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2,739 results for “arizona”
Hierarchical regulation of nitrogen export from urban catchments in central Arizona-Phoenix
In urban catchments of arid central Arizona, we investigate how the export of mineral and organic nitrogen (N) in storm runoff is regulated by interactions between local landscape characteristics and broader scale storm features. First, we test whether N export is more a function of (1) processes that affect N concentration in runoff or (2) the propensity of the catchment to convey rainfall as runoff. With data pooled across catchments, the mass of N in export (load) is determined by processes regulating runoff N concentration. There are exceptions when catchments are examined individually, where N load from some catchments is determined by the hydrologic responsiveness of the catchment. Second, we investigate the relationship between N export and catchment features. Loads per catchment area were greater from more impervious catchments, probably because impervious catchments held more N in a mobilizable phase and conveyed more rainfall as overland flow. Loads per area were lower from larger catchments, possibly owing to more N-retention hot spots in larger catchments. Catchments with the greatest N exports were those with commercial land use, and loads decreased as development became less prevalent or as residential replaced industrial land use. Third, we investigated how catchment features moderated direct responses of N export to storms. Export was less correlated with storm features in catchments that were larger, more pervious, and less industrial. Results support an N build and flush hypothesis, which purports that there is little biotic processing of N deposited to arid, urban surfaces with little organic matter. The rate and duration of deposition determine the size of the mobile N pool. Any amount of rainfall capable of generating overland flow would entrain nearly all mobilizable N and export it from the catchment. Nonetheless, these results suggest that, even with daunting seasonal and interannual variability in storm conditions, material export can be red
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and functioning in urban desert preserves and surrounding deserts in the central Arizona
The creation of urban preserves has been proposed to as a method of reducing the impact of urbanization on biodiversity of native ecosystems. This research compared root colonization by two important fungal root symbionts, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and dark septate endophytes (DSE), at two urban desert preserve sites located in Phoenix, Arizona and at two surrounding Sonoran desert sites. Diversity of AM fungi was also compared between sites. AM root colonization was greater in surrounding deserts in comparison to urban preserves, but root colonization by DSE was not significantly different. A greater number of AM fungal species was detected in surrounding deserts in comparison to urban preserves, although the number of species/sample was not significantly different. About 70% of the AM fungal species were detected at both urban preserve and surrounding desert sites, but species in the family Acaulosporaceae were only detected at the surrounding deserts. Decreases in AM functioning and diversity observed at urban preserves may reduce the ability of preserves to sustain biodiversity.
Control of arthropod abundance, richness, and composition in the central Arizona-Phoenix metropolitan area
There is a demand for mechanistic studies to explore underlying drivers behind observed patterns of biodiversity in urban areas. We describe a two-year field experiment in which we manipulated bottom-up (resource availability) and top-down (bird predation) forces on arthropod communities associated with a native plant, Encelia farinosa, across three landuse types urban, desert remnant, and outlying natural desert in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, USA. We monitored the trophic structure, richness, and similarity of the arthropod communities on these manipulated plants over a two-year period. We predicted that:(1) increased water resources increase plant productivity, (2) increased productivity increases arthropod abundances, and (3) in the urban habitat, top-down forces are greater than in other habitats and limit arthropod abundances. We also predicted that urban remnant habitats are more similar to urban habitats in terms of arthropod richness and composition. Strong interannual differences due to an unusual cold and dry winter in the first year suppressed plant growth in all but urban habitats, and arthropod abundances in all habitats were severely reduced. In the following year, arthropod abundances in desert and remnant habitats were higher than in urban habitats. Water had positive effects on plant growth and arthropod abundance, but these water effects emerged through complex interactions with habitat type and the presence/absence of cages used to reduce bird predation. Plants grew larger in urban habitats, and phenology also differed between urban and desert habitats. The results from caging suggest that bird predation may not be as important in cities as previously thought, and that arthropods may retard plant growth. As expected, desert communities are strongly bottom-up regulated, but, contrary to predictions, we did not find evidence for strong topdown control in the city. Remnant habitats were intermediate between desert and urban habitats in te
The role of moss as integrators of soil and stream nutrient status in deserts, Greater Phoenix area, Arizona, 2011 to 2013
In deserts, moss may play an important role connecting soil and stream nutrient cycling, where stream nutrients may be taken up by moss growing at the terrestrial-aquatic interface, which may be windblown into the surrounding soil to become an organic matter source in the soil. Despite its importance, very little is known about moss’s role in biogeochemical cycles and how nutrient pulses (e.g., from N deposition in air pollution) will affect their functional significance as an integrator of nutrient cycling in deserts. To understand their functional significance, we sampled moss and soil to determine (1) the plasticity of moss stoichiometry in relation to the nutrient content of the soil nutrient source; and (2) if moss stoichiometry covaries over natural environmental nutrient gradients (e.g. differing native soil content).
Bioclimatic predictors in Maricopa County, Arizona derived from remotely sensed, daily weather parameters (NASA DAYMET): 2000-2016
overview There is considerable interest in using climatic variables and bioclimatic predictors not only in ecological species distribution models but in interdisciplinary studies of urban environments. We compiled an downloadable geodatabase of monthly environmental variables on a 1km x 1km spatial resolution including raw climate variables such as precipitation, minimum and maximum air temperature, and water vapor pressure obtained from NASA Earth Science Data and Information System Daily Surface Weather and Climatological Summaries (DAYMET) for Maricopa County. We then used the continuous environmental data from DAYMET to create 19 different annual bioclimatic predictors for Maricopa County (as defined by Nix, 1986 and Hijmans, 2004). Our study is the first to utilize NASA DAYMET model data to generate bioclimatic predictors. Bioclimatic predictors are important variables to use in model development to study nuances of seasonality especially when compiling models of species and vegetation. This geodatabase of environmental variables provides accessible vital data for the entire Central Arizona–Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER) study area that can be used in an array of interdisciplinary studies. related data set Processed DAYMET data from which the data in this data set were derived are accessible from: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-cap&identifier=662 literature cited Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G. and Jarvis, A., 2004. The WorldClim interpolated global terrestrial climate surfaces. Version 1.3. Nix, Henry A., 1986, A biogeographic analysis of Australian elapid snakes, in Longmore, Richard, ed., Atlas of elapid snakes of Australia: Canberra, Australian Flora and Fauna Series 7, Australian Government Publishing Service, p. 4‒15.
Flashiness of urban and desert streams in arid Arizona watersheds (2003-2016)
There is general consensus that urbanization results in dramatic changes in stream hydrology, such as higher peak flows and increased flashiness (the rate at which water levels rise and fall). However, this has not been thoroughly assessed for aridlands, which are characterized by these very same hydrograph properties. This study analyzed streamflow records from 19 watersheds of central Arizona, USA to determine how hydrograph characteristics varied with urban development. This study evaluated influences on streamflow regime metrics calculated from daily and sub-daily flow data using linear mixed effects models, which factored in imperviousness along with other watershed characteristics. Results indicate that flashiness, coefficient of variation, zero flow days, and hydrograph rise and fall rates decreased with extent of imperviousness, which is the opposite pattern to that observed in previous studies predominately in humid regions. Engineered retention basins are one explanation for this observation, though novel urban sources of dry weather flows are likely also playing a role. This study also identified strong relationships between these hydrologic metrics and mean area-weighted discharge, watershed area, and annual precipitation. As in more humid systems, more high flow events in the urban desert streams compared to non-urban desert streams were observed. However, this was only at the lower flood threshold, and there was not an increase in larger floods with urban development. Overall, the urban stream syndrome manifests differently in this arid system: urbanization increases water retention and leads to less variable flows in stream ecosystems. Data and analysis code are included with this data set.
Ecohydrological monitoring of urban ecological infrastructure at the Arizona State University Tempe Campus (Tempe, Arizona)
Urban Ecological Infrastructure (UEI) are urban ecological structures whose ecological functions are increasingly being used to deliver key urban services and address urban sustainability challenges. The growing use of UEI to address urban sustainability challenges can bring together teams of urban researchers and practitioners to co-produce UEI design, monitoring and maintenance. However, this co-production process received little attention in the literature, and has not been studied in the Phoenix Metro Area. This study examined several components of a co-produced design process and related project outcomes associated with a small-scale UEI project – bioretention basins installed at the Arizona State University (ASU) Orange Mall and Student Pavilion in Tempe, AZ. We explored the design process associated with the collaborative development of an ecohydrological monitoring protocol for assessment of post-construction performance of this UEI system. This co-production process involved both CAP LTER researchers and practitioners, designers, and managers at ASU and associated third-party consultants involved in site design and management. Together, these researchers and practitioners co-produced a suite of ecohydrological metrics to monitor the performance of the bioretention basins at Orange Mall. Specifically, this protocol evaluated the performance of the UEI system with regards to two of it’s key design goals: storm water capture and storm water quality improvement. The ecohydrological data produced by the implementation of this monitoring protocol are presented here. Monitoring equipment were installed throughout the site in June and July 2018. Site monitoring and data collection began in August 2018, and continued through Feb 2019.
Determinative factors of denitrification in a urban, arid wash of central Arizona (2012-2013)
Although the absence of nitrogen (N) can be detrimental to many biological processes, in large quantities certain forms of N can be harmful to the environment. N deposits can leak down through the soil and accumulate in groundwater stores, lakes, and other bodies of water. In arid, residential watersheds, N accumulates by fertilization, atmospheric deposition, and litter from residents and is transported to washes during storms. The main goal of this research is to ascertain how geochemical and hydrological factors limit denitrification and, therefore, affect the quantities of N exported from such a wash. In this study, we evaluate the effects of factors including moisture content, soil texture, and N concentrations on denitrification in a residential, desert wash. In order to carry out our research, we sampled soil from a wash in Scottsdale, AZ during summer 2012. Although there were no strong geochemical correlations with denitrification, it was found that there was a strong relationship between denitrification and distance between inlets and sites.
Fig. 3-4 in New Cryptophagus H , 1792 (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae) from Arizona (United States of America)
Fig. 3-4: (3) Cryptophagus discendens CASEY, 1900; (4) Cryptophagus fumidulus CASEY, 1900 holotype.
FIGURE 16 in Taxonomic note on four poorly known Arizona Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Eupitheciini)
FIGURE 16. Eupithecia classicata male holotype and pin labels (AMNH).
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic note on four poorly known Arizona Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Eupitheciini)
FIGURE 3. Eupithecia biedermanata female allotype and pin labels (NMNH).
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic note on four poorly known Arizona Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Eupitheciini)
FIGURE 2. Eupithecia holotype males (MCZ). a, biedermanata; b, miamata.
FIGURE 15 in Taxonomic note on four poorly known Arizona Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Eupitheciini)
FIGURE 15. Eupithecia penumbrata female holotype and pin labels (AMNH).
FIGURE 8. Eupithecia biedermanata aedoeagii variation. a – c in Taxonomic note on four poorly known Arizona Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Eupitheciini)
FIGURE 8. Eupithecia biedermanata aedoeagii variation. a – c, Arizona, Cochise Co.; d, Coconino Co.
FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic note on four poorly known Arizona Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Eupitheciini)
FIGURE 5. Eupithecia miamata males (AMNH). a, b, with same data; c, pin labels for adult in a.
Model America - Arizona extract from ORNL's AutoBEM - (Archetypes with simulation results)
<p>Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed the Automatic Building Energy Modeling (AutoBEM) software suite to process multiple types of data, extract building-specific descriptors, generate building energy models, and simulate them on High Performance Computing (HPC) resources. For more information, see AutoBEM-related publications (<a href="https://bit.ly/AutoBEM">bit.ly/AutoBEM</a>).</p> <p>Two sets of data are provided for 2,555,153 buildings located within the boundary of Arizona in the United States:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Data (420KB *.csv) - Arizona 527 building archetypes based on different Climate Zones (2B-136, 3B-133, 4B-128, 5B-130) with simulation results.</strong></li> <li><strong>Models (38.8MB *.zip by Climate Zone) – OpenStudio and EnergyPlus building energy models named according to ID.</strong></li> </ol> <p> </p> <p>This data is made free and openly available in hopes of stimulating any simulation-informed use case. Data is provided as-is with no warranties, express or implied, regarding fitness for a particular purpose. We wish to thank our sponsors which include Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), U.S. Dept. of Energy’s (DOE) Building Technologies Office (BTO), Office of Electricity (OE), and Biological and Environmental Research (BER).</p>
Model America - Summer 2020 Arizona Building Energy Simulation Results from ORNL's AutoBEM
<p>Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed the Automatic Building Energy Modeling (AutoBEM) software suite to process multiple types of data, extract building-specific descriptors, generate building energy models, and simulate them on High Performance Computing (HPC) resources. For more information, see AutoBEM-related publications (<a href="https://bit.ly/AutoBEM">bit.ly/AutoBEM</a>).</p> <p>Data is provided for 2,555,152 buildings located within the boundary of Arizona in the United States:</p> <p><strong>Data (1.48GB *.csv) - Arizona 2,555,152 building information data with simulation results separated by county. (Simulation results are for June 1st-August 31st, 2020)<br></strong></p> <p><strong>Building Information Data Fields:</strong></p> <ul> <li>ID</li> <li>CZ</li> <li>Centroid</li> <li>State_Abbr</li> <li>Footprint2D</li> <li>Height,Area2D</li> <li>BuildingType</li> <li>NumFloors</li> <li>Area</li> <li>Standard</li> <li>NumWalls</li> <li>WWR_surfaces</li> </ul> <p><strong>Energy Simulation Data Fields:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Electricity_Facility[kBTU]</li> <li>NaturalGas_Facility[kBTU]</li> <li>Heating_Electricity[kBTU]</li> <li>Cooling_Electricity[kBTU]</li> <li>Heating_NaturalGas[kBTU]</li> <li>Heating_Total[kBTU]</li> <li>WaterSystems_Electricity[kBTU]</li> <li>Lighting_Electricity[kBTU]</li> <li>Equipment_Electricity[kBTU]</li> <li>Fans_Electricity[kBTU]</li> <li>Pumps_Electricity[kBTU]</li> <li>HeatRejection_Electricity[kBTU]</li> <li>HeatRecovery_Electricity[kBTU]</li> <li>Surface_Outside_Face_Heat_Emission[GJ]</li> <li>Zone_Exfiltration_Heat_Loss[GJ]</li> <li>Zone_Exhaust_Air_Heat_Loss[GJ]</li> <li>Heat_Rejection_Energy[GJ]</li> <li>Anthropogenic_Emissions[GJ]</li> </ul> <p>This data is made free and openly available in hopes of stimulating any simulation-informed use case. Data is provided as-is with no warranties, express or implied, regarding fitness for a particular purpose. We wish to thank our sponsors which include Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), U.S. Dept. of Energy’s (DOE) Building Technologies Office (BTO), Office of Electricity (OE), and Biological and Environmental Research (BER).</p>
Old Ajo Arizona Safe
A photogrammetry model created using 3DF Zephyr 3.0 Lite. The source photos came from an iPhone 7+. The images are from an old safe found at a museum in Ajo Arizona. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Elephant's foot Tonalea, Arizona
Photogrammetry by drone using a dji mavic and reality capure. 139 photos were used and the mesh was edited in meshlab. They're actually more like giant lower elephant legs. Two lonely rock pillars right next to a highway. Scan By Austin Beaulier Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Figure 1 in Megalopinus lingafelteri spec. nov. from Arizona, U.S.A (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Megalopsidiinae)
Figure 1. Holotype of M. lingafelteri spec. nov., Arizona, U.S.A.
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