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Figure 2 in A rapid assessment of cave occupancy for Pacific sheath-tailed bats (fanihin ganas, Emballonura semicaudata rotensis) and Mariana swiftlets (chachaguak, Aerodramus bartschi) on Aguiguan, Mariana Islands
Figure 2: Locations of caves surveyed for Pacific sheath-tailed bat and Mariana swiftlet occupancy by the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife in 2021, with WorldView-2 satellite imagery (dated April 14, 2019) for reference. Surveyed caves are labeled: 1 – East Black Noddy Cave; 2 – Cliff Cave; 3 – Pillar Cave; 4 – Guano Cave; 5 – New Cave Complex; 6 – Southern Cave Complex; 7 – Crevice Cave
Figure 1 in Partula gibba feeding on Mariana fruit bat ejecta of Pandanus sp. fruit on Sarigan, Northern Mariana Islands
Figure 1. Two Partula gibba individuals consuming Mariana fruit bat ejecta comprised of masticated Pandanus sp. fruits. Photos by Lainie Berry.
Figure 2 in Partula gibba feeding on Mariana fruit bat ejecta of Pandanus sp. fruit on Sarigan, Northern Mariana Islands
Figure 2. Clusters of Partula gibba on the underside of branches of Erythrina variegata. Photos by Megan Dalton.
Figure 1 in A rapid assessment of cave occupancy for Pacific sheath-tailed bats (fanihin ganas, Emballonura semicaudata rotensis) and Mariana swiftlets (chachaguak, Aerodramus bartschi) on Aguiguan, Mariana Islands
Figure 1: Map depicting the location of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in relation to the Asia-Pacific region and the location of Aguiguan (blue circle) within the archipelago. Sources: Basemaps: Esri, The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geographic, DeLorme, HERE, Geonames.org, Garmin, United States Geological Survey, Earthstar Geographics.
Fig. 4 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 4. Furipterid bat Furipterus horrens (Cuvier, 1828) (USNM 549505) from Brazil, Recent. Right lower molars in occlusal view (stereopair), showing angular entocristids and carnassiform notches (arrows) with accessory troughs in the cristids obliqua and postcristids in m1–m3.
Fig. 13 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 13. Molars of Recent vespertilionid bats. A. Kerivoula argentata Tomes, 1861 (AMNH 89177) from Zambia. Left lower molars in anterolabial view A1) showing carnassiform notches (arrows) in the cristids obliqua of m1–m2, and in occlusal view (A2, stereopair) showing accessory troughs (arrows) in m1–m3. B, C. Phoniscus papuensis (Dobson, 1878b) (AMNH 157475) from Papua New Guinea. B. Right lower molars in anterolabial view showing deeply excavated cristids obliqua in m1-m3 but no within-crest carnassiform notches. C. Left lower molars in occlusal view (stereopair) showing well-developed accessory troughs (arrows) in m1–m2.
Fig. 12 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 12. Vespertilionid bat Murina suilla (Temminck, 1840) (AMNH 217012) from Malaysia, Recent. Left lower molars in anterolabial view (A1) showing deeply excavated cristids obliqua in m1–m2 but no within-crest notches; and in occlusal view (A2) showing accessory troughs (arrows) in m1–m2.
Fig. 8 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 8. Lower molars of Recent phyllostomid bats. A. Lophostoma silvicolum D'Orbigny, 1836, (USNM 335113) from Panama. Lower molars in anterolabial view (A1), showing deep carnassiform notches in the cristids obliqua of m1–m2 and a weaker notch in m3 (arrows); in posterolabial view (A2), showing deep carnassiform notches in the postcristids of m1–m2 (arrows); in occlusal view (A3, stereopair), showing notches and associated accessory troughs in the talonid basins (arrows). B. Phyllostomus elongatus (Geoffroy, 1810) (USNM 388796) from Venezuela. Lower molars in anterolabial view B1), showing absent to incipient cristid obliqua notches on m1–m2; posterolabial view (B2), showing weak carnassiform notches on the postcristids in m1–m2 (arrows); occlusal view (B3, stereopair), showing the deep accessory troughs adjacent to both the cristids obliqua and postcristids in the talonid basins of m1–m2 (arrows).
Fig. 3 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 3. Nycterid bat Nycteris aurita (Andersen, 1912) (AMNH 187310) from Kenya, Recent; showing deep carnassiform notches (arrows) in the cristids obliqua and adjacent accessory troughs in the talonid basins of m1– m3. A. Left m1–m3 in anterolabial (A1) and occlusal (A2) view. B. Right m1–m3 in occlusal view.
Fig. 2 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 2. Megadermatid bat Megaderma spasma (Linnaeus, 1758) (AMNH 216806) from Malaysia, Recent. Lower molars showing weak carnassiform notches in the cristids obliqua of m1 and m2 (indicated by arrows) in anterolabial view (A1), note that the entocristids are partly visible in the immediate background behind the cristid obliqua in m1 and m2; occlusal view (stereopair, A2), arrows indicate notches in the cristids obliqua that are developed to a lesser degree than those in the trigonid crests. Note entocristids with indistinct entoconids.
Fig. 1 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 1. Dental terminology of bat teeth used in this paper emphasizing the appearance of carnassiform notches in the lower molars. A. Lower molars in anterolabial (A1) and posterolabial (A2) views. B. Example bat (Glyphonycteris sylvestris Thomas, 1896); B1, left lower toothrow with strong carnassiform notches on the talonid crests of the molars, in occlusal view (note also deep carnassial notch in paracristids); B2, entire mandibular dentition (both right and left toothrows) as seen from the right side of the mandible. Not to scale.
Fig. 7 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 7. Phyllostomid bat Lonchorhina orinocoensis Linares and Ojasti, 1971 (USNM 373254) from Venezuela, Recent. Left lower molars showing deep carnassiform notches in the talonids and accessory troughs in the talonid basins of m1–m2; A1, anterolabial view showing cristid obliqua notches (arrows); A2, posterolabial view showing postcristid notches (arrows); A3 (stereopair), occlusal view showing the talonid notches and troughs (arrows).
Fig. 6 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 6. Lower molars of Recent phyllostomid bats in occlusal view, showing carnassiform notches in the talonid crests and accompanying accessory troughs in the m1–m2 (indicated by arrows). A. Lampronycteris brachyotis (Dobson, 1878a) (USNM 306546) from Panama. B. Micronycteris hirsuta (Peters, 1869) (AMNH 139441) from Costa Rica. C. Micronycteris megalotis (Gray, 1842) (OMNH 6194). All stereopairs.
Fig. 11. Miniopterid bat Miniopterus australis Tomes, 1858 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 11. Miniopterid bat Miniopterus australis Tomes, 1858 (USNM 590280) from Malaysia, Recent. Right lower molars in anterolabial view (A1) showing no carnassiform notches in the cristids obliqua; note that the entoconids are partly visible in the background immediately behind the cristid obliqua in each molar); and in occlusal view (A2, stereopair) showing well-developed accessory troughs (arrows) in m1–m3.
Fig. 10. Natalid bat Natalus tumidirostris Miller, 1900 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 10. Natalid bat Natalus tumidirostris Miller, 1900 (USNM 455974) from Venezuela, Recent. Left lower molars showing blocky or step-like carnassiform notches on m1–m3; anterolabial view (A1) showing the notches in the cristids obliqua (arrows); posterolabial view (A2) showing the notches in the postcristids (arrows); occlusal view (A3, stereopair) showing the carnassiform notches (arrows). Note how the rather angular accessory troughs accompanying the notches join within the talonid basins to form a V-shaped trench.
Fig. 9 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 9. Molars of Recent phyllostomid bats, showing carnassiform notches and accessory troughs in the talonid basins of m1 and m2. A. Glyphonycteris daviesi (Hill, 1964) (USNM 364266) from Peru. Right lower molars in anterolabial view (A1) showing the notches in the cristids obliqua (arrows; note that the entoconids are partly visible in the background immediately behind the cristid obliqua notch in each molar); posterolabial view (A2) showing the notches in the postcristids (arrows), and occlusal view (A3, stereopair) showing the talonid notches and adjacent troughs (arrows). Note also the carnassial notch and slit in the mesiodistally-oriented paracristid of the m1 trigonid. B. Trinycteris nicefori (Sanborn, 1949) (AMNH 184558) from Panama. Left lower molars in anterolabial view (B1) showing carnassiform notches in the cristids obliqua of m1–m2, entoconid in background partly obscures the notch in m1, and occlusal view (B2, stereopair) showing carnassiform notches and accessory troughs in m1–m2 (arrows).
Fig. 14. A in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 14. A. Diagram of a bat M2 and m2 in posterolingual view showing the relationship of the shearing crests (postparacrista of M2 with cristid obliqua of m2) of tribosphenic bat molars during occlusion. Dotted line indicates portion of m2 hidden by M2; dashed line indicates metacone "removed" to reveal the paracone and postparacrista of M2; thin arrow indicates trajectory of hypoconid into the protofossa (not visible) of M2 during occlusion; boldest line on M2 is edge of postparacrista; boldest line on m2 is tip of hypoconid and cristid obliqua. B. Outline representations of the hypoconid and cristid obliqua observed in this study, without and with in-crest carnassiform notches. Types 1–4 without carnassiform notches: 1 and 2 are seen for example, in Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae, Rhinopomatidae, Emballonuridae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostomidae, Molossidae, Vespertilionidae; 3 in Miniopteridae, Murininae; 4 in Phoniscus. Types 5–8 with carnassiform notches: 5 in Megadermatidae; 6 in Nycteridae; 7 in Natalidae; 8 in Mystacinidae, Furipteridae, Thyropteridae, Phyllostomidae, Kerivoulinae. C. Evans model showing effect of approach angles of two occluding blades on point cutting: With both blades at 0° and both at 10° no point cutting occurs; with one blade at 10° and one blade at 0°, one point cutting is enabled (Evans 2006: fig. 5.1c). Our application of Evans model to bat postparacrista and cristid obliqua as the upper and lower blades, respectively: with two curved blades without carnassiform notches, two point cutting occurs at opposite end of blades until center is reached and approach angles reach 0°; with emplacement of a carnassiform notch in lower blade at the point at which changing blade angles approach 0°, notch enables a second change in approach angles.
Fig. 5. Phyllostomid bat Macrotus waterhousii Gray, 1843 in Carnassiform notches improve the functional efficiency of bat molar shearing crests
Fig. 5. Phyllostomid bat Macrotus waterhousii Gray, 1843 (OMNH 10653) from Mexico, Recent. Lower molars showing carnassiform notches in the cristid obliqua (arrows) and postcristid and accompanying accessory troughs in the talonid basins of m1–m2, in anterolabial view (A1) and occlusal (A2, stereopair) views, notches indicated by arrows. Chrotopterus auritus show carnassiform notches similar to those on the trigonid crests of many insectivorous bats. However, these specialized carnivorous bats lack notches in the talonid crests. CN and accessory troughs are moderately developed in Macrotinae (Macrotus; Fig. 5) and most strongly expressed in Micronycterinae (Micronycteris and Lampronycteris; Fig. 6), Lonchorhininae (Lonchorhina; Fig. 7), Phyllostomini (Gardnerycteris, Lophostoma, Phylloderma, Phyllostomus, and Tonatia; Fig. 8), and Glyphonycterinae (Glyphonycteris, Neonycteris, and Trinycteris; Fig. 9). Regarding the micronycterines, Micronycteris has been shown to exhibit a high degree of dietary flexibility; Santana et al. (2011a) showed that Micronycteris microtis, a small (5–7 g) species, ate a wide variety of insects, spiders, and a tiny lizard making them the smallest bat known to exhibit rare carnivory. Much of the species' feeding behavior involved chewing motions involving the premolars and molars. Based on molecular evidence, Glyphonycterinae was recently recognized as a distinct subfamily of Phyllostomidae within a radiation of omnivorous and frugivorous bats (the Nullicauda, including Carolliinae, Glyphonycterinae, Rhinophyllinae, and Stenodermatinae; Cirranello et al. 2016), and contains the genera Glyphonycteris, Neonycteris, and
Fig. 4 in Bats of Alpi Marittime Nature Park (North West Italy) and Site of Community Importance IT1160056: distribution and status
Fig. 4 - Social calls of Pipistellus nathusii were recorded with an Elekon Batlogger on 30th August 2011 at Valdieri. / Grida sociali di Pipistellus nathusii registrati con Elekon Batlogger il 30 agosto 2011 a Valdieri.
Fig. 1 in Bats of Alpi Marittime Nature Park (North West Italy) and Site of Community Importance IT1160056: distribution and status
Fig. 1 - Study area and mist-netting points. / Area di studio e localizzazione dei punti di cattura.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.