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Figure 5. Male palp. A, B in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 5. Male palp. A, B, Baviola braueri (MZT). A, ventral view. B, retrolateral view. C, D, B. luteosignata (MRAC 150.962). C, ventral view. D, retrolateral view. E, F. B. vanmoli (MRAC 150.964). E, ventral view. F, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Figure 36 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 36. SEM, Philates zschokkei sp. nov. (RMNH). A, male palp, retrolateral view. B, detail of the rta, retrolateral view. C, ec and embolus, retrolateral view. D, pseudo-conductor. E, setae on the apex of cy, retrolateral view. F, detail of E. Scale bars = 5 Mm (F); 10 Mm (D); 30 Mm (B, C, E); 100 Mm (A).

Figure 16 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 16. Colaxes horton sp. nov. (MHNG). Female from Horton Plains, Sri Lanka. A, habitus, dorsal view. B, epigynum, ventral view. C, vulva, ventral view. D, same, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (B–D); 2.0 mm (A).

Figures 2, 3 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figures 2, 3. Parsimony reconstruction of morphological modifications that confirm structural resemblance to ants. The most parsimonious tree, as shown in Fig. 1, is presented. Fig. 2, reconstruction of the evolution of white patches on sides of opisthosoma. Fig. 3, reconstruction of the evolution of the prosomal protuberance, see text for details.

Figure 1 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 1. Preferred most parsimonious tree of Ballinae genera based on successive character weighting (length = 34 steps, CI = 0.84, RI = 0.90). Character state changes are mapped using Farris optimization. Bold numbers indicate unambiguous character changes.

Figure 35 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 35. Philates zschokkei sp. nov. (RMNH). Female genitalia. A–C, ventral view. D-F, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 11 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 11. Colaxes nitidiventris (MNHN 18919). A, habitus, dorsal view. B, right male palp, retrolateral view. C, same, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (B, C); 2.0 mm (A).

Figure 39 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 39. Indomarengo sarawakensis sp. nov., from Sarawak, Malaysia (RMNH). Female genitalia. A, epigynum, ventral view. B, vulva, ventral view. C, same, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Figure 33 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 33. Philates zschokkei sp. nov. (RMNH). A, male, dorsal view. B, female, dorsal view. Scale bar = 2.0 mm.

Figure 32 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 32. Philates grammicus (MNHN 205563/2: 3). Female genitalia. A–C, ventral view. D, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Figure 7 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 7. ESEM, Baviola braueri (MZT). A, B, right male palp, retrolateral view. C, setae of the cymbium apex. D, E, tibia of left leg I, lateral view. F, G, prosoma, frontal section, dorsal view. Scale bars = 5 Mm (C); 10 Mm (E, G); 30 Mm (B); 50 Mm (A, D); 100 Mm (F).

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Testing the chilling: Before drought-tolerance hypothesis in Pooideae grasses

Temperate Pooideae are a large clade of economically important grasses distributed in some of the Earth's coldest and driest terrestrial environments. Previous studies have inferred that Pooideae diversified from their tropical ancestors in a cold montane habitat, suggesting that above-freezing cold (chilling) tolerance evolved early in the subfamily. By contrast, drought tolerance is hypothesized to have evolved multiple times independently in response to global aridification that occurred after the split of Pooideae tribes. To independently test predictions of the chilling before-drought hypothesis in Pooideae, we assessed the conservation of whole plant and gene expression traits in response to chilling versus drought. We demonstrated that both trait responses are more similar across tribes in cold as compared to drought, suggesting that chilling responses evolved before, and drought responses after, tribe diversification. Moreover, we found significantly more overlap between drought and chilling-responsive genes within a species than between drought-responsive genes across species, providing evidence that chilling tolerance genes acted as precursors for the novel acquisition of increased drought tolerance multiple times independently, partially through the cooption of chilling responsive genes.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

The adaptive significance of off-lek sociality in birds: A synthetic review, with evidence for the reproductive benefits hypothesis in Long-wattled umbrellabirds

Anecdotal evidence suggests that lekking birds exhibit considerable variation in form and degree of sociality away from the lek, yet this phenomenon has received very little theoretical or empirical research attention. Here, we provide the first synthetic literature review of off-lek sociality in birds and develop a conceptual framework for the potential adaptive function of off-lek sociality across lekking taxa. We then present a case study of the Long-wattled Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus penduliger), where we find support for the hypothesis that off-lek sociality is primarily driven by male reproductive incentives for coordinating lek attendance during the breeding season. During periods of high lekking activity, male umbrellabirds depart the lek in highly coordinated groups and maintain larger off-lek social groups relative to periods of low lekking activity. These seasonal differences in off-lek sociality do not occur in females, are not explained by patterns of foraging behavior, and are expected to confer individual-level benefits for participating males. Both the literature review and empirical study of umbrellabirds suggest that off-lek interactions and behavioral strategies may shape sexual selection processes at leks in important ways. Further research into this historically understudied area of lekking species' behavioral ecology will likely deepen our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of lek mating.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

Assessment of the acoustic adaptation hypothesis in frogs using large-scale citizen science data

This is the data required to reproduce the results of the manuscript "Assessment of the acoustic adaptation hypothesis in frogs using large-scale citizen science data", including measurements of tree canopy cover extracted from the Global Forest Cover Change dataset (Townshend 2016).   Reference Gillard, G. L. & Rowley, J. J. L. (2023). Assessment of the acoustic adaptation hypothesis in frogs using large-scale citizen science data. Journal of Zoology. [In publication].   Global Forest Cover Change Dataset Townshend J. 2016. Global Forest Cover Change (GFCC) Tree Cover Multi-Year Global 30 m V003 [Data set]. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. Accessed June 22, 2022. doi:10.5067/MEaSUREs/GFCC/GFCC30TC.003.Townshend J. 2016. Global Forest Cover Change (GFCC) Tree Cover Multi-Year Global 30 m V003 [Data set]. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. Accessed June 22, 2022. doi:10.5067/MEaSUREs/GFCC/GFCC30TC.003.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Implications of headwater contact zones for the riverine barrier hypothesis: a case study of the Blue-capped Manakin (Lepidothrix coronata)

Rivers frequently delimit the geographic ranges of species in the Amazon Basin. These rivers also define the boundaries between genetic clusters within many species, yet river boundaries have been documented to break down in headwater regions where rivers are narrower. To explore the evolutionary implications of headwater contact zones in Amazonia, we examined genetic variation in the Blue-capped Manakin (Lepidothrix coronata), a species previously shown to contain several genetically and phenotypically distinct populations across the western Amazon Basin. We collected restriction site-associated DNA sequence data (RADcap) for 706 individuals and found that spatial patterns of genetic structure indicate rivers, particularly the Amazon and Ucayali, are major dispersal barriers for L. coronata along a distance of more than 3000 km. We also found evidence that genetic connectivity is elevated across several headwater regions, highlighting the importance of headwater gene flow for models of Amazonian diversification. The headwaters of the Ucayali River provide a notable exception to findings of headwater gene flow by harboring non-admixed populations of L. coronata on opposite sides of a <1 km-wide river channel with a known dynamic history, potentially suggesting that additional prezygotic barriers are limiting gene flow in this region.