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836 results for “Toads”
Data from: Female polyandry and size-assortative mating in isolated local populations of the Japanese common toad Bufo japonicus
In anurans, female polyandry under male harassment is distributed across taxa because of external aquatic fertilisation. According to the sexual selection theory, male–male competition for access to females is affected by the operational sex ratio (OSR) and population density. The Japanese common toad, Bufo japonicus, is widespread in mainland Japan, and like the European common toad, B. bufo, it engages in explosive breeding. We observed the breeding behaviour of B. japonicus in isolated local populations for three years in two breeding ponds with different population sizes and densities: large-low (L-pond) and small-high (S-pond). We analysed the relative polyandry ratio in egg clutches laid by females and estimated the size-assortative mating pattern to be an indicator of male–male competition in the two ponds. Both ponds tended to exhibit a size-assortative mating pattern; however, the frequency of polyandry was different in the two ponds (L-pond = 20% and S-pond = 90%). We also found that polyandry could occur without multiple amplexus with a high population density, i.e. eggs were often fertilised by free-swimming sperm in the small shallow pond. We propose that high female polyandry ratios without continuous male harassment are generated because of a male-biased OSR and a high population density in the small pond.
Data from: Effects of the landscape on boreal toad gene flow: does the pattern-process relationship hold true across distinct landscapes at the northern range margin?
Understanding the impact of natural and anthropogenic landscape features on population connectivity is a major goal in evolutionary ecology and conservation. Discovery of dispersal barriers is important for predicting population responses to landscape and environmental changes, particularly for populations at geographic range margins. We used a landscape genetics approach to quantify the effects of landscape features on gene flow and connectivity of boreal toad (Bufo boreas) populations from two distinct landscapes in Southeast Alaska (Admiralty Island, ANM, and the Chilkat River Valley, CRV). We used two common methodologies for calculating resistance distances in landscape genetics studies (resistance based on least-cost paths and circuit theory). We found a strong effect of saltwater on genetic distance of CRV populations, but no landscape effects were found for the ANM populations. Our discordant results show the importance of examining multiple landscapes that differ in the variability of their features, in order to maximize detectability of underlying processes and allow results to be broadly applicable across regions. Saltwater serves as a physiological barrier to boreal toad gene flow and affects populations on a small geographic scale, yet there appear to be few other barriers to toad dispersal in this intact northern region.
Data from: Historical biogeography resolves the origins of endemic Arabian toad lineages (Anura: Bufonidae): evidence for ancient vicariance and dispersal events with the Horn of Africa and South Asia
Background: The Arabian Peninsula is home to a unique fauna that has assembled and evolved throughout the course of major geophysical events, including the separation of the Arabian Plate from Africa and subsequent collision with Eurasia. Opportunities for faunal exchanges with particular continents occurred in temporally distinct periods, and the presence of African, Western Eurasian, and South Asian derived taxa on the Arabian Peninsula signifies the complexity of these historical biogeographic events. The six true toad species (family Bufonidae) endemic to Arabian Peninsula present a considerable taxonomic and biogeographic challenge because they are part of a global bufonid radiation, including several genera surrounding the Arabian Peninsula, and difficult to discriminate morphologically. As they could be derived from African, Western Eurasian, or South Asian toad groups, elucidating their evolutionary relationships has important implications for historical biogeography. Here, we analyze a global molecular data set of 243 bufonid lineages, with an emphasis on new sampling from the Horn of Africa, Western Eurasia, South Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula, to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of the Arabian species. We produce a robust time-calibrated phylogeny to infer the biogeographic history of this group on and around the Arabian Peninsula. Results: Our phylogenetic analyses indicate two of the endemic Arabian toad species, "Bufo" tihamicus and "Bufo" arabicus, evolved independently within the African genus Amietophrynus. We confirm the Arabian species Duttaphrynus dhufarensis is of South Asian origin, but do not find evidence for the Asian genus Duttaphrynus being present in the Horn of Africa, discrediting a previously proposed Asian bufonid dispersal event to Africa. We also do not find evidence of the African genus Amietophrynus occurring in South Asia, suggesting that unlike many other vertebrate taxa, toads have not used the Arabian Peninsula as a stepping-stone for trans-continental dispersal. Our divergence dating estimates strongly suggest the formation of the Red Sea drove simultaneous divergences between two of the Arabian species (A. tihamicus comb. nov. and A. arabicus comb. nov.) and their xclosest mainland African relatives in the Early Miocene. We estimate the divergence of D. dhufarensis with its closest South Asian relatives occurred in the mid to Late Miocene, suggesting the temporary or permanent land connections between the Arabian plate and Eurasia facilitated dispersal of this lineage to the Arabian Peninsula. Conclusions: The Arabian bufonid assemblage, despite being comparatively depauperate with respect to surrounding continents, exemplifies the faunal pattern of the Arabian Peninsula, namely being a complex admixture of African, Western Eurasian, and South Asian elements. The historical biogeographic patterns exhibited by Arabian toads and their allies are concordant with studies of other vertebrate taxa, building support for the role of major geological events in driving simultaneous vicariance and dispersal events around the Arabian Peninsula. Although many taxa or groups exhibiting disjunct Afro-Arabian distributions appear to have dispersed more recently from the Horn of Africa via a southern land bridge or overwater dispersal, both Amietophrynus tihamicus and A. arabicus likely represent true African relicts resulting from vicariance associated with the Red Sea formation, a pattern that so far is rare among the vertebrate species investigated.
Data from: Directional dispersal has not evolved during the cane toad invasion
1. The ability to disperse along a consistent compass heading strongly affects the rate and efficiency of an animal's displacement, and thus is under selection at the expanding edge of a biological invasion. 2. We used radiotelemetry to assess whether the dispersal direction of cane toads (Rhinella marina) changed as a function of time since invasion, by comparing (i) toads at a single site monitored annually for 10 years subsequent to toad arrival; (ii) toads collected from sites across the species' invaded range in Australia, and radiotracked at a common site; and (iii) the offspring of those transported toads that were reared in captivity under common-garden conditions. 3. The first of these data sets showed non-random directionality, indicating strong spatial sorting operating on this trait: toads moved in a north-westerly direction for the first 6 years post-invasion, but in random directions thereafter. Despite the evidence for trait sorting, no consistent directionality was seen in toads relocated from populations with different invasion histories nor in their offspring. Why do we see no evolutionary shifts? 4. Dispersal directionality of the offspring was not correlated with that of their parents, arguing against a genetic basis to this behavioural trait. Thus, while an expanding invasion front creates an evolutionary pressure for animals to move in a specific direction, evolution of this trait has not occurred in this system because directionality is not heritable. 5. The observed north-westerly movements of toads at the invasion front were due to simple density differentials: in the first few years, most toads arriving at our study site originated from earlier-colonized (and hence denser) populations to the south-east.
Data from: A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of Mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data
We combine mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data with non-molecular (morphological and natural history) data to conduct phylogenetic analyses and generate an evolutionary hypothesis for the relationships among nearly every species of Mesoamerican bufonid in the genus Incilius. We collected a total of 5,898 aligned base-pairs (bp) of sequence data from mitochondrial (mtDNA: 12S–16S, cyt b, ND2–CO1, including tRNAsTRP–TYR and the origin of light strand replication; total 4,317 bp) and nuclear (CXCR4 and RAG1; total 1,581 bp) loci from 52 individuals representing 37 species. For the non-molecular data, we collected 44 characters from 29 species. We also include Crepidophryne, a genus that has not previously been included in molecular analyses. We present results of parsimony and Bayesian analyses for these data separately and combined. Relationships based on the non-molecular data were poorly supported and did not resolve a monophyletic Incilius (Rhinella marina was nested within). Our molecular data provide significant support to most of the relationships. Our combined analyses demonstrate that inclusion of a considerably smaller dataset (44 vs. 5,898 characters) of non-molecular characters can provide significant support where the molecular relationships were lacking support. Our combined results indicate that Crepidophryne is nested within Incilius; therefore, we place the former in the synonymy of the latter taxon. Our study provides the most comprehensive evolutionary framework for Mesoamerican bufonids (Incilius), which we use as a starting point to invoke discussion on the evolution of their unique natural history traits.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of arboreal toad (Anura: Bufonidae: Chaunus) from Madidi National Park, Bolivia
FIGURE 1. Adult female holotype of Chaunus tacana sp. nov. from Serranía Eslabón, Madidi National Park, Bolivia (MNKA 7188)
FIGURE 4 in A new species of arboreal toad (Anura: Bufonidae: Chaunus) from Madidi National Park, Bolivia
FIGURE 4. Dorsal view of and adult female of Chaunus sp. (left) from Department Cusco, Peru and the holotype (adult female) of Chaunus tacana sp. nov (MNKA 7188).
FIGURE 3 in A new species of arboreal toad (Anura: Bufonidae: Chaunus) from Madidi National Park, Bolivia
FIGURE 3. Dorsal and ventral view of an adult male of Chaunus tacana sp. nov. from Serranía Eslabón, Madidi National Park, Bolivia (MNKA 7187).
FIGURE 4 in A new dwarf forest toad (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Nectophrynoides) from the Ukaguru Mountains, Tanzania
FIGURE 4. Nectophrynoides paulae advertisement call (MTSN 5626). (a) Three pulse groups with 3, 3, and 4 pulses each; (b), detail of one of the pulses. Legends is in minutes:seconds.
FIGURE 2 in New species of toad, genus Frostius Cannatella, 1986, from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Bahia, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)
FIGURE 2. Frostius erythrophthalmus sp.nov. (MNRJ 27245, holotype, SVL 25.6 mm). Dorsal and lateral views of head; ventral views of hand and foot; scale bars represent 5 mm.
FIGURE 3 in New species of toad, genus Frostius Cannatella, 1986, from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Bahia, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)
FIGURE 3. Female paratype (MNRJ 35399) of Frostius erythrophthalmus sp.nov. from Parque Estadual Serra do Conduru, Uruçuca, State of Bahia, Brazil (left) and male F. pernambucensis from Serra da Jibóia, Municipality of Santa Terezinha, State of Bahia, Brazil (right).
FIGURE 1 in New species of toad, genus Frostius Cannatella, 1986, from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Bahia, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)
FIGURE 1. Frostius erythrophthalmus sp.nov. (MNRJ 27245, holotype, SVL 25.6 mm), dorsal and ventral views.
FIGURE 4 in New species of toad, genus Frostius Cannatella, 1986, from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Bahia, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)
FIGURE 4. Geographic distribution of Frostius erythrophthalmus sp.nov. (dots) and Frostius pernambucensis (triangles); (PB) State of Paraíba, (PE) State of Pernambuco, (AL) State of Alagoas, (SE) State of Sergipe, and (BA) State of Bahia, Brazil.
FIGURE 7 in Larval morphologies of three species of stream toads, genus Ansonia (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from East Malaysia (Borneo), with a key to known Bornean Ansonia tadpoles
FIGURE 7. SEM images of keratodont rows of Ansonia minuta (ZMH A10003). Size, shape and serration differentiation of keratodonts varies from row to row. (a)–(e) keratodont rows from anterior to posterior; not to scale.
FIGURE 8 in Larval morphologies of three species of stream toads, genus Ansonia (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from East Malaysia (Borneo), with a key to known Bornean Ansonia tadpoles
FIGURE 8. Colouration in life of a Ansonia platysoma tadpole (stage 28). (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) lateral view.
FIGURE 3 in Larval morphologies of three species of stream toads, genus Ansonia (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from East Malaysia (Borneo), with a key to known Bornean Ansonia tadpoles
FIGURE 3. Colouration in life of larval Ansonia longidigita (two specimens): (a) dorsal view (stage 26); (b) ventral view (stage 36); (c) lateral view, showing full extend of colouration; note slightly damaged tail tip.
FIGURE 6 in Larval morphologies of three species of stream toads, genus Ansonia (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from East Malaysia (Borneo), with a key to known Bornean Ansonia tadpoles
FIGURE 6. Colouration in life of a Ansonia minuta tadpole (stage 39). (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) lateral view.
FIGURE 2 in Larval morphologies of three species of stream toads, genus Ansonia (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from East Malaysia (Borneo), with a key to known Bornean Ansonia tadpoles
FIGURE 2. Neighbour Joining similarity analysis of the genetic samples of Ansonia species in this study (Tab. 1). Tadpoles are unequivocally matched to adult samples. An additional A. hanitschi (EF433427) sample was included for a broader view. Matches were based on 16S double-strand sequences. Numbers: Genbank accession; scale: substitution / 100 bp.
FIGURE 5 in Larval morphologies of three species of stream toads, genus Ansonia (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from East Malaysia (Borneo), with a key to known Bornean Ansonia tadpoles
FIGURE 5. SEM images of keratodont rows of Ansonia longidigita (ZMH A10001). Size, shape and serration differentiation of keratodonts varies from row to row. (a) upper lip keratodont rows (orientation: anterior row up), (b) lower lip keratodonts (orientation: posterior row up). Not to scale.
FIGURE 1 in Larval morphologies of three species of stream toads, genus Ansonia (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from East Malaysia (Borneo), with a key to known Bornean Ansonia tadpoles
FIGURE 1. Comparison of adult males: (a) Ansonia longidigita (ZRC 1.12012), (b) A. minuta (ZRC 1.12215), (c) A. platysoma (ZRC 1.12004).
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