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558 results for “Species interactions”
FIGURE 7 in Description and host interactions of a new species of Exetasis Walker (Diptera: Acroceridae), with a key to species of the genus
FIGURE 7. Exetasis jujuyensis Gillung sp. nov. larva. A. lateral view; B. dorsolateral view, showing the pair of spiracles; C. dorsal view, showing the cephalic zone.
Dataset and code for the manuscript "Plant indirect interactions reduce species richness but increase phylogenetic diversity"
<p>This Zenodo repository contains the original data set and code for replicating the result published in the paper "<strong>Plant indirect interactions reduce species richness but increase phylogenetic diversity</strong>"</p><p> </p><ol><li>The "BD.xlsx" data frame contains the original data. The first column, "ID," is an ID for each one of the patches (i.e., vegetation units containing one or more individuals for the same or different species separated from other patches by bare ground). The second and third columns, "localidad" and "suelo", inform about the location where patches are found. The "species" column identifies the different species present at each patch.</li><li> The "Comb1.xlsx" data frame contains the possible combination of 4 species for each ID (concatenation of "localidad" and "suelo") for all the species found in the sampling. Besides "ID", there is one column for each of the species included in interactions ("spA", "spB", "spC", "spD") that contains the name of the species.</li><li>The "phylo.xlsx" data frame contains the taxonomic information of the species found during the sampling. For each species recorded in column "species" we assign its genus (column "genus") and family (column "family")</li><li> "ALL_IN.xlsx" is a data frame containing for each "ID" (proxy of location), the species involved in interactions ("spA", "spB", "spC" & "spD"), the "interaction sign" indicating if a given interaction is positive or negative (results based on simulation) and "Order" indicating the number of species involved in the interactions(from two to four).</li><li>"Code.R" provides the R code necessary to obtain the results. As statistics is based on simulation, every run can provide slightly different results, although differences do not affect interpretation. Please note that running time can be elevated depending on the computer used.</li></ol><p> </p>
Data from: Species interactions, environmental gradients and body size shape population niche width
<p>Competition for shared resources is commonly assumed to restrict population-level niche width of coexisting species. However, the identity and abundance of coexisting species, the prevailing environmental conditions, and the individual body size may shape the effects of interspecific interactions on species' niche width.</p> <p>Here we study the effects of inter- and intraspecific interactions, lake area and altitude, and fish body size on the trophic niche width and resource use of a generalist predator, the littoral-dwelling large, sparsely-rakered morph of European whitefish (<i>Coregonus lavaretus</i>; hereafter LSR whitefish). We use stable isotope, diet and survey fishing data from 14 subarctic lakes along an environmental gradient in northern Norway.</p> <p>The isotopic niche width of LSR whitefish showed a humped-shaped relationship with increasing relative abundance of sympatric competitors, suggesting widest population niche at intermediate intensity of interspecific interactions. The isotopic niche width of LSR whitefish tended to decrease with increasing altitude, suggesting reduced niche in colder, less productive lakes.</p> <p>LSR whitefish typically shifted to a higher trophic position and increased reliance on littoral food resources with increasing body size, although between-lake differences in ontogenetic niche shifts were evident. In most lakes, LSR whitefish relied less on littoral food resources than coexisting fishes and the niche overlap between sympatric competitors was most evident among relatively large individuals (>250 mm). Individual niche variation was highest among >200 mm long LSR whitefish, which likely have escaped the predation window of sympatric predators.</p> <p>We demonstrate that intermediate intensity of interspecific interactions may broaden species' niche width, whereas strong competition for limited resources and high predation risk may suppress niche width in less productive environments. Acknowledging potential humped-shaped relationships between population niche width and interspecific interactions can help us understand species' responses to environmental disturbance (e.g., climate change and species invasions) as well as the driving forces of niche specialization.</p>
Raw images for bead aggregation assays - Heterophilic and homophilic cadherin interactions in intestinal intermicrovillar links are species dependent
<p>Intermicrovillar links are formed by two non-classical members of the cadherin superfamily of calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins: protocadherin-24 (PCDH24, also known as CDHR2) and the mucin-like protocadherin (CDHR5). Images in this data set are for bead aggregations assays used to identify the PCDH24 and CDHR5 domains involved in both heterophilic and homophilic adhesion for human and mouse proteins.</p>
Data in support of: Species-specific interactions in an avian-bryophyte dispersal network
<p>Animal dispersal of plant propagules fundamentally alters the success of dispersal events, and thus shapes plant community composition through time. While this is well-documented in seed plants, spore-bearing plants have received little attention with regard to this phenomenon. Birds are particularly attractive as a potential bryophyte dispersal vector given their highly motile nature as well as their association with bryophytes when foraging and building nests. Despite this, species-specific dispersal relationships between birds and bryophytes have never been examined. We captured birds in Gifford Pinchot National Forest in the Pacific Northwest of the United States to sample their legs and tails for bryophyte spores. We found 24 bryophyte species across 34 species of bird. We examined the level of specialization 1) within the overall interaction network to assess community-level patterns and 2) at the plant species level to determine the effect of bird behavioral type on the plant-animal interaction. Our results suggest that associations within the network are more constrained (specialized) than expected by chance. Additionally, we found that avian foraging guild impacted the variety of bryophytes found on an individual bird. Foliage gleaners and ground foragers had particularly specialized associations within the overall disperser-bryophyte network. Our findings suggest that diffuse bird-bryophyte dispersal networks are likely to be common in habitats where birds readily encounter bryophytes and that further work aimed at understanding individual bird-bryophyte species relationships may prove valuable in determining nuance within this newly described dispersal mechanism.</p>
FIGURE 4. Fungus-harvestman interaction. A in First record of the interaction between the arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula and a new species of harvestman Auranus (Stygnidae) narrowly endemic to the Brazilian rain forest
FIGURE 4. Fungus-harvestman interaction. A) Habitus of male Auranus quilombola sp. nov. without fungus infection. B) A. quilombola sp. nov. male, parasitized by arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula sp. C) Details of the fungus Gibellula sp. parasitizing the harvestman A. quilombola sp. nov. (blue arrow shows the mycelium; red arrow shows the perithecium).
FIGURE 3 in First record of the interaction between the arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula and a new species of harvestman Auranus (Stygnidae) narrowly endemic to the Brazilian rain forest
FIGURE 3. Distribution map of Auranus quilombola sp. nov. and other Auranus species. A) Records of A. quilombola sp. nov. in Brejos de Altitude of Ceará state. Black dots are the known records, red arrow is the location of observation of fungusharvestmen interaction, full line is the Brejos Cearenses area of endemism delimitation. B) Distribution of Auranus species in the Amazon forest according Colmenares et al. (2016) and the new species in Atlantic forest. In detail, South America with the two great blocks of rain forest, Amazonian and Atlantic forest, showing the geographic locations of A and B.
FIGURE 2 in First record of the interaction between the arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula and a new species of harvestman Auranus (Stygnidae) narrowly endemic to the Brazilian rain forest
FIGURE 2. Penis of Auranus quilombola sp. nov. (Holotype, UFPB OP-901), dorsal view on the left, lateral view at the center, and ventral view on the right. Details of macrosetae are shown with colors. Scale = 0.25 mm.
Data from: Topography in tropical forests enhances growth and survival differences within and among species via water availability and biotic interactions
<p class="Cuerpo">Topography is associated with variation in soil water, biogeochemical properties and climate, which drive diversity by filtering species and promoting niche differences. However, the potential for topography to promote fitness differences and diversity among tree species and populations remains poorly tested in tropical rainforests, especially at small spatial scales in everwet climates.</p> <p class="Cuerpo">We reciprocally transplanted tree seedlings between ridge and riparian sites and manipulated neighbour abundance and water availability to assess growth and survival differences both among species and between populations within species in response to changes in biotic interactions and soil water gradients associated with topographic heterogeneity.</p> <p class="Cuerpo">Seedling growth rates were higher on the ridge, but probability of survival was lower on the ridge than the riparian site. Topography also altered growth and survival responses to water availability such that seedlings in the inundated soils in the riparian site had the lowest growth and survival but increased rapidly with moderate soil drying. By contrast, growth and survival on the ridge were generally unresponsive to drying, although severe drought on the ridge reinforced differences among species in growth rates and probability of survival.</p> <p class="Cuerpo">The patterns of growth and survival within species did not provide evidence of local adaptation between seedlings from lowland and upslope origins. However, within species, topographic seed-origin determined the response of seedling growth and survival to increasing neighbour abundance, indicative of divergent selective pressures between individuals growing in different topographic environments.</p> <p class="Cuerpo">Combined, these results suggest that topographic heterogeneity promotes tropical forest diversity both at the species level via environmental filtering due to water availability and at the population level via functional responses to the density of neighbouring vegetation.</p>
Habitat mediates coevolved but not novel species interactions
<p>On-going recovery of native predators has the potential to alter species interactions, with community and ecosystem wide implications. We estimated co-occurrence of three species of conservation and management interest from a multi-species citizen science camera trap survey. We demonstrate fundamental differences in novel and co-evolved predator-prey interactions that are mediated by habitat. Specifically, we demonstrate that anthropogenic habitat modification had no influence on the expansion of the recovering native pine marten in Ireland, nor does it affect the predator's suppressive influence on an invasive prey species, the grey squirrel. In contrast, the direction of the interaction between the pine marten and a native prey species, the red squirrel, is dependent on habitat. Pine martens had a positive influence on red squirrel occurrence at a landscape scale, especially in native broadleaved woodlands. However, in areas dominated by non-native conifer plantations, the pine marten reduced red squirrel occurrence. These findings suggest that following the recovery of a native predator, the benefits of competitive release are spatially structured and habitat specific. The potential for past and future landscape modification to alter established interactions between predators and prey has global implications in the context of the on-going recovery of predator populations in human-modified landscapes.</p>
Relative species abundance successfully predicts nestedness and interaction frequency of monthly pollination networks in an alpine meadow
<p>Plant-pollinator networks have been repeatedly reported as cumulative ones that are described with >1 years observations. However, such cumulative networks are composed of pairwise interactions recorded at different periods, and thus may not be able to reflect the reality of species interactions in nature (e.g., early-flowering plants typically do not compete for shared pollinators with late-flowering plants, but they are assumed to do so in accumulated networks). Here, we examine the monthly sampling structure of an alpine plant-pollinator bipartite network over a two-year period to determine whether relative species abundance and species traits better explain the network structure of monthly networks than yearly ones. Although community composition and species abundance varied from one month to another, the monthly networks (as well as the yearly networks described with annual pooled data) had a highly nested structure, in which specialists directly interact with generalist partners. Moreover, relative species abundance predicted the nestedness in both the monthly and yearly networks and accounted for a statistically significant percentage of the variation (i.e., 20%-44%) in the pairwise interactions of monthly networks, but not yearly networks. The combination of relative species abundance and species traits (but not species traits only) showed a similar prediction power in terms of both network nestedness and pairwise interaction frequencies. Considering the previously recognized structural pattern and associated mechanisms of plant-pollinator networks, we propose that relative species abundance may be an important factor influencing both nestedness and interaction frequency of pollination networks.</p>
Ant body size mediates functional performance and species interactions in carrion decomposer communities
<p>Growing concern over rapid species declines and extinctions has led to considerable interest in the role of biodiversity for maintaining ecological processes. However, the loss of particular species has more pronounced effects on ecosystem services than others, highlighting the importance of key functional species traits and their relationships to ecosystem functioning. Human induced disturbances, such as species invasions, land use changes or abiotic changes, appear to disproportionally impact larger species rather than smaller ones. The loss of large-bodied species in the community diminishes key ecosystem services like seed dispersal, pest control, pollination and decomposition.</p> <p>Here we use carrion, a nutrient-rich ephemeral resource, to test the hypotheses that ants positively affect decomposition rates and that their role in the necrophilous community – as predator or decomposer – is mediated by body size. We further investigate the relative contribution of maggots vs. ants to biomass decomposition.</p> <p>Our results show that ants contributed positively to the decomposition process. Moreover, decomposition was shaped by an intricate interplay between competition and predation among the guild of decomposer insects. As predicted, larger ants show a double action in increasing decomposition rate and predating on maggots, while small ants are rather inefficient decomposers and did not act as predators on other decomposer species.</p> <p>Our study shows that differentiating key taxonomic groups in function of their body size is key to untangle the diversity and directions of the various roles they play within complex ecological processes.</p>
Tri-trophic interactions with avian predators: the effect of host plant species and herbivore-induced plant volatiles on recruiting avian predators
<div> <p><span><span>Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are important signaling compounds released by plants upon wounding. These compounds have been shown to mediate tri-trophic interactions in recruiting insect predators and parasitoids. Recent work has begun to show that avian species, which were once thought to have a very limited sense of smell, can cue in on these HIPVs to find insect prey. Here, we test the ability for two general HIPVs, methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate, to recruit avian predators. We test the recruitment efficacies of these HIPVs across 4 different host plant species (black walnut, red maple, cattail, and wheat) and use clay caterpillars to quantify predation by insectivorous birds. We found no significant differences in predation between treatment groups across any of our host plants. However, there was a nearly-significant effect of methyl salicylate in black-walnut trees. Interestingly, our results did show a significant effect of host plant species on predation levels. The two tree species, particularly black walnut, had higher levels of predation than the herbaceous species. We discuss the implications of these results and suggest a number of ideas and suggestions for future studies investigating the role of HIPVs in attracting insectivorous birds.</span></span></p> </div>
Dataset for: Interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth and direct and indirect defences in Quercus ilex
<p>Plant diversity has often been reported to decrease insect herbivory in plants. Of the numerous mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, how plant diversity influences plant defences via effects on growth has received little attention. In addition, plant diversity effects may be contingent on abiotic conditions (e.g., resource and water availability). Here, we used a long-term experiment to explore the interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth, direct (i.e. phenolics) and indirect (i.e. Volatile Organic Compounds – VOCs) defences and leaf herbivory in <em>Quercus ilex</em>. We quantified herbivory by chewing insects, phenolic compounds and VOCs in <em>Q. ilex</em> trees growing in stands differing in tree species composition (<em>Q. ilex</em>, <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>Betula Pendula</em>, <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>Pinus pinaster</em> and <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>B. pendula</em> + <em>P. pinaster</em>) and water availability (irrigated vs control). Both direct and indirect defences were affected by tree species composition, but such changes were not mediated by changes in tree stem diameter. <em>Q. ilex</em> trees growing in stands with <em>P. pinaster</em> had the lowest concentration of both direct and indirect defences. Importantly, the effects of tree species composition on VOCs were exacerbated on irrigated blocks. Despite variation in defences, tree species composition did not affect herbivory in <em>Q. ilex</em>. Accordingly, we did not find any association between defences and insect herbivory. Our results suggest that changes in the micro-environment rather than growth-defence associations may mediate tree diversity effects on defences. In addition, reduced defensive investment in more diverse stands could negatively impact tree resistance masking the beneficial effects of species diversity at reducing insect herbivory.</p>
Data from: Foraging decisions with conservation consequences: Interaction between beavers and invasive tree species
<p><span>Herbivore species can either hinder or accelerate the invasion of woody species through selective utilization. Therefore, an exploration of foraging decisions can contribute to the understanding and forecasting of woody plant invasions. Despite the large distribution range and rapidly growing abundance of beaver species across the Northern Hemisphere, only a few studies focus on the interaction between the beaver and invasive woody plants. </span></p> <p><span>We collected data on the woody plant supply and utilization at 20 study sites in Hungary, at two fixed distances from the water. The following parameters were registered: taxon, trunk diameter, type of utilization, and carving depth. Altogether 5401 units (trunks and thick branches) were identified individually. We developed a statistical protocol that uses a dual approach, combining whole-database and transect-level analyses to examine foraging strategy.</span></p> <p><span>Taxon, diameter, and distance from water all had a significant effect on foraging decisions. The order of preference for the four most abundant taxa was: <em>Populus </em>spp. (softwood), <em>Salix </em>spp. (softwood), <em>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</em></span> <span>(invasive hardwood),<em> Acer negundo</em> (invasive hardwood). The diameter influenced the type of utilization, as units with greater diameter were rather carved or debarked than felled. According to the central-place foraging strategy, intensity of the foraging decreased with the distance from the water, while both the taxon and diameter selectivity increased. This suggests stronger modification of the woody vegetation directly along the waterbank, together with a weaker impact further from the water. </span></p> <p><span>In contrast to invasive trees, for which utilization occurred almost exclusively in the smallest diameter class, even the largest softwood trees were utilized by means of carving and debarking. This may lead to the gradual loss of softwoods or the transformation of them into shrubby form. After the return of the beaver, mature stages of softwood stands and thus the structural heterogeneity of floodplain woody vegetation could be supported by the maintenance of sufficiently large active floodplains. </span></p> <p><span>The beaver accelerates the shift of the canopy layer's species composition towards invasive hardwood species, supporting the enemy release hypothesis. However, the long-term impact will also depend on how plants respond to different types of utilization and on their ability to regenerate, which are still unexplored issues in this environment. Our results should be integrated with knowledge about factors influencing the competitiveness of the studied native and invasive woody species to support floodplain conservation and reconstruction.</span></p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Rousse P, van Noort S (2014) Afrotropical Ophioninae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae): an update of Gauld and Mitchell's revision, including two new species and an interactive matrix identification key. ZooKeys 456: 59-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.456.8140
Afrotropical Ophioninae: coordinates of the new distribution records.: Explanation note: Summary of the collection localities and their geographical data listed as new distribution records for Afrotropical Ophioninae
Supplementary material 1 from: Agrain F (2014) An interactive multi-entry key to the species of Megalostomis Chevrolat, with description of a new species from Paraguay (Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae). ZooKeys 425: 59-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.425.7631
Key to the species of Megalostomis v.1.0, LIF3 file: Explanation note: This XML-based format allows exchange of the key with other key developers.
Supplementary material 2 from: Agrain F (2014) An interactive multi-entry key to the species of Megalostomis Chevrolat, with description of a new species from Paraguay (Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae). ZooKeys 425: 59-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.425.7631
Key to the species of Megalostomis v.1.0, SDD file: Explanation note: This is a XML-based file structured using the internationally agreed SDD (Structure of Descriptive Data) Schema. This SDD file may be used to exchange the Lucid key with other SDD-compliant applications.
Plant neighbors differentially alter a focal species' biotic interactions through changes to resource allocation
<p>Plant resource allocation strategies are thought to be largely a consequence of changing abiotic conditions and evolutionary history. However, biotic interactions also influence how a plant allocates resources. As a result, plants mediate indirect interactions between organisms above- and belowground through resource allocation. Neighboring plants can influence plant fitness directly through competition for resources, and indirectly by altering associated community interactions (associational effects). Given the importance of community interactions for plant success, and the known ability for plant neighbors to change these interactions, the goal of this "pandemic project" was to separate inter- and intraspecific plant associations, above- and belowground, to understand how different plant neighbors alter plant resource allocation, and if this in turn alters biotic interactions. We specifically investigated associational effects on herbivory and soil microbial community interactions. To do so, we established a common garden experiment, manipulating plant neighbors and extent of interactions (aboveground only versus above- and belowground interactions, using customized pot types), and measured changes to a focal plant and its biotic interactions over two growing seasons. We found evidence of both neighbor effects and pot type, showing that neighbor interactions affect a focal plant through both above- and belowground processes, and how the focal plant is affected depends on neighbor identity. Though neighbors did not directly alter herbivory or most soil microbial interactions, they did alter the relationship between belowground microbial communities and plant function. Resource allocation responses were reduced with time, showing the importance of extending experiments beyond a single growing season, and is an important consideration when making predictions about plant responses to changing conditions. This study contributes to a growing body of work showing how the community context affects the above- and belowground interactions of a plant through plant resource allocation strategies.</p>
Interactions between bat species and agricultural pests and disease vectors in northern Madagascar
<p>This table is part of the PhD thesis of Carme Tuneu-Corral, entitled '<strong>Bats and rice: promoting Integrated Pest Management to enhance biodiversity conservation</strong>'. It is the <span>Table A4.4</span> of the supplementary material of the Chapter 5 '<em>Beyond borders: evaluating the role of protected areas in promoting bat-mediated pest suppression in rural areas of northern Madagascar</em>', and illustrates the arthropod species detected in bat faecal sampels and classified as insect pests or disease vectors, and their interactions with bat species. Information on the bold percentage of similarity, study site, habitat type and pest type.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.