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4,157 results for “Survival.”
Post-weaning survival in kangaroos is high and constant until senescence: Implications for population dynamics
<p>Large herbivores typically have consistently high prime-aged adult survival and lower, more variable, juvenile and senescent survival. Many kangaroo populations undergo greater fluctuations in density than other large herbivores, but age- and sex-specific survival of kangaroos and their response to environmental variation remain poorly estimated. We used long-term capture-mark-recapture data on 920 individuals to investigate the survival component of eastern grey kangaroo (<em>Macropus giganteus</em>) population dynamics. Forage availability and population density were monitored quarterly and included as predictors of survival in Bayesian Cormack-Jolly-Seber models. Annual survival probabilities were estimated for 5 age classes: 0 years (juveniles), 1–2 years (sub-adults), 3–6 years (prime-aged adults), 7–9 years (pre-senescent adults), and ≥10 years (senescent adults). Survival of juveniles varied widely during our 12-year study, ranging from 0.07–0.90 for females and 0.05–0.92 for males. Sub-adult survival was 0.80–0.93 for females and 0.75–0.85 for males, while that of prime-aged adults was ≥0.94 for females and ≥0.83 for males, despite large fluctuations in forage and density. The survival of pre-senescent adults spanned 0.86–0.93 for females and 0.60–0.86 for males. Senescent survival was variable, at 0.49–0.90 for females and 0.49–0.80 for males. Male survival was significantly lower than female survival in prime-aged and pre-senescent adults, but not in other age classes. Although most models supported by WAIC selection included one or a combination of environmental covariates, none of these individual covariates had a discernable effect on survival. Temporal variability in overall survival was mostly due to changes in survival of juvenile and senescent kangaroos. Kangaroo survival patterns are similar to those of ungulates, suggesting a strong role of sex-age structure on population dynamics.</p>
Data for: Off-host survival of blacklegged ticks in eastern North America: A multi-stage, multi-year, and multi-site study
<p>Climatic conditions are widely thought to govern the distribution and abundance of ectoparasites, such as the blacklegged tick (<em>Ixodes scapularis</em>), vector of the agents of Lyme disease and other emerging human pathogens. However, translating physiological tolerances to distributional limits or mortality is challenging. Ticks may be able to avoid or tolerate unsuitable conditions, and what is lethal to one life history stage may not extend to others. Thus, even after decades of research there are clear gaps in our knowledge about how climatic conditions determine tick distributions or patterns of abundance. We present the results of a comprehensive, three-year study of the influence of local temperatures and vapor pressure deficits on the survival of each free-living, off-host stage of <em>I. scapularis</em> in semi-natural enclosures across three locations that span their current distribution in eastern North America. We found that only larvae are clearly sensitive to direct mortality from climatic conditions, specifically desiccating conditions, whereas mortality of nymphs and adults appears to stem from exhausted energy reserves. We also found strong evidence that key developmental transitions in the tick's life cycle—fed larvae molting into to nymphs, fed nymphs molting into adults, and fed females producing larvae (via egg masses)—were all strongly temperature-dependent, though temperatures were not limiting in any of our sites. Collectively, our results suggest that climate is likely to impact <em>I. scapularis</em> largely through its impact on the larval stage.</p>
Effects of mycotoxin treatment on fly survival, development time, thorax length, fecundity, and longevity in four mycophagous Drosophila species
<p>Many mycophagous Drosophila species have adapted to tolerate high concentrations of mycotoxins, an ability not reported in any other eukaryotes. Although an association between mycophagy and mycotoxin tolerance has been established in many Drosophila species, the genetic mechanisms of the tolerance are unknown. This study presents the inter- and intraspecific variation in the mycotoxin tolerance trait. We studied the mycotoxin tolerance in four Drosophila species from four separate clades within the immigrans-tripunctata radiation from two distinct locations. The effect of mycotoxin treatment on 20 isofemale lines per species was studied using seven gross phenotypes: survival to pupation, survival to eclosion, development time to pupation and eclosion, thorax length, fecundity, and longevity. We observed interspecific variation among four species, with D. falleni being the most tolerant, followed by D. recens, D. neotestacea, and D. tripunctata, in that order. The results also revealed geographical variation and intraspecific genetic variation in mycotoxin tolerance. This report provides the foundation for further delineating the genetic mechanisms of the mycotoxin tolerance trait.</p>
Data and R code for: Survival to weaning in arid-country vervet monkeys
<p>We addressed the relative contributions of maternal rank and sociability to the survival of infant vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) to nutritional independence (~210 days) in a resource-poor environment. Data from 153 infants across three troops and 10 birth cohorts indicated a pre-weaning mortality of 30% (Range: 9%-85%), with a median age at death of 50 days. In addition to the consequences of resource availability, increased infant survival was independently and equivalently associated with higher maternal rank and a greater number of maternal spatial partners. We use this outcome to suggest that apparent discrepancies in the relative importance of different maternal attributes in determining reproductive outcomes may be resolved by considering more closely local sources of infant mortality.</p>
Contrasting phylogeographic patterns of mitochondrial and genome-wide variation in the groundwater amphipod (Crangonyx islandicus) that survived the Ice age in Iceland
<p>In this zip "DataAvailability.zip" all the data and parameter files, as well as R scripts and bash codes used to perform the analyses of the mitochondrial and the RADseq data are provided. A ReadMe file is available at the root describing the content of the different folders and files.</p> <p>Below is the abstract of the associated manuscript:</p> <p>Analysis of phylogeographic patterns have often been based on mitochondrial DNA variation, but recent analyses dealing with nuclear DNA have in some instances revealed mito-nuclear discordances and complex evolutionary histories. These enigmatic scenarios which may involve stochastic lineage sorting, ancestral hybridization, past dispersal, and secondary contacts are increasingly scrutinized with a new generation of genomic tools such as RADseq, which pose also additional analytical challenges. Here, we revisited the previously inconclusive phylogeographic history, showing mito-nuclear discordance, of an endemic groundwater amphipod from Iceland, <em>Crangonyx islandicus,</em> which is the only metazoan known to have survived the Pleistocene beneath the glaciers. Previous studies based on three DNA markers documented a mitochondrial scenario with the main divergence occurring between populations in northern Iceland and an ITS scenario with the main divergence between the south and north. We used double digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to clarify this mito-nuclear discordance by applying several statistical methods while estimating the sensitivity to different analytical approaches (data-type, differentiation indices and base call uncertainty). A majority of nuclear markers and methods support the ITS divergence. Nevertheless, a more complex scenario emerges, possibly involving introgression led by male-biased dispersal among northern locations or mitochondrial capture which may have been further strengthened by natural selection.</p>
hb or not hb - when and why accounting for background mortality in toxicological survival models matters?
<p>This document provides all the supplementary files we are providing in direct relationship with our manuscript entitled “hb or not hb - when and why accounting for background mortality in toxicological survival models matters?”, co-signed by Plantade, Baudrot and Charles and submitted to the Journal “MethodsX”.</p>
Data from: Hidden variable models reveal the effects of infection from changes in host survival
<p class="MsoNormal">The impacts of disease on host vital rates can be demonstrated using longitudinal studies, but these studies can be expensive and logistically challenging. We examined the utility of hidden variable models to infer the individual effects of infectious disease from population-level measurements of survival when longitudinal studies are not possible. Our approach <span>seeks to explain temporal deviations in population-level survival after introducing a disease causative agent when disease prevalence cannot be directly measured by coupling survival and epidemiological models. We tested this approach using an experimental host system (<em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>) with multiple distinct pathogens to validate the ability of the hidden variable model to infer per-capita disease rates. We then applied the approach to a disease outbreak in harbor seals (<em>Phoca vituline</em>) that had data on observed strandings but no epidemiological data. We found that our hidden variable modeling approach could successfully detect the per-capita effects of disease from monitored survival rates in both the experimental and wild populations. Our approach may prove useful for detecting epidemics from public health data in regions where standard surveillance techniques are not available and in the study of epidemics in wildlife populations, where longitudinal studies can be especially difficult to implement.</span></p>
Data for: Faster growth and larger size at crèche onset are associated with higher offspring survival in Adélie Penguins
<p>We conducted the first assessment of Adélie Penguin chick survival that accounts for imperfect resighting. We found that when chicks are larger in size when they enter the crèche stage (the period when both parents forage at the same time and chicks are left relatively unprotected), they have a higher probability of survival to fledging. We investigated the relationships between growth, crèche-timing, and chick survival during one typical year and one year of reduced food availability. Chicks that hatched earlier in the season entered the crèche stage older, and chicks that both grew faster and crèched older entered the crèche at a larger size. These relationships were stronger in the year of reduced food availability. Thus, parents increased their chicks' chance of fledging if they provided sufficient food for faster growth rates and/or extended the length of the brood-guarding period. Early nest initiation (i.e., early hatching) provided parents with the opportunity to extend the guard period and increase chick survival. However, to extend the guard stage successfully, they must provide larger meals and maintain higher chick growth rates, even if just one parent at a time is foraging, which previous work has shown is not possible for all individuals. We show that the factors governing trade-offs in chick-rearing behavior of Adélie Penguin parents may vary in accord with environmental conditions, a result from which we can better understand species' adaptations to environmental changes.</p>
Projected changes in Laminaria species survival in Europe
<p>Future projections of annual kelp survival and mortality for the species <em>Laminaria hyperborea</em>, <em>Sacchinaria latissima</em> and <em>Laminaria digitata</em>.</p> <p>Supporting data for T4.1 of Horizon 2020 project FutureMARES.</p> <p>The file naming convention is kelp_{cmip6_model}_{ssp}, where <em>cmip6_model</em> names the CMIP6 model used to drive the projection, and <em>ssp</em> identifies which of SSP126, SSP245 and SSP585 was used.</p> <p>Each file shows modelled projected annual survival(1) and mortality (0) for <em>L. hyperborea</em>, <em>S. latissima</em> and <em>L. digitata</em> from 1995-2099.</p>
Data for: Emigration and survival correlate with different precipitation metrics throughout a grassland songbird's annual cycle
<p>Many exogenous factors may influence demographic rates (i.e., births, deaths, immigration, emigration), particularly for migratory birds that must cope with variable weather and habitat throughout their range and annual cycle. In midcontinental grasslands, disturbance (e.g., fire and grazing) and precipitation influence variation in grassland structure and function, but we know little about when and why precipitation is associated with grassland species' vital rates. We related estimates of detection, survival, and emigration to <em>a priori </em>sets of precipitation metrics to test the putative alternative factors influencing movement and mortality in grasshopper sparrows (<em>Ammodramus savannarum</em>). This species is a migratory songbird that exhibits exceptionally high rates of within-season and between-season dispersal. Between 2013 and 2020, we captured and resighted grasshopper sparrows in northeastern Kansas, USA, compiling capture histories for 1,332 adult males. We tested predictions of climatic hypotheses explaining variation in survival and emigration throughout a grasshopper sparrow's annual cycle; both survival and emigration were associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation precipitation index (ESPI). Survival was positively related with ESPI during winter, and temporary emigration was curvilinearly related to breeding season ESPI lagged 2 years, with the highest site fidelity associated with intermediate rainfall values. The relationship between rainfall and temporary emigration likely reflects the influence of weather over multiple years on vegetation structure with consequent effects on local demography. This study provides compelling support for the idea that grassland species respond to high interannual variability by adopting dispersal strategies unlike those of many well-studied migrant birds. Furthermore, the results imply that the consequences of increasing climatic extremes may not be immediately apparent, with demographic consequences lasting for at least a few years.</p>
Flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) in IMTA with abalone and seaweed: growth and survival
<p>Growth and survival of flat oysters (<em>Ostrea edulis</em>) grown in co-culture (IMTA) with abalone and seaweed in a sea-based system in Aber Wrac'h estuary (Bretagne, France). </p>
Effects of nurse shrubs and biochar on planted conifer seedling survival and growth in a high-severity burn patch in New Mexico, USA
<p>The synergistic effects of widespread high-severity wildfire and anthropogenic climate change are driving large-scale vegetation conversion. In the southwestern United States, areas that were once dominated by conifer forests are now shrub- or grasslands after high-severity wildfire, an ecosystem conversion that could be permanent without human intervention. Yet, the reforestation of these landscapes is rarely successful, with a mean planted seedling survival of just 25 %. Given these low rates, we carried out a planting experiment to quantify the impacts of biochar as a soil amendment and shrubs as nurse plants on planted conifer seedling survival and growth following high-severity wildfire. We planted 1200 seedlings of three species (<em>Pinus</em> <em>ponderosa</em>, <em>P. strobiformis</em>, and <em>Pseudotsuga</em> <em>menziesii</em>) in a 2-ha area within the footprint of the Las Conchas fire in New Mexico, USA. We used four treatments: under shrubs, or in the open and with or without biochar in a full-factorial design. We found that planting tree seedlings underneath shrubs increased tree seedling survival by 46 % after 3 years, with some marginal evidence that shrubs inhibited seedling diameter growth (mean <em>R<sup>2</sup></em> = 0.08). The addition of biochar increased seedling survival by 11 % but had no effect on seedling growth. Our study suggests that planted seedling survival in post-wildfire areas can be increased by planting under shrubs in soil amended with biochar. The widespread adoption of these methods may improve the success rates of post-wildfire reforestation efforts in semi-arid areas, regaining some of the ecosystem services lost to high-severity wildfire.</p>
Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
<p>Higher temperatures are now observed in several ecosystems and act as new selective agents that shape traits and fitness of individuals. Transgenerational effects may be important in modulating adaptation of future generations and buffering negative impacts of temperature changes. The potential for these effects may be important in freshwater fish species, as temperature is a key abiotic component of their environment. Yet, still, relatively few studies have assessed the presence and importance of transgenerational effects under natural conditions. The purpose of this study was to test how parental thermal conditions influenced offspring growth and survival following stocking in Brook charr (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>). To do so, part of the breeders were exposed to a "cold" treatment while others were exposed to a "warm" treatment during the final steps of gonad maturation (constant 2°C difference between treatments along the seasonal temperature decrease). The impact on offspring of a selection treatment targeting production traits of interest (absence of sexual maturation at 1+, combined with increased growth) in breeders was also evaluated. After 7 to 8 months of growth in captivity, offspring were stocked in natural lakes. Their growth and survival were assessed about a year later. Offspring from "cold" breeders showed lower survival than those from "warm" breeders and the selection treatment had no effect on survival. However, the selection treatment was linked to lower Fulton's condition index, which, in turn, was positively correlated to survival in lakes. This study highlights the importance of working in ecological/industrial context to fully assess the different impacts of transgenerational effects on traits and survival. Our results also have important implications for stocking practices used to support the sport fishing industry.</p>
Data for 'Deriving spatial features from in situ proteomics imaging to enhance cancer survival analysis'
<p>Additional data for 'Deriving spatial features from in situ proteomics imaging to enhance cancer survival analysis'</p>
Data for "Symbiotic nutrient cycling enables the long-term survival of Aiptasia in the absence of heterotrophic food sources"
<p>Supplementary figures and raw data associated with the publication "Symbiotic nutrient cycling enables the long-term survival of Aiptasia in the absence of heterotrophic food sources". Data for physiological and NanoSIMS measurements are uploaded as individual sheets/tabs in the .xslx file. </p> <p>"Fig. 1" contains data for physiological measurements (biomass, protein content, and symbiont density) of fed and starved Aiptasia. </p> <p>"Fig. 2" contains data for NanoSIMS measurements for regions of interest from the tissue of fed and starved Aiptasia as well as unlabelled control Aiptasia. </p> <p>The R script contains all code required to repeat the data analysis and plotting.</p> <p> </p>
The trait-mediated trade-off between growth and survival depends on tree sizes and environmental conditions
<p><span>Interspecific relationships between growth and survival are critical determinants of tree species diversity maintenance in forests. The trade-offs between growth and survival in co-occurring tree species are believed to arise along a continuum of life-history strategies. For example, co-occurring species range from those that grow slowly and survive well in resource-poor environments to those that grow quickly but have low survival rates in resource-rich environments. However, uncertainties remain regarding how growth-survival trade-offs are related to species traits, tree sizes, or environmental conditions.</span></p> <p><span>We examined how the relationships between species traits and growth–survival relationships shift in response to changes in stem sizes and across census periods with different climate conditions (frequency of strong winds, drought intensity) across 45 co-occurring tree species based on 23 years of growth and survival records in a warm temperate rain forest on Yakushima Island, Japan. We developed hierarchical Bayesian models of relative growth and survival rates, including leaf traits, wood density, and 95-percentile maximum stem diameter as explanatory variables. We tested the relationships between estimated trait-mediated growth–survival relationships and the intensities of climate events during five census periods.</span></p> <p><span>Each trait's effects on growth–survival relationships differed across the five census periods in response to climate conditions. Interspecific growth–survival relationships affected by a single trait axis for leaves or wood tended to be negative. In contrast, those affected by the maximum stem diameter tended to be positive. Such trends </span><span>increased with more frequent </span><span>strong winds or more intense droughts. The single-trait effects on growth–survival relationships were stronger for smaller sizes than for larger sizes. For all traits combined, we found a significant growth–survival trade-off only for small-sized stems in three of five census periods.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis: Our results indicate that the effect of species traits on the growth–survival relationships depended on tree sizes, the census periods, or both in response to the frequency or intensity of climate events. We argue the importance of incorporating spatial and temporal variations in environmental conditions into long-term data from tree census to predict forest dynamics.</span></p>
Data for "Symbiotic nutrient exchange enhances the long-term survival of cassiosomes, the autonomous stinging-cell structures of Cassiopea"
<p>Raw data linked to the publication "Symbiotic nutrient exchange enhances the long-term survival of cassiosomes, the autonomous stinging-cell structures of <em>Cassiopea".</em> NanoSIMS data and data from the survival experiments are available as individual tabs in the excel file.</p>
Breeding season forest fragment size does not create negative carry-over for adult Wood Thrushes on fall migration timing or apparent annual survival
<p>Although carry-over effects related to wintering habitat quality are known to influence population dynamics of migratory songbirds, the presence of breeding season carry-over is under-studied in full annual cycle models. To test whether forest fragment size on the breeding grounds can impose negative carry-over effects on a migratory songbird, we fitted adult Wood Thrushes with one-year coded radio-tags in forest fragments ranging from 11–499 ha in southwestern Ontario during the 2016–2019 breeding seasons and utilized automated telemetry via the Motus Wildlife Tracking System to record fall migration timing and returns the following spring (apparent annual survival). To examine short-term effects of fragment size on breeding females, during the 2018 and 2019 breeding seasons, we collected blood samples during incubation to measure corticosterone levels and tracked complete reproductive success and nest timing. We found that Wood Thrushes breeding in small forest fragments were not subject to strong negative effects on body condition (mass, corticosterone), reproductive success, or timing of the last nest of the season. Next, we found that the onset of fall migration departure was not delayed for birds nesting in small fragments and that apparent annual survival was not linked to breeding fragment size. This suggests that habitat differences linked to fragment size were not strong enough to trigger the kinds of negative carry-over effects (delayed migration, lower reproductive success) that have been documented in other species as a result of poor wintering ground habitat quality. The strength of breeding fragment size-induced seasonal carry-over remains a critical gap in full annual cycle models for other declining migratory songbirds. Our findings suggest that while the importance of preserving large forested areas is often prioritized in conservation projects, small forest fragments can also have high conservation value.</p>
Fig. 1 in Effect of temperature and substrate moisture on group survival of Constrictotermes sp. (Isoptera: Termitidae) under laboratory conditions
Fig. 1. Survival of Constrictotermes sp. in different combinations of temperature and substrate moisture (mL of water/7 g of nest substrate). Different letters in each graphic mean significant difference among treatments of humidity.
Additive and dose-dependent mixture effects of Flumite 200 (flufenzin, acaricide) and Quadris (azoxystrobin, fungicide) on the reproduction and survival of Folsomia candida (Collembola)
<p> Our model organism was Folsomia candida (Collembola). We aimed to gain information on the toxicity of Quadris (azoxystrobin) and Flumite 200 (flufenzine aka. diflovidazine) on survival and reproduction and whether the animals can mitigate the toxicity with soil and/or food avoidance behaviour. Also, we aimed to test the effect of the mixture of these two pesticides. We used the OECD 232 reproduction test, a soil avoidance test, and a food choice test for both single pesticides and their mixture. We prepared the mixtures based on the concentration addition model, so the 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of the single materials were used as one toxic unit with a constant ratio of the two materials in the mixture. In the end, the measured mixture EC and LC (lethal concentration) values were compared to the estimate of the concentration addition model.</p>
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