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1,513 results for “disturbance”
Data for: Parallel recolonisations generate distinct genomic sectors in kelp following high magnitude earthquake disturbance
<p>Large-scale disturbance events have the potential to drastically reshape biodiversity patterns. Notably, newly vacant habitat space cleared by disturbance can be colonised by multiple lineages, which can lead to the evolution of distinct spatial 'sectors' of genetic diversity within a species. We test for disturbance-driven sectoring of genetic diversity in intertidal southern bull kelp, <i>Durvillaea antarctica</i> (Chamisso) Hariot following the high-magnitude 1855 Wairarapa earthquake in New Zealand. Specifically, we use genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to analyse fine-scale population structure across the uplift zone to assess the fit of alternative recolonisaton models. Our analysis reveals that specimens from the uplift zone carry genomic signatures distinct from populations in other regions, consistent with recolonisation after the 1855 earthquake. Crucially, our analysis identifies two parapatric spatial-genomic sectors of <i>D. antarctica</i> at Turakirae Head, which experienced the most dramatic uplift. We infer that bull kelp in the Wellington region survived moderate uplift and recolonised the devastated Turakirae Head coastline through two parallel, eastward recolonisation events. By identifying multiple parapatric genotypic sectors within a recently recolonised coastal region, the current study confirms that competing lineage expansions can generate striking spatial structuring of genetic diversity, even in highly dispersive taxa.</p>
Disturbance and indirect effects of climate warming support a plant invader in mountains
<p><strong>ABSTRACT </strong>from the connected paper [Haider, S., Palm, S., Bruelheide, H., de Villemereuil, Menzel, A. & Lachmuth, S. (2022): Disturbance and indirect effects of climate warming support a plant invader in mountains. Oikos, https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.08783]:</p> <p>Climate warming and increased disturbance (resulting from intensified land use) are expected to enhance the invasibility of plant communities and the performance of exotic species also at high elevations, and thus pose additional threats to mountain ecosystems. The invasion success of introduced genotypes will also depend on their degree of pre-adaption to high elevation climatic conditions, which may vary intra-specifically across source populations. For populations currently spreading in the lowlands, climate warming might reduce the climatic distance to high-elevation sites and thus remove a barrier to upwards spread.</p> <p>Here, we investigated the various facets of mountain invasions in a single, integrative experimental study. We applied a community transplant approach between high- and low-elevation sites in the European Alps to address effects of climate warming and disturbance through land use on community invasibility and the performance of the exotic species <em>Senecio inaequidens</em>, a potential future plant invader in the Alps. Additionally, the transplant sites served as common gardens to test the influence of climatic pre-adaptation to current (high site) and future (low site) climatic conditions on the performance of <em>S. inaequidens</em> in the transplanted communities. The 16 invasive Central and Western European <em>S. inaequidens</em> source population locations covered a wide geographic range, and thus a wide amplitude of climatic distances and presumed pre-adaptation to our gardens.</p> <p>Our results attest to a strong effect of disturbance, which increased community invasibility, and promoted the performance of the exotic species. Contrary to our expectation, experimentally induced climate warming did not increase community invasibility. However, the performance of the <em>S. inaequidens</em> populations was positively related to their pre-adaptation to the climatic conditions of our common gardens. Climate warming might thus promote the invasion of exotic species by reducing the climatic distance between mountain ranges and locations of potential source populations.</p> <p><strong>DESCRIPTION </strong>of the data can be found in the Material and methods section of the paper, and in the meta-data sheet included in each data file.</p>
Telomeres and anthropogenic disturbances in wildlife: a systematic review and meta-analysis
<p>Human-driven environmental changes are affecting wildlife across the globe. These challenges do not influence species or populations to the same extent and therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of organismal health is needed to determine their ultimate impact. Evidence suggests that telomeres (the terminal chromosomal regions) are sensitive to environmental conditions and have been posited as a surrogate for animal health and fitness. Evaluation of their use in an applied ecological context is still scarce. Here, using information from molecular and occupational biomedical studies, we aim to deliver ecologists and evolutionary biologists an accessible synthesis of the links between human disturbances and telomere length. In addition, we perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on studies measuring telomere length in wild/wild-derived animals facing anthropogenic disturbances. Despite the relatively small number of studies to date, our meta-analysis revealed a significant small negative association between disturbances and telomere length (-0.092 [-0.153, -0.030]; n= 28; k=159). Yet, our systematic review suggests that the use of telomeres as a biomarker to understand the anthropogenic impact on wildlife is limited. We propose some research avenues that will help to broadly evaluate their suitability: <i>i)</i> further causal studies on the link between human disturbances and telomeres; <i>ii)</i> investigating the organismal implications, in terms of fitness and performance, of a given telomere length in anthropogenically-disturbed scenarios; <i>iii)</i> better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of telomere dynamics. Future studies in these facets will help to ultimately determine their role as markers of health and fitness in wildlife facing anthropogenic disturbances.</p>
Site fidelity and behavioral plasticity regulate an ungulate's response to extreme disturbance
<p>1. With rapid global change, the frequency and severity of extreme disturbance events are increasing worldwide. The ability of animal populations to survive these stochastic events depends on how individual animals respond to their altered environments, yet our understanding of the immediate and short-term responses of animals to acute disturbances remains poor.</p> <p>2. We focused on animal responses to the environmental disturbance created by megafire. Specifically, we explored the effects of the 2018 Mendocino Complex Fire in northern California, USA on the behaviour and body condition of black-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus columbianus</i>). We predicted that deer would be displaced by the disturbance or experience high mortality post-fire if they stayed in the burn area.</p> <p>3. We used data from GPS collars on 18 individual deer to quantify patterns of home range use, movement, and habitat selection before and after the fire. We assessed changes in body condition using images from a camera trap grid. The fire burned through half of the study area, facilitating a comparison between deer in burned and unburned areas.</p> <p>4. Despite a dramatic reduction in vegetation in burned areas, deer showed high site fidelity to pre-fire home ranges, returning within hours of the fire. However, mean home range size doubled after the fire and corresponded with increased daily activity in a severely resource-depleted environment. Within their home ranges, deer also selected strongly for patches of surviving vegetation and woodland habitat, as these areas provided forage and cover in an otherwise desolate landscape. Deer body condition significantly decreased after the fire, likely as a result of a reduction in forage within their home ranges, but all collared deer survived for the duration of the study.</p> <p>5. Understanding the ways in which large mammals respond to disturbance like wildfire is increasingly important as the extent and severity of such events increases across the world. While many animals are adapted to disturbance regimes, species that exhibit high site fidelity or otherwise fixed behavioural strategies may struggle to cope with increased climate instability and associated extreme disturbance events.</p>
Spatial variation in human disturbances and their effects on forest structure and biodiversity across an Afromontane forest
<p><strong>Context</strong></p> <p>Human disturbances can have large impacts on forest structure and biodiversity, and thereby result in forest degradation, a property difficult to detect by remote sensing.</p> <p><strong>Objectives </strong></p> <p>To investigate spatial variation in anthropogenicdisturbances and their effects on forest structure and biodiversity.</p> <p><strong>Methods </strong></p> <p>In 144 plots of 20 x 20 m distributed across a forest area of 750 km2 in Southwest Ethiopia, we recorded: landscape variables (e.g., distance to forest edge), different human disturbances, forest structure variables, and species composition of trees and epiphyllous bryophytes. We then first assessed if landscape variables could explain the spatial distribution of disturbances. Second, we analysed how forest structure and biodiversity were influenced by disturbances.</p> <p><strong>Results </strong></p> <p>Human disturbances, such as coffee management and grazing declined with distance to forest edges and penetrated at least a kilometer into the forest. The slope was not related to disturbance levels, but several types of disturbances were less common at higher elevations. Among human disturbance types, coffee management reduced liana cover and was associated with altered species composition of trees. The presence of large trees and basal areas was not related to any of the disturbance gradients.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions </strong></p> <p>Although most anthropogenic disturbances displayed clear edge effects, surprisingly the variation in the chosen forest degradation indices was only weakly related to these disturbances. We suggest that the intersection between edge effects and forest degradation is very context-specific and relies much on how particular societies use the forests. For example, in this landscape coffee management seems to be a key driver.</p>
Short-term social dynamics following anthropogenic and natural disturbances in a free-living mammal
<p><span>Anthropogenic disturbances are widely recognized for their </span><span>far-reaching consequences on the survival and reproduction of wildlife, but we understand comparatively little about their effects on the social lives of group-living animals. </span><span>Here we </span><span>examined these short-term changes in affiliative behavior as part of a long-term study </span><span>on a </span><span>human-tolerant and socially flexible population of California ground squirrels </span><span>(<em>Otospermophilus beecheyi</em>).</span><span> We </span><span>used social network analysis to examine</span><span> short-term changes in affiliative behavior and individual consistency in response to disturbances by humans, domestic dogs, or a natural predator (the coyote). </span><span>Overall, juveniles were more involved than adults in affiliative interactions, but the short-term directional effects of these acute disturbances on social cohesion varied by disturbance type. Human and dog presence reduced aboveground connectivity, particularly for juveniles, whereas disturbances by coyotes generally promoted it. Beyond these effects, we also detected non-random responses to disturbances, though individuals were not very consistent in their directional response to different disturbance types. </span><span>Our results demonstrate the flexible changes in social behavior triggered by short-term disturbances imposed by humans and other threats. </span><span>More generally, our findings elucidate the underappreciated sensitivity of animal social interactions to short-term ecological disturbances, raising key questions about their consequences on the social lives of animals.</span></p>
Neighboring edges: interacting edge effects of linear disturbances on vegetation in treed fens
<p>The influence of edges on forest biodiversity is an important environmental effect associated with habitat fragmentation, as edge effects can further reduce the remaining 'interior' habitat. However, extrapolating the influence of edges across the broader landscape has been difficult, especially regarding how to treat multiple edges in close proximity, where edge effects might interact. In this study, we examined the interaction of edge effects for multiple edges from a dense network of narrow (3-8 m wide) and low-severity linear disturbances called 'seismic lines'. Seismic lines are created during oil and gas exploration and are responsible for severe dissection of boreal forests in western Canada. Specifically, our objectives were to: (1) to compare the edge influence of "wide" (~8 m) and "narrow" (~3 m) seismic lines; and (2) to determine whether edges in close proximity show interaction of edge influences, i.e. do multiple narrow seismic lines have a stronger or weaker edge influence than a single narrow seismic line. We sampled vegetation along transects perpendicular to seismic lines in treed moderate-rich and poor fens. We used randomization tests of edge influence to calculate the magnitude and distance of edge effects. In moderate-rich fens, we found a positive edge influence on understory diversity from both wide and narrow seismic lines. We also found a weakening edge interaction on diversity, i.e., single narrow seismic lines had a stronger edge influence on diversity than multiple narrow seismic lines. In treed poor fens, multiple narrow seismic lines had a negative edge effect on tree density, understory abundance, richness, and composition. In addition, we found strengthening edge interactions in treed poor fens on tree density, graminoid cover, and understory composition. Our results show how assessing the edge influence of multiple disturbances can provide a better understanding of the cumulative effects of habitat fragmentation.</p>
Effects of disturbance on plant regrowth along snow pack gradients in alpine habitats
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Human disturbance in alpine habitats is expected to increase, and improved knowledge of short-term recovery<span> </span>after disturbance events is necessary to interpret vegetation responses and formulate planning and mitigation efforts. The ability of a plant community to return to its original state after a disturbance (community resilience) depends on species composition and environmental conditions. The aim of this study is to analyze initial short-term effects of disturbance in alpine plant communities in contrasting climates (oceanic vs. continental; central Norway). We used a nested block-design to examine vegetative regrowth and seedling recruitment after experimental perturbation. Three plant community types along the snow pack gradient were exposed to (1) no disturbance, (2) clipping, and (3) clipping and uprooting. Slow vegetative regrowth and low seedling establishment rates were found in dry alpine ridges and late-melting oceanic snowbed communities. Leeside habitats with intermediate snow conditions were found more resilient. The difference was related to growth form and species diversity. Woody species, which dominated in ridges and oceanic snowbeds, showed the most negative response to disturbance. Species-rich plant communities dominated by graminoids and herbs showed higher rates of regrowth. Species richness seems to cause resilience to the plant communities through higher response diversity. Plant communities at the extreme ends of abiotic gradients, ridges and late-melting snowbeds, will be most sensitive to both disturbance and environmental change. In an up-scaled human-used landscape disturbance effects will be amplified and further limit recovery to a pre-disturbance state.</span></p>
Spectral characteristics of ionospheric disturbances over the Southwestern Pacific from the January 15, 2022 Tonga eruption and tsunami
<p>This dataset contains the filtered ionospheric total electron content values used in the manuscript of the same name.</p>
Data from: Grassland type and seasonal effects have a bigger influence on plant functional and taxonomical diversity than prairie dog disturbances in semi-arid grasslands
<p>Prairie dogs (Cynomys sp.) are considered keystone species and ecosystem engineers for their grazing and burrowing activities (summarized here as disturbances). As climate changes and its variability increases, the mechanisms underlying organisms' interactions with their habitat will likely shift. Understanding the mediating role of prairie dog disturbance on vegetation structure, and its interaction with environmental conditions through time, will increase knowledge on the risks and vulnerability of grasslands. Here, we compared how plant taxonomical diversity, functional diversity metrics and community-weighted trait means (CWM) respond to prairie dog C. mexicanus disturbance across grassland types and seasons (dry and wet) in a priority conservation semiarid grassland of Northeast Mexico. Our findings suggest that functional metrics and CWM analyses responded to interactions between prairie dog disturbance, grassland type and season, whilst species diversity and cover measures were less sensitive to the role of prairie dog disturbance. We found weak evidence that prairie dog disturbance has a negative effect on vegetation structure, except for minimal effects on C4 and graminoid cover, but which depended mainly on season. Grassland type and season explained most of the effects on plant functional and taxonomic diversity as well as CWM traits. Furthermore, we found that leaf area as well as forb and annual cover increased during the wet season, independent of prairie dog disturbance. Our results provide evidence that grassland type and season have a stronger effect than prairie dog disturbance on the vegetation of this short-grass, water restricted grassland ecosystem. We argue that focusing solely on disturbance and grazing effects is misleading, and attention is needed on the relationships between vegetation and environmental conditions which will be critical to understand semi-arid grassland dynamics under future climate change conditions in the region. </p>
Ecological drivers of avian diversity in a subtropical landscape: effects of habitat diversity, primary productivity and anthropogenic disturbance
<p>Understanding the roles of ecological drivers in shaping biodiversity is fundamental for conservation practice. In this study, we explored the effects of elevation, conservation status, primary productivity, habitat diversity, and anthropogenic disturbance (represented by human population density and birding history) on taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional avian diversity in a subtropical landscape in southeastern China. We conducted bird surveys using 1-km transects across a total of 30 sites, of which 10 sites were located within a natural reserve. Metrics of functional diversity were calculated based on six functional traits (body mass, clutch size, dispersal ratio, sociality, diet and foraging stratum). We built simultaneous autoregression models to assess the association between the ecological factors and diversity of the local avian communities. Local avian diversity generally increased with increasing habitat diversity, human population density and primary productivity. We also detected phylogenetic and functional clustering in these communities, suggesting that the avian assemblages were structured mainly by environmental filtering, rather than interspecific competition. Compared to sites outside the natural reserve, sites within the natural reserve had relatively lower avian diversity but a higher level of phylogenetic heterogeneity.</p>
Data from: Disentangling direct from indirect effects of habitat disturbance on multiple components of biodiversity
<p><span>Human habitat disturbance affects both species diversity and intraspecific genetic diversity, leading to correlations between these two components of biodiversity</span><span> </span><span>(termed species - genetic diversity correlation, SGDC). However, whether</span><span> </span><span>SGDC predictions extend to host-associated communities, such as the intestinal parasite and gut microbial diversity, remains largely unexplored.</span><span> </span><span>Additionally, the role of dominant generalist species is often neglected despite their importance in shaping the environment experienced by other members of the ecological community, and their role as source, reservoir and vector of zoonotic diseases. New analytical approaches (e.g., structural equation modelling, SEM) can be used to assess SGDC relationships and distinguish among direct and indirect effects of habitat characteristics and disturbance on the various components of biodiversity</span><span>.</span></p> <p><span>With six concrete and biologically sound models in mind, we collected habitat characteristics of 22 study sites from four distinct landscapes located</span><span> </span><span>in central Panama. Each landscape differed in the degree of human disturbance and fragmentation measured by several quantitative variables, such as canopy cover, canopy height and understory density.</span><span> </span><span>In terms of biodiversity, we estimated on the one hand, 1) small mammal species diversity, and, on the other hand, 2) genome-wide diversity, 3) intestinal parasite diversity and 4) gut microbial heterogeneity of the most dominant generalist species (Tome's spiny rat, <em>Proechimys semispinosus</em>). We used</span><span> </span><span>SEMs to assess the links between habitat characteristics and biological diversity measures.</span></p> <p><span>The best supported SEM suggested that habitat characteristics directly and positively affect the richness of small mammals, the genetic diversity of <em>P. semispinosus</em> and its gut microbial heterogeneity. Habitat characteristics did not, however, directly impact intestinal parasite diversity.</span><span> </span><span>We</span><span> also </span><span>detected indirect, positive effects of habitat characteristics on both host-associated assemblages via small mammal richness. For microbes, this is likely linked to cross species transmission, particularly in shared and/or anthropogenically altered habitats, whereas host diversity mitigates parasite infections. The SEM revealed an additional indirect but negative effect on </span><span>intestinal</span><span> parasite diversity via host genetic diversity.</span></p> <p><span>Our study </span><span>showcases that habitat alterations not only affect species diversity and host genetic diversity in parallel, but also species diversity of host-associated assemblages. The impacts from </span><span>human disturbance are therefore expected to ripple through entire ecosystems with far reaching effects felt even by generalist species.</span></p>
Soil disturbance and invasion magnify CO2 effects on grassland productivity, reducing diversity
<p>Climate change, disturbance, and plant invasion threaten grassland ecosystems, but their combined and interactive effects are poorly understood. Here, we examine how the combination of disturbance and plant invasion influences the sensitivity of mixedgrass prairie to elevated carbon dioxide (eCO<sub>2</sub>) and warming. We established subplots of intact prairie and disturbed/invaded prairie within a free-air CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment (to 600 ppmv) by infrared warming (+1.5 °C day, 3 °C night) experiment and followed plant and soil responses for five years. Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> initially led to moderate increases in biomass and plant diversity in both intact and disturbed/invaded prairie, but these effects shifted due to strong eCO<sub>2</sub> responses of the invasive forb <em>Centaurea diffusa</em>. In the final three years, biomass responses to eCO<sub>2</sub> in disturbed/invaded prairie were 10 times as large as those in intact prairie (+186% vs. +18%), resulting in reduced rather than increased plant diversity (-17% vs. +10%). At the same time, warming interacted with disturbance/invasion and year, reducing the rate of topsoil carbon recovery following disturbance. The strength of these interactions demonstrates the need to incorporate disturbance into predictions of climate change effects. In contrast to expectations from studies in intact ecosystems, eCO<sub>2</sub> may threaten plant diversity in ecosystems subject to soil disturbance and invasion.</p>
Data for 'Vast ecosystem disturbance in a warming climate may jeopardize our climate goal of reducing CO2: a case study for the megafires in Australian 'Black Summer''
<p>These data support the manuscript 'Vast ecosystem disturbance in a warming climate may jeopardize our climate goal of reducing CO2 a case study for the megafires in Australian ‘Black Summer'', including megafire CO2 emissions in Australian 'Black Summer' estimated by BBM model and a top-down method. The delta RF simulations by GEOS-Chem RRTMG are also contained. In each separate folder there is a README.txt file as a user's guide. The methodology for deriving the datasets and more information can be found in the manuscript and SI.</p>
Secrets of the night: roost sites and sleep disturbance factors during the autumn migration of first-year white stork Ciconia ciconia
<p>The migration phase of birds is divided into two main states: stopovers and actual migratory flights. For soaring birds, such as storks, nighttime is especially important to conserve energy and to start the next day in favourable weather conditions. Although there is a large number of recent studies on white stork Ciconia ciconia, for example using advanced technologies such as GPS technology, the nocturnal behaviour of the species is still an enigma. Thus, we GSM-GPS-tagged 90 immature storks and checked their nocturnal behaviour, especially roost disturbance, during their first autumn migration from breeding grounds in southern Poland to wintering places in Africa. Storks roosted on three types of site: on buildings, on the ground, or in trees. Birds that roosted on the ground had a higher probability of nighttime disturbance than those that used trees or buildings. The probability of disturbance at night was also related to longitude and latitude; the most easterly birds and those at the start of the migration route were disturbed more often during the night. Furthermore, and interestingly, environmental conditions at roosts were also significantly related to the probability of disturbance; birds roosting at tree sites with higher NDVI (greener) and with higher levels of artificial light both had a lower probability of disturbance. A possible explanation of this could be related to lower potential predatory pressure at night. We found that after long flights birds were disturbed more often at night, and that disturbed birds migrated further the next day. For a better understanding of the nocturnal behaviour of storks, as well as of other migratory birds, the use of modern technological tools with greater precision is recommended.</p>
Marbled cats in Southeast Asia: Are diurnal and semi-arboreal felids at greater risk from human disturbances?
<p>Southeast Asia supports the greatest diversity of felids globally, but this felid diversity is likely to be threatened by the severe forest loss and degradation that is occurring in the region. The response of felids to disturbances appears to differ depending on their ecology. For example, the largely terrestrial and nocturnal leopard cat (<em>Prionailurus bengalensis</em>) thrives near forest edges and in oil palm plantations where it hunts rodents (Muridae) at night, thereby avoiding human activity peaks. Conversely, we hypothesized that the sympatric and similar-sized marbled cat (<em>Pardofelis marmorata</em>) would respond negatively to edges and relatively open oil palm plantations as they are more arboreal than leopard cats, rely on tree connectivity for hunting, and are diurnal so have less potential to temporally avoid humans. Using new and previously published camera-trapping studies from Southeast Asia to test habitat associations at multiple spatial scales using zero-inflated Poission GLMMS and hierarchical occupancy modelling, we examined the habitat associated and diel behaviour of the marbled cat in relation to human disturbances. We found that marbled cats were positively associated with large intact forests and, in contrast to leopard cats, negatively associated with oil palm plantations. Furthermore we found preliminary evidence suggesting marbled cats may adapt their diel behaviour to become more crepuscular in degraded forests, likely shifting their activity to avoid humans. These findings suggest that the marbled cat's IUCN Red List conservation status should be revaluated and potentially upgraded from Near Threatened to Vulnerable, matching other forest-dependent felids in the region. We posit our findings may be generalizable and that semi-arboreal and diurnal felids could face greater threats from habitat degradation than their terrestrial and nocturnal relatives.</p>
European forest disturbance map
<p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>This repository holds maps of annual forest disturbances across 35 European countries derived from Landsat satellite data. The disturbance maps currently cover the time period 1986-2020 and are accompanied by a map of disturbance severity (for the moment only until 2016) and a forest mask. The methodological details are explained in Senf and Seidl 2021 (see reference blow). The maps are available per country as geoTIFF. The spatial reference system is EPSG 3035 (ETRS89 / LAEA Europe). The most current version is 1.1.2. The maps will be updated regularly. <a href="https://corneliussenf.users.earthengine.app/view/european-disturbance-map">The maps can also be explored online</a>.</p> <p><strong>Citation</strong></p> <p>Please cite the dataset including version number and following paper when using the maps: Senf, C. and Seidl, R. (2021) Mapping the forest disturbance regimes of Europe. <em>Nature Sustainability.</em> <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00609-y">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00609-y</a></p> <p><strong>Version history</strong></p> <ul> <li>1.0.0 - Initial version, covering 2016-1986 and including a forest mask and an estimate of disturbance severity.</li> <li>1.1.0 - Map update until 2020 using same methods as in version 1.0.0. Not accompanied by disturbance severity.</li> <li>1.1.1 - Added disturbance maps for Andorra, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg.</li> <li>1.1.2 - Added disturbance severity to version.</li> <li>1.1.3 - Improved file structure for easier download.</li> <li>1.1.4 - Fixed wrong/missing forest masks.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Known issues</strong></p> <ul> <li>Some SLC-off artefacts visible in northern Serbia (both version 1.0.0 and 1.1.0).</li> <li>Known false disturbances mapped in Norway in 2020 in version 1.1.0.</li> <li>Missing disturbances from 1986 in Andorra and Liechtenstein. (version 1.1.1).</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: A field experiment exploring disturbance-and-recovery, and restoration methodology of Zostera capensis to support its role as a coastal protector
<p>This DRYAD data set covers statistical analysis for the study, "Seagrass restoration experiment to support coastal protection." </p> <p>Dataset attached covers row data regarding field experiments carried out to demonstrate the time needed for the seagrass to recover after disturbance (imitation of anthropogenic impact). The data is centered on showing the evolution (increase) of seagrass shoot density after a quantified period (time series over a year) where the pressure to seagrass is halted. Halting of pressure would resemble a total ban or reduction of anthropogenic impact of digging and revolving of seagrass; action carried out by communities, aiming to collect clams and other shellfish. This data covers also variation in sediments and epiphytes. </p> <p>Additional data is provided on the seagrass restoration methodology that was added to the above-mentioned experiment. The IUCN Red listed Vulnerable seagrass species, <em>Zostera capensis</em> was tested using the plug method (a sediment-based methodology). Two size plugs, made of PVC tube, were tested: 4.5 cm and 7.5 cm diameter size, over a 12-month period (measurements carried out on four occasions). The 7.5 PVC tube experiment revealed a higher survival rate and is therefore a more suitable method for future <em>Z. capensis </em>restoration in impacted areas.</p> <p>These data can be re-used as long as it cites the original data (this paper). To comply with best practices, we recommend mentioning the source of the data.</p>
Biogeochemial Soil Dataset for Old Growth and Disturbed Forest Sites at Mount Kilimanjaro
<p>This dataset presents biogeochemical data (pH, CNS, soil texture, bulk density, extractable metals, cation exchange capacity) from 21 profiles at Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. The data is part of Schrumpf's dissertation ("Biogeochemical Investigations in Old Growth and Disturbed Forest Sites at Mount Kilimanjaro").</p> <p>Exact sampling locations (WSG84: long/lat) are reported for each profile. Analyses of soil material were carried out on air dried samples (30°C) of the fraction < 2 mm. Soil pH was determined using H20, and 1 M KCl at a soil solution ratio of 1 (m) : 2.5 (v) and a standard combined electrode with integrated temperature probe (WTW SenTix 41 pH 330). Total C and total N contents were analyzed on ball-milled samples using a total element analyzer (Elementar Vario EL). Exchangeable cations (K, Ca,Mg, Na, Al) were extracted by an unbuffered 0.5 M NH4Cl solution (Trüby & Aldinger 1989) and measured by atomic absorption (Varian SpectrAA 400). The ECEC was calculated as the sum of exchangeable base cations and exchangeable Al. At ten profiles in ten main study area between 2100 and 2330 m, Fe and Al in metal-humus complexes (Fep, Alp) were extracted by shaking 2g of soil in 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate (pH 10) for 16h, followed by centrifugation, after addition of CaCl2. Fe, Al and Si in ferrihydrite, allophane, imogolite and metal humus complexes (Feo, Alo, Sio) were determined in all soils using a 0.2 M oxalate solution (pH 3) (Schwertmann 1964). The cold dithionite-citrate buffer (DCB) method (Holmgren 1967) was used to analyze the amounts of Fe and Al (Fed and Ald) in crystalline oxides and fractions from metal-humus complexes and amorphous constituents. Bulk density was determined on three undisturbed soil cores with a volume of 100 cm-3, which were taken from each soil horizon.</p>
Genetic data from: Cryptic persistence and loss of local endemism in Lake Constance charr subject to anthropogenic disturbance
<p>Habitat restoration can help to protect and support endangered species. Following the restoration of Lake Constance to oligotrophic conditions, deep-water charr (originally described as <em>Salvelinus</em> <em>profundus</em> Schillinger, 1901) were rediscovered after more than 40 years of presumed extinction caused by eutrophication. Subsequent targeted surveys lead to the capture of a further 127 deep-water charr and 233 sympatric normal charr, <em>Salvelinus</em> cf. <em>umbla</em>. Given a history of intensive stocking in the lake and the possibility of introgressive hybridization, a discussion arose about the genetic status and future conservation strategies of both forms. The current study gathered life history traits and morphological and population genomic data for both extant forms, for comparison with 60–120 years' worth of historical data and museum specimens. The extant deep-water charr resembled historical specimens in terms of body shape, but significant differences between historical and extant normal charr included a decline in gill raker number over time and distinctly different body shapes and growth patterns. RAD-based population genomic analyses of the contemporary samples support these results, revealing the two extant forms to be highly divergent, albeit with a few putative hybrids. SNPs-based population assignment tests of historical and contemporary samples strongly suggest that deep-water charr persisted unaltered in Lake Constance during the eutrophic phase. Meanwhile, none of the historical genomic samples could be assigned to the extant normal <em>S</em>. cf. <em>umbla</em> population. Functional analyses of gill raker number and stocking intensity pointed to stocking with non-endemic charr as the most likely reason for the disappearance of the endemic normal form. These results show that interplay between different anthropogenic impacts, i.e. eutrophication and stocking can lead to irreversible but hard-to-detect impacts on endemic biodiversity. Understanding these impacts is a prerequisite for effective conservation of endangered populations of cryptic fish.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.