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FIGURE 6 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 6 | General color pattern in life of an uncatalogued aquarium specimen in dorsal view (A), showing its predorsal region in detail (B); general color pattern of anterior portion of body of another uncatalogued aquarium specimen, showing its head and anterior portion of trunk in lateral view (C) and the detail of the axillary region in a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 48.4 mm SL), which is indicated by the grey arrow. Red arrows in (B) indicate that the extremities of the V-shaped iridescent patch, which seem to point towards the origin of each dorsal and pectoral spines in dorsal view; similarly, the white arrows in (C) indicates the roughly arched iridescent area from pectoral-fin origin to dorsal-fin origin in lateral view. Red arrow in (C) indicates the iridescent patch on lateral portion of cleithrum, above axillary gland region, which is located just dorsally to axillary gland opening (indicated by the grey arrow base). Yellow arrow indicates the axillary gland opening, and the transparent white area represents the soft tissue covering the axillary region in non c&s specimens. Abbreviations: cl: cleithrum, pfs: pectoral-fin spine, sco: scapulocoracoid. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photos A and B by Wei-Chieh Tseng, photo C by Daniel Konn-Vetterlein.

FIGURE 4 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 4 | Infraorbital series in lateral view (A), region of orbit in dorsal view (B), and suspensorium plus operculum in lateral view of a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 48.4 mm SL). Abbreviations: aa: angulo-articular, d: dentary, f: frontal, hym: hyomandibula, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, mp: metapterygoid, op: opercle, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, q: quadrate, sph: sphenotic. Yellow arrows indicate the inner laminar expansion of both infraorbitals. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 3 | Top of head and predorsal region of trunk of a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 48.4 mm SL) in dorsal view. Abbreviations: f: frontal, n: nasal, np: nuchal plate, pes: pteroticextrascapular, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 1 | Corydoras colossus, holotype, MNRJ 54421, 44.5 mm SL, Jutaí, Amazonas, Brazil, rio Jutaí, reportedly near confluence with rio Solimões, rio Amazonas basin.

FIGURE 5 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 5 | Lateral view of (A) the dorsal-fin spine and dorsal view of (B) the left pectoral-fin spine in a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 48.4 mm SL), showing their serration patterns. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 11 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 11 | Breeding pair (A), female on the left and male on the right, plus an ontogenetic series of Corydoras colossus (bred under aquarium conditions) showing general changes in external morphology and color pattern in specimens with (B) 9.0 mm TL, (C) 13.0 mm TL; (D) 17.0 mm TL, and (E) 22.0 mm TL. Photos by Hans Evers.

FIGURE 2 in A new color-changing species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Jutaí, Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 2 | Head osteological pattern in a c&s paratype of Corydoras colossus (CITL 928, 48.4 mm SL), showing (A) general morphology in lateral view, and (B) the detail of the lateral ethmoid morphology. Abbreviations: f: frontal, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, le: lateral ethmoid, n: nasal, me: mesethmoid, op: opercle, pes: pterotic-extrascapular, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Area where the illustrated bones are located in fish's body marked in red in the miniature drawing of the new species. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Water column use by reef fishes of different color patterns

FIGURE 3 | Coloration of reef fish species by their position in the water column (benthic, n = 35; demersal, n = 35; pelagic, n = 30). Homogeneous refers to the presence of a moderately homogenous non-silvering color pattern without large contrasting patches (typical of background matching); patches refer to the presence of contrasting contour breaks patches (typical of disruptive coloration); stripes refer to the presence of highly contrasting regular stripes (e.g., black and white stripes, typical of motion-dazzle strategy), and silvering to fishes with silvery homogenous body coloration.

FIGURE 2 in Water column use by reef fishes of different color patterns

FIGURE 2 | Phylogeny of the 100 species used in this study generated from data in the Open Tree of Life. Branch lengths represent phylogenetic distance and were estimated by the Grafen's method. Color bars denote the water column use (blue shades) and coloration pattern (red shades) we attributed to them.

FIGURE 4 in Water column use by reef fishes of different color patterns

FIGURE 4 | Results of the Bayesian statistical analysis showing the difference in the proportion of coloration types between positions in the water column. Points denote the mode; thick and thin lines denote 67% and 95% credible intervals. Comparisons based on the expected values of the posterior predictive distribution. The analysis indicated that presence of contrasting contour breaks patches is more frequent in benthic than in demersal and pelagic species; and that silvering is more frequent in pelagic species than in demersal and benthic species.

FIGURE 1 in Water column use by reef fishes of different color patterns

FIGURE 1 | Species exemplifying the color patterns used in this study. A. Large contrasting patterns typical of disruptive coloration in Hippocampus reidi (~ 13 cm of total length, TL); B. Silvery bodies in Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier, 1830 (~ 18 cm TL); C. Contrasting stripes typical of motion-dazzle in Elacatinus figaro Sazima, Moura & Rosa, 1997 (~ 3 cm TL); D. Homogeneous coloration in adult female Parablennius pilicornis (Cuvier, 1829) (~ 6 cm TL). Photographs by Gualter Pedrini.

Figure 1 in The effect of photobleaching on bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) setae color and its implications for studying aging and behavior

Figure 1. Unstandardized color photographs of the dorsal view of a worker of Bombus huntii Greene. The square box demarcates the lateral distal region of terga 2 and 3 where setal color was sampled for the 'before' and 'after' comparisons in the control and sun-exposed treatments.

Figure 2 in The effect of photobleaching on bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) setae color and its implications for studying aging and behavior

Figure 2. Data distributions of 'before' and 'after' measurements of setal color on the lateral distal region of the terga 2 and 3 for the control and sun-exposed treatments. Setal color was measured using the color property hue (H). Letters above each boxplot correspond to a significant difference between treatments of at least 0.05 based on Tukey's adjusted multiple comparison tests.

Figure 3 in The effect of photobleaching on bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) setae color and its implications for studying aging and behavior

Figure 3. Correlation (τ) between wing wear (W) and setal color (hue, H) of three bee species: Bombus huntii Greene, Melecta pacifica fulvida Cresson, and Osmia integra Cresson. Larger H values represent increased photobleaching of setae, whereas smaller values of H represent less photobleaching of setae. Larger W represents increased wing wear, whereas smaller W represents decreased wing wear.

FIGURE 1 in Late Paleocene examples of residual coloration and embryonic features in juvenile marine mollusks from Northwest Louisiana

FIGURE 1. Geographic setting and location of the study well in northwest Louisiana. The Carter #2 Well location

FIGURE 2 in Late Paleocene examples of residual coloration and embryonic features in juvenile marine mollusks from Northwest Louisiana

FIGURE 2. Occurrences of Paleocene Wilcox molluscan species by their drilling depths in feet at the Carter #2 Core Hole (Sabine Parish, Louisiana). The first occurrence for each species encountered in the cores is circled in red. Occurrence data are listed in Table 1. Stratigraphic terminology and Geologic Ages are explained in the text.

Fig. 4 in Coloration patterns of the tegmina of Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae): biological, morphological and genetic bases

Fig. 4. Genetic distances between different species of spittlebugs and different wing color patterns of M. spectabilis, where YB = straw-yellowish hue with black spots; RB = reddish hue with black spots; R = total reddish hue; B = total black hue.

Fig. 3 in Coloration patterns of the tegmina of Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae): biological, morphological and genetic bases

Fig. 3. Comparative biometrics of M. spectabilis by sex and wing color patterns. Distributions observed for head length (A) and width (B), pronotum length (C) and width (D), scutellum length (E) and width (F), and tegmen length (G) and width (H). In cases (A) to (D) and (H), sex × wing color pattern interaction was not significant; thus p-values and letters refer to mean comparison between sexes or among wing color patterns, where means followed by different letters were found to be significantly different. In the other cases, (E) to (G), sex × wing color pattern interaction was found to be significant, and its analysis was conducted: p-values and letters refer to mean comparison among wing color patterns within sex, where different letters indicate significant differences, whereas distributions marked with a same symbol (* or +) indicate a significant difference between the sexes for a given wing color pattern. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test at 5% significance probability level was used in all cases.

Fig. 2 in Coloration patterns of the tegmina of Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae): biological, morphological and genetic bases

Fig. 2. Box plot representation of the distribution of the offspring's tegminal coloration pattern proportions obtained for each type of mating cross, according to parents' wing color pattern, regardless of sex. Each box spans from the first to the third quartile (interquartile range). The segment inside the box and the filled circle indicate median's and mean's locations, respectively. Whiskers above and below the box extend either to the maximum/minimum data value or to the most extreme value falling within the extent equivalent to 1.5 × interquartile range, starting from the box; points exceeding these limits are considered suspected outliers and are marked with unfilled circles. Different letters within each quadrant indicate significantly different mean proportions (Tukey's test, α = 5%). Value in parentheses are, in the order they appear, the number of replicates (i.e., the number of couples from which at least 8 offspring were obtained, that grew to adulthood), the total number of offspring generated from these replicates that grew to adulthood, the ANOVA residual degrees of freedom, and the ANOVA F-test p-value. *Insufficient n for analysis.

Fig. 1 in Coloration patterns of the tegmina of Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae): biological, morphological and genetic bases

Fig. 1. Relative frequency of 484 adults collected at the Embrapa Dairy Cattle experimental field in the town of Coronel Pacheco, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from which 242 couples were formed, with their 1,484 offspring, with regard to wing color patterns, regardless of sex.