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FIGURE 7 in A new species of the genus Calotes (Squamata: Agamidae) from high elevations of the Knuckles Massif of Sri Lanka

FIGURE 7. Habitat of; a, C. pethiyagodai sp. nov. at high elevations of the Knuckles massif; b, C. liocephalus at mid elevations of Peak Wilderness (Photos: W.M.S. Botejue).

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Bimodal activity of diurnal flower visitation at high elevation

<p>Successful pollination in animal-pollinated plants depends on the temporal overlap between flower presentation and pollinator foraging activity. Variation in the temporal dimension of plant-pollinator networks has been investigated intensely across flowering seasons. However, over the course of a day, the dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions may vary strongly due environmental fluctuations. It is usually assumed there is a unimodal, diurnal, activity pattern, while alternative multi-modal types of activity patterns are often neglected and deserve greater investigation. Here, we quantified the daily activity pattern of flower visitors in two different habitats contrasting high elevation meadows versus forests in Southwest China to investigate the role of abiotic conditions in the temporal dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions. We examined diurnal activity patterns for the entire pollinator community. Pollinator groups may differ in their ability to adapt to habitats and abiotic conditions, which might be displayed in their patterns of activity. We hypothesized, that 1) pollinator communities show multi-modal activity patterns, 2) patterns differ between pollinator groups and habitat types, and 3) abiotic conditions explain observed activity patterns. In total, we collected 4988 flower visitors belonging to six functional groups. There was a bimodal activity pattern when looking at the entire pollinator community, and in five out of six flower visitor groups (exempting solitary bees). Bumblebees, honeybees, dipterans, lepidopterans, and other insects showed activity peaks in the morning and afternoon, whereas solitary bees were most active at midday. Activity of all six pollinator groups increased as solar radiation increased and then decreased after reaching a certain threshold. Our findings suggest that in habitats at higher elevations, a bimodal activity pattern of flower visitation is commonly employed across most pollinator groups that are diurnal foragers. This pattern may be caused by insects avoiding overheating due to elevated temperatures when exposed to high solar radiation at midday. </p>

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

FIG. 6 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 6.—Distribution of 50 calls from one voucher specimen of Fritziana izecksohni (ZUFRJ 13317) along the first and second axes of a principal component analysis (PCA) generated from 10 acoustical variables with 95% confidence ellipses. Note that there are no clear gaps within the variation. See text for explanations of the acronyms for the call variables.

FIG. 9 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 9.—Oscillograms (A, D, G, J), spectrograms (B, E, H, K), and power spectra (C, F, I, L) of one advertisement call of each available Fritziana species: F. fissilis (A–C) from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro; F. goeldii (D–F) from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro; F. izecksohni (G–I) from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro; and F. ohausi (J–L) from municipality of Petropólis, state of Rio de Janeiro. Spectrograms and power spectra with Hann window function, window size 512 samples, overlap 99%, and amplitude plotted on a logarithmic scale.

FIG. 8 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 8.—Oscillogram (A) and spectrogram (B) of five advertisement calls of Fritziana izecksohni from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. From left to right, note the decrease of pulse-group number per call and increase of pulse-group duration and pulse number (see text). Spectrogram with Hann window function, window size 512 samples, overlap 99%, and amplitude plotted on a logarithmic scale.

FIG. 3 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 3.—Dorsal view of the body (A), ventral view of the right foot (B), ventral view of the right hand (C), and lateral view of the head (D) from the holotype of Fritziana izecksohni (ZUFRJ 13978), an adult female from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. Scale bars: 10 mm in A; 1 mm in B, C, D.

FIG. 7 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 7.—Oscillogram (A) and spectrogram (B) of one advertisement call of Fritziana izecksohni (adult male ZUFRJ 13317) from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. Oscillogram (C) and spectrogram (D) of the two pulse types, from left to right, short and long pulse (see text) belonging to the same specimen as depicted in panels A and B. Final longer pulse marked with asterisks. Spectrograms with Hann window function, window size 512 samples, overlap 99%, and amplitude plotted on a logarithmic scale.

FIG. 2.—A in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 2.—A male Fritziana izecksohni (A; ZUFRJ 13317), a male F. goeldii (B; UNIRIO 2538), a male F. ohausi (C; ZUFRJ 14094), and a male F. fissilis (D; ZUFRJ 14093) from municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro; and a female F. ulei (E; ZUFRJ 13337) from municipality of Nova Friburgo, state of Rio de Janeiro. Radiographs with nasals and sphenethmoid as assigned on panel A. Note the spaces (hatched) between the nasals and maxillae. Mouths of the five specimens are opened. Scale bars ¼ 2 mm.

FIG. 5 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 5.—Sketches of dorsal pattern variation of male paratypes (A: MNRJ 48613, SVL 21.5 mm; B: ZUFRJ 14528, SVL 25.1 mm) of Fritziana izecksohni. Note the interrupted pattern of an inverted triangle on the dorsum that differs from the holotype pattern seen in Fig. 4A.

FIG. 10 in A New Bromeligenous Species of Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Amphibia: Anura: Hemiphractidae) from High Elevations in the Serra Dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

FIG. 10.—Geographic distribution of the species of Fritziana in Brazil (upper-left inset). Fritziana aff. fissilis sp. 1 sensu Franz and de Mello (2015), and F. aff. fissilis sp. 2 sensu Castroviejo-Fisher et al. (2015).

FIGURE 23. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 23. a. Habitat of Zambezia jennyhuntae: The nearly evenly aged structure of the tree layer in a drier type of open miombo woodland dominated by Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin (Caesalpiniaceae) and Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. (Caesalpiniaceae) close to Marondera (Zimbabwe) is due to anthropogenic activity since 1929. The young stand in the image is the result of protection of the miombo since the late 1960s. Photo by Rhett Butler (Harare), October 2015. b. Habitat of Zambezia durrellbarnesi: View from the summit of the Bvumba Mountains taken from Castle Beacon (1.911 m) in May 1969 by the late botanist Darrel Plowes (Mutare, Zimbabwe). Beyond the flowering Aloe arborescens Mill. (Aloaceae) (right) is the Burma Valley below and on the southeast side, the high hill in the middle distance is Leopard Rock, a so called "granite bornhardt". Where the high Bvumba ground drops sharply down into the Burma Valley (730–880 m, both part of the post-African surface developing since 30–25 Ma) in the right centre of the picture, the Witchwood Valley forest or Bungu Forest, begins. The forests seen towards the Burma Valley and Leopard Rock are mixed submontane forests with the highest tree species diversity recorded for Zimbabwe (Müller 2006). Within a few kilometers an older erosion surface (possibly African Surface) may be preserved on Castle Beacon (Lister 1987; Andy Moore pers. com. to I.L. in 2016). The row of hills in the background forms the border with Mozambique and still belongs geomorphologically to the Bvumba Mountains.

FIGURE 17. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 17. a. Lukeniana utaheidenreichae, holotype, male, Mozambique, Manica Province, Barr De Chikamba Real; b. L. georgeadamsoni, holotype, male, Kenya, Eastern Province, Game Ranch of Dr. David Hopcraft, 1.5 km west from the Lukenia Hills; c. L. mikerobertsi, holotype, male, Kenya, County Laikipia, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch and Wildlife Conservancy, "Kambi ya Simba"; d. L. andreashempi, holotype, male, Tanzania, Arusha Region, Mount Meru; e. L. kakamegaensis, holotype, male, Kenya, Western Province, Kakamega; f. L. jankiellandi, holotype, male, Tanzania, Katavi Region, Luega village.

FIGURE 14. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 14. a. Lukeniana bergsteni, paratype, male, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Region, Mount Kilimanjaro, Kibonoto; b. L. carolae, holotype, male, Malawi, Central Region, Mount Ntchisi, Ntchisi Forest Reserve; c. L. stevecollinsi, holotype, male, Malawi, Northern Region, Nyika Plateau, Nyika National Park, near Thazima Gate; d. L. butleri, paratype, male, Zimbabwe, Harare Province, Harare, "Fawlty Towers"; e. L. kollhorsti, holotype, male, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Busi Farm; f. Zambezia diredaouaensis, holotype, male, Ethiopia, Harar Plateau, Dire Daua, today: chartered city of Dire Dawa.

FIGURE 12. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 12. a. Lukeniana mzuzuensis, holotype, male, Malawi, Northern Region, Mzuzu, Nkhorongo; b. L. mbalaensis, holotype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, Mbala; c. L. robplowesi, holotype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, Mbala; d. L. hausmanni, paratype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, 23 km southeast Mbala; e. L. lenzi, paratype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, Mutinondo Wilderness Area; f. L. stueningi, holotype, male, Zambia, Muchinga Province, Nyika National Park, Manyenjere Forest.

FIGURE 25 a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 25 a. Habitat of Zambezia durrellbarnesi: The Witchwood Valley southeast of Leopard Rock (the high hill on the right). The picture shows drier mixed submontane forest dominated by woody leguminous trees such as Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm. and Albizia schimperiana Oliv. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) (the light grey trees with rather flat crowns in the centre of the foreground). The row of hills in the background are part of the Bvumba Mountains and are located south of Mutare. The picture was taken in April 2006 by Jürgen Lenz (Harare). b. Habitat of Zambezia darrelplowesi: A patch of vegetation older than 40 years at the Kopje House in Mutare still occurs on the steeper rocky area (schist) with Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin (Caesalpiniaceae) in the foreground (right) and a large Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae) mixed with smaller Combretum molle R.Br. (Combretaceae), Ziziphus mucronata Willd. (Rhamnaceae) and Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. (Apocynaceae) in the background. Photo by the late Darrel Plowes (Mutare), November 2015.

FIGURE 11. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 11. a. Zambezia madambae, holotype, male, Botswana, Chobe District Council, Kasane, Chobe River, Chobe Rapids; b. Z. jennyhuntae, holotype, male, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Mutare (formerly Umtali); c. Metarbelodes umtaliana, holotype, male, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Old Umtali or Umtali (today Mutare); d1. Lukeniana mzuzuensis, paratype, female, Malawi, Northern Region, Mzuzu, Nkho-rongo, female genitalia with ductus bursae and corpus bursae, both thinly membranous and without any structures; d2. Detail of female genitalia of L. mzuzuensis, paratype, with narrow bandson lateroventral surface of segment 8 (cf. red arrows); e. L. obliqualinea, holotype, male, Kenya, County Nairobi, Nairobi (picture taken by Kim Buckmaster, NHMUK, London (picture taken in 1996)..

FIGURE 10 in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 10. An intact CuP vein on the forewing is a plesiomorphy (cf. Fig. 9) and occurs only in basal Metarbelidae in northeastern parts of the Republic of South Africa, mainly on the Southern African Plateau, and on the plateau area of Mount Mulanje, only 90 km to the North of the Zambezi River (Lehmann 2019b). Figured are examples of apomorphies in regard to the CuP on forewing (red arrows): a. CuP absent, CuP fold is weak but not continuous in Lukeniana michaelgrzimeki, female, paratype; b. The CuP fold is almost entirely absent in L. rajaeii, male, paratype; c. Zambezia darrelplowesi, female, holotype and d. Z. madambae, male, paratype, both have a strong CuP fold, continuous and partly sclerotized. Images were taken by Dr. Hossein Rajaei (SMNS) in November 2015.

FIGURE 15 in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 15. Examples of male genitalia in lateral view: a. Zambezia madambae, paratype, with extremely small thorn-like process and small weakly-sclerotized projection (red arrows); b. Lukeniana timdavenporti, paratype, with strongly bent ventral edge of valva and well developed thorn-like process (red arrows); c. L. bergsteni, paratype, without strongly bent ventral edge of valva and two thorn-like processes (red arrows); d. L. butleri, paratype, with many long setae on valva that appear to be black in colour and one thorn-like process (red arrows).

FIGURE 20. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 20. a. Habitat of Lukeniana enaiposha with Rothschild's Giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi Lydekker (1903) graze in a woodland site at 1.786 m elevation within Lake Nakuru National Park (Kenya) ca. 1 km south of the lake dominated by tall (> 15 m) and young trees of Acacia xanthophloea Benth. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) mixed with shrubs of Rhus natalensis Bernh. (Anacardiaceae) (right) and Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae) (foreground). Picture taken by Shimoni Lehmann in March 2016. b. Between 1600 and 2000 m Lower montane Cassipourea forest sensu Hemp (2006b) covers the slopes of Mount Meru (4.566 m). The picture shows an undisturbed forest of this type comprising trees of Ficus thonningii Blume (Moraceae), Olea capensis L. (Oleaceae) and Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. (Meliaceae) with smaller trees of Vepris simplicifolia (Verd.) Mziray (Rutaceae) and Casearia battiscombei R.E. Fries (Flacourtiaceae). Ferns are present on the ground indicating a wetter site with species of Pteris dentata Forssk. (Pteridaceae) and Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm. f.) Bech. (Aspleniaceae). Note that Lukeniana timdavenporti occurs in a similar habitat on Mount Elgon (Kenya/Uganda), but is not closely related to L. andreashempi and L. michaelgrzimeki, that both occur on Mount Meru. Picture by Dr. Andreas Hemp. c. Habitat of Lukeniana mzuzuensis: wetter, ca. 50 years old Zambezian miombo woodland sensu White (1983) at Nkhorongo (Malawi) with diverse structure, high species diversity, e.g. leguminous trees. The treelet with broad leaves in the bottom right corner is Uapaca nitida Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae); in the centre left is U. kirkiana Müll. Arg.; background trees are Brachystegia utilis Burtt Davy & Hutch., B. floribunda Benth., B. spiciformis Benth. (Fabaceae: Caesalpiniaceae), Uapaca sansibarica Pax., Julbernardia paniculata (Benth.) Troupin (Caesalpiniaceae), Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. (Papilionaceae). In the top right centre is Cussonia arborea Hochst. (Araliaceae) with light green leaves. Picture by Raymond Murphy (Nkhorongo), May 2016. d. Road ca. 23 km southeast Mbala (Zambia), close to the habitat of Lukeniana hausmanni, on the Southern African Plateau with northern wet miombo sensu Chidumayo (1997); Brachystegia-Isoberlinia-Julbernardia association mixed with Albizia antunesiana Harms (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae). Picture by Jürgen Lenz (Leipzig), October 2009.

FIGURE 13. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 13. a. Lukeniana enaiposha, holotype, male, Kenya, Rift Valley Province, near Lake Naivasha; b. L. obliqualinea, male, Kenya, County Nairobi, Nairobi; c. L. raymondrevellii, holotype, male, Namibia, Otjozondjupa Region, Ozombanda; d. L. rajaeii, paratype, male, Ethiopia, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples'Region, Gidole; e. L. tubiraensis, holotype, male, Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Tubira Forest; f. L. lutztoepferi, holotype, male, Kenya, County Nairobi, Ololua Forest.