribed spacers, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. Numbers adjacent to branches show support values (upper: maximum likelihood bootstrap ≥ 50, Bayesian posterior probability ≥ 0.9; lower: maximum parsimony bootstrap ≥ 50). (B) strict consensus of 17 maximum parsimony trees based on 46 morphological characters, with numbers indicating support (upper: Bremer decay index ≥ 2; lower: maximum parsimony bootstrap ≥ 50).

Figure 7 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Lobophylliidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Figure 7. Cynarina Br€ uggemann, 1877, is solitary, with discrete corallites, large (> 15 mm) and high-relief (> 6 mm) calices, septa in ≥ 4 cycles (≥ 48 septa), and weak/moderate septal lobes. Septal teeth are tall (> 0.6 mm) and widely spaced (> 1 mm), unequally shaped between first- and third-order septa, unequally sized between wall and septum, with palisade interarea. Walls formed by dominant paratheca and partial septotheca, with strong costa centre clusters and medial lines. (A–F) Cynarina lacrymalis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849a), type species of Cynarina; macromorphology, Cynarina savignyi Br € uggemann, 1877, syntype of Cynarina NHMUK (unlabelled lot), Gulf of Suez, Red Sea (A; photo by N. Santodomingo); micromorphology (scanning electron microscopy; B) and microstructure (transverse thin section; C), hypotype USNM 93865, Madang, Papua New Guinea; macromorphology (D), micromorphology (E), and microstructure (F), hypotype USNM 93862, Madang, Papua New Guinea.

Figure 10 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Lobophylliidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Figure 10. Homophyllia Br€ uggemann, 1877, has discrete corallites with fused walls, large (> 15 mm) and high-relief (> 6 mm) calices, septa in ≥ 4 cycles (≥ 48 septa), and well-developed epitheca. Septal teeth are tall (> 0.6 mm) and widely spaced (> 1 mm), equally shaped between first- and third-order septa, equally sized between wall and septum, with uniformly distributed granules, and smooth interarea. Walls formed by dominant paratheca and partial septotheca, with strong costa centre clusters. (A–C) Homophyllia australis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849a), type species of Homophyllia; macromorphology, syntype NHMUK 1840.11.30.77, Port Lincoln, South Australia (A; photo by H. Taylor); micromorphology (scanning electron microscopy; B) and microstructure (transverse thin section; C), hypotype USNM 85709, Sir Joseph Banks Group, South Australia. (D–F) Homophyllia bowerbanki (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857); macromorphology, holotype MNHN scle850, Australia (D); micromorphology (E) and microstructure (F), hypotype IRD HS3285, New Caledonia. (G–I) Homophyllia hillae (Wells, 1955) (=Homophyllia bowerbanki); macromorphology, holotype QM F17943, Moreton Bay, Australia (G); micromorphology (H) and microstructure (I), hypotype USNM 91198, Lord Howe Island, Australia.

Figure 14. Sclerophyllia Klunzinger, 1879 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Lobophylliidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Figure 14. Sclerophyllia Klunzinger, 1879, is solitary or colonial, with discrete corallites, double walls in colonies, large (> 15 mm) and high-relief (> 6 mm) calices, septa in ≥ 4 cycles (≥ 48 septa), and well-developed epitheca. Septal teeth are tall (> 0.6 mm) and widely spaced (> 1 mm), unequally shaped between first- and third-order septa, equally sized between wall and septum, and palisade interarea. Walls formed by dominant paratheca and partial septotheca, with strong costa centre clusters. (A) Sclerophyllia margariticola Klunzinger, 1879, type species of Sclerophyllia; macromorphology, syntype ZMB Cni 2181, Egypt, Red Sea. (B–F) Sclerophyllia maxima (Sheppard & Salm, 1988); micromorphology (scanning electron microscopy; B, E) and microstructure (transverse thin section; C, F), hypotype UNIMIB MU161, Yemen; macromorphology, holotype NHMUK 1986.11.17.2, Muscat, Oman (D).