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opennotspecifiedApr 2021View details →

FIGURE 2. Cruddasia insignis Prain. A‒E in Millettia lantsangensis is conspecific with Cruddasia insignis (Fabaceae)

FIGURE 2. Cruddasia insignis Prain. A‒E. isotype of Millettia lantsangensis (C. W. Wang 76171, PE01432521): A. the whole, B. immature inflorescence, C. part of inflorescence in flowering, D. part of inflorescence after flowering, E. abaxial surface of leaflet, showing the dense and appressed hairs, bar = 1 cm; F. flowering specimen of Millettia lantsangensis (C. W. Wang 74163, PE00410874); G. lectotype of Cruddasia insignis (Shaik Mokim s.n., K000900334). Image Copyright of K000900334 (http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/ K000900334): the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

opennotspecifiedApr 2021View details →

FIGURE 1 in Millettia lantsangensis is conspecific with Cruddasia insignis (Fabaceae)

FIGURE 1. Callerya sphaerosperma (Z. Wei) Z. Wei & Pedley. A‒C. fruiting specimens cited in the protologue of Millettia lantsangensis (T. T. Yu 17666): A‒B. PE00410875, C. PE00415571; D. isotype of Callerya sphaerosperma (C. J. Li 3161, IBK00073976). Image Copyright of IBK00073976 (http://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=c0b7ed3c): Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

opennotspecifiedApr 2021View details →

FIGURE 4 in Millettia lantsangensis is conspecific with Cruddasia insignis (Fabaceae)

FIGURE 4. Cruddasia insignis Prain from Mengla County, Yunnan Province, China (Zhu-Qiu Song 202037, IBSC).

opennotspecifiedJul 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Urban heronry birds tolerate human presence more than its conspecific rural birds

Figure 1. Flight initiation distance of Ardeidae birds (4 species) in urban (N = 253) and rural habitats (N = 217) was significantly different.

opennotspecifiedSep 2021View details →

FIGURE 2 in Morphological evidence for the conspecific status of the rediscovered Mimulicalyx rosulatus and M. paludigenus

FIGURE 2. Distribution map of Mimulicalyx rosulatus (red circle) and M. paludigenus (blue circles) with the rediscovered populations marked by yellow pentagons.

opennotspecifiedSep 2021View details →

FIGURE 3 in Morphological evidence for the conspecific status of the rediscovered Mimulicalyx rosulatus and M. paludigenus

FIGURE 3. Individuals of Mimulicalyx paludigenus (A–G) and M. rosulatus (H–J) rediscovered from Miyi County of Sichuan Province and Jianshui County of Yunnan Province, respectively. A–D, H, I. Habit; E–G, J. Roots.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Introduced plants of Lupinus polyphyllus are larger but flower less frequently than conspecifics from the native range: Results of the first year

Introduced species, which establish in novel environments, provide an opportunity to explore trait evolution and how it may contribute to the distribution and spread of species. Here, we explore trait changes of the perennial herb Lupinus polyphyllus based on 11 native populations in the western USA and 17 introduced populations in Finland. More specifically, we investigated whether introduced populations outperformed native populations in traits measured in situ (seed mass) and under common garden conditions during their first year (plant size, flowering probability, and number of flowering shoots). We also explored whether climate of origin (temperature) influenced plant traits, and quantified the degree to which trait variability was explained collectively by country and temperature as compared to other population-level differences. Three out of four plant traits differed between the native and introduced populations; only seed mass was similar between countries, with most of its variation attributed to other sources of intraspecific variation not accounted for by country and temperature. Under common garden conditions, plants originating from introduced populations were larger than those originating from native populations. However, plants from the introduced range flowered less frequently and had fewer flowering shoots than their native-range counterparts. Temperature of a population's origin influenced plant size in the common garden, with plant size increasing with increasing mean annual temperature in both native and introduced populations. Our results of the first year reveal genetic basis for phenotypic differences in some fitness-related traits between the native and introduced populations of L. polyphyllus. However, not all of these trait differences necessarily contribute to the invasion success of the species and thus may not be adaptive, which raises a question how persistent the trait differences observed in the first year are later in individuals' life for perennial herbs.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data from: Testing potential mechanisms of conspecific sperm precedence in Drosophila pseudoobscura

Drosophila pseudoobscura females that co-occur with sister species D. persimilis show elevated fertilization by conspecific sperm when they mate with both a heterospecific and a conspecific male. This phenomenon, known as conspecific sperm precedence (CSP), has evolved as a mechanism to avoid maladaptive hybridization with D. persimilis. In this study, we assessed pericopulatory (during mating) and postcopulatory (after mating) traits in crosses with sympatric or allopatric D. pseudoobscura females and conspecific or heterospecific males to evaluate potential mechanisms of CSP in this system. We observed shorter copulation duration in crosses with sympatric females, but found no difference in quantity of sperm transferred or female reproductive tract toxicity between sympatry and allopatry. Our data show some support for the hypothesis that parasperm, a short, sterile sperm morph, can protect fertile eusperm from the D. pseudoobscura female reproductive tract, though it is unclear how this might affect patterns of sperm use in sympatry vs. allopatry. Overall, these results suggest that copulation duration could potentially contribute to the elevated CSP observed in sympatry.

FIGURE 7 in Morphological and phylogenetic studies of Agaricus bresadolanus, Agaricus infidus (nom. inval.) and Agaricus romagnesii (Agaricaceae) reveal their conspecificity and variation in toxicity of this taxon

FIGURE 7. Microscopical elements at the lamellae edge. A: LAPAG 680; B: KW-M 71176; C: LAPAG 333 (marked with an asterisk, rostrate cheilocystidia with a long filiform appendix at the apex); D: LAPAG 1084; E: TO-AV180518; F: LAPAG 471; G: LAPAG 201; H: LAPAG 1023. Scale bars = 10 μm. Photos by L. A. Parra.

FIGURE 6. Spores. A in Morphological and phylogenetic studies of Agaricus bresadolanus, Agaricus infidus (nom. inval.) and Agaricus romagnesii (Agaricaceae) reveal their conspecificity and variation in toxicity of this taxon

FIGURE 6. Spores. A: LAPAG 680 (authentic material of A. bresadolanus). B: KW-M 71174 (holotype of A. romagnesii). C: LAPAG 1084. D: LAPAG 516. E: TO-AV180518. F: Spores depicted by Alessio in original publication of "Psalliota infida". G: LAPAG 389. H: LAPAG 609 (duplicate of "A. alessii" 881204.A.377). Scale bars = 10 μm. Photos by L. A. Parra.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological and phylogenetic studies of Agaricus bresadolanus, Agaricus infidus (nom. inval.) and Agaricus romagnesii (Agaricaceae) reveal their conspecificity and variation in toxicity of this taxon

FIGURE 4. Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred from the nrITS dataset of Agaricus sect. Spissicaules. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and the corresponding Maximum Likelihood Bootstrap (MLB) support values are shown above branches. Agaricus campestris MA-Fungi-80998 (NR_151745) was used as outgroup taxon.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological and phylogenetic studies of Agaricus bresadolanus, Agaricus infidus (nom. inval.) and Agaricus romagnesii (Agaricaceae) reveal their conspecificity and variation in toxicity of this taxon

FIGURE 3. Locations of the collecting sites of specimens of "Psalliota infida" and Agaricus bresadolanus in Turin. A. Gruppo Fiat, authentic specimen of "Psalliota infida" (duplicate in LAPAG 516). B. Viale Filippo Turati, authentic specimen of "Psalliota infida" (duplicate in LAPAG 1084). C. Parco del Valentino, Agaricus bresadolanus, TO-AV180518. D. Parco del Valentino, authentic specimen of "Psalliota infida". E. Fontana dei Francesi, authentic specimen of "Psalliota infida". Plate by L. A. Parra.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological and phylogenetic studies of Agaricus bresadolanus, Agaricus infidus (nom. inval.) and Agaricus romagnesii (Agaricaceae) reveal their conspecificity and variation in toxicity of this taxon

FIGURE 2. Relevant old herbarium material used in our study and analyses. A. authentic specimen of A. bresadolanus (LAPAG 680). B. authentic specimen of "Psalliota infida" (duplicate in LAPAG 1084). C. authentic specimen of "Psalliota infida" (duplicate in LAPAG 516). D. specimen from the same collecting site that one of the Alessio's original specimens from Turin (TO-AV180518). E. holotype of A. romagnesii. (KW-M 71174). F. authentic specimen of A. romagnesii (KW-M 71176) G. "A. alessii" in herbario M. Contu & L. Currelli (881204.A.377; duplicate in LAPAG 609). H. "A. alessii" in Contu's private herbarium (Contu 92/968; duplicate in LAPAG 986). Scale bar = 1 cm. Photos by L.A. Parra: A, C, F–H; A. Vizzini: B, D; M. Zykova: E.

FIGURE 1 in Morphological and phylogenetic studies of Agaricus bresadolanus, Agaricus infidus (nom. inval.) and Agaricus romagnesii (Agaricaceae) reveal their conspecificity and variation in toxicity of this taxon

FIGURE 1. Relevant iconography in mycological literature mentioned in the text. A. BRESADOLA (1931: Pl. 827); B. ROMAGNESI (1937: Fig. 4); C. KÜHNER & ROMAGNESI (1953: Fig. 584); D. BOHUS (1969: Fig. 2); E. BOHUS (1971: Fig. 1); F. ESSETTE (1964: Pl. 22); G. ALESSIO (1975: Pl. 11); H. HEIM (1957: Fig. 289); I. REID (1972: Pl. 42); J. WASSER (1977: Fig. 1); K. WASSER (1989: Fig. 21). Plate by L. A. Parra.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Chemical defense acquired via pharmacophagy can lead to protection from predation for conspecifics in a sawfly

Predation is an important selection pressure acting on organisms, with organisms evolving diverse anti-predator strategies to combat it. One such strategy is chemical defense in which organisms either synthesize or extrinsically acquire defensive chemicals. Little is known about the intraspecific transfer of such chemicals and if such chemicals acquired from conspecifics can also serve as defense against predation. Here, we used adults of the turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae, which can acquire the plant chemicals 'clerodanoids' via pharmacophagy after exposure to the plant, Ajuga reptans. We show that clerodanoid access mediates protection against predation by mantids for the sawflies. Moreover, even indirect access to clerodanoids, via nibbling on conspecifics that had access to the plant, resulted in protection against predation albeit to a lower degree than direct access. Furthermore, sawflies that had no direct access to clerodanoids were less consumed by mantids when they were grouped with conspecifics that had direct access. Most of such initially undefended sawflies could acquire clerodanoids from conspecifics that had direct access to the plant, although in low quantities. Together our results demonstrate that clerodanoids serve as chemical defense that can be intraspecifically transferred. Moreover, the presence of chemically defended individuals in a group can confer protection onto conspecifics that had no direct access to clerodanoids, suggesting a 'herd-protection' effect.