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Figure 4 in Towards completing the crocodile newts' puzzle with all-inclusive phylogeographic resources

Figure 4. Evolution in isolation-by-distance in crocodile newts, as shown by ND2 sequence divergence vs. average geographic distances between analysed lineages.

Figure 3 in Towards completing the crocodile newts' puzzle with all-inclusive phylogeographic resources

Figure 3. Phylogeography of crocodile newts part II: subgenus Yaotriton. The phylogenetic position and geographic distribution of each lineage is detailed by coloured symbols on the tree and the corresponding maps. Type localities of described taxa are indicated by stars.

Figure 7 in Towards completing the crocodile newts' puzzle with all-inclusive phylogeographic resources

Figure 7. Simultaneous diversification (splitting events) through time in crocodile newts (blue bars) and the similarly surveyed South-East/East Asian tree frog genus Zhangixalus (green bars; Dufresnes et al., 2022), overlaid by Earth temperature (red curve). The latter is shown as the difference with the average temperature over the 1960–90 period, combining the datasets from Zachos et al. (2008), Hansen et al. (2013) and Lisiecki & Raymo (2005). In both amphibians, ancestral clades diverged in the Early Miocene and probably expanded throughout Asia during the Miocene climatic optimum; extant clades and species then appeared as the climate progressively cooled down and the South-East Asian monsoon strengthened in the Late Miocene onwards, and recently accelerated during the Pleistocene Quaternary glaciations. Photos: E. maxiquadratus (credit: AH) and Z. chenfui (credit: S. N. Litvinchuk).

Figure 8 in Towards completing the crocodile newts' puzzle with all-inclusive phylogeographic resources

Figure 8. Portrays of subgenera Sinotriton subgen. nov. and Echinotriton. Notice the shape of the vertebral ridge (segmented in Sinotriton vs. smooth in Echinotriton) and the fifth toe (normally developed in Sinotriton vs. rudimentary in Echinotriton). Photos: E. chinhaiensis, E. maxiquadratus (credits: AH); E. andersoni, E. raffaellii (credits: J. Nerz).

Figure 6 in Inclusion of Ihlenfeldtia and Odontophorus in Cheiridopsis (Ruschioideae: Aizoaceae) and insights into generic and subgeneric circumscription in the Conophytum clade

Figure 6. Number of species per quarter degree square (QDS) (Leistner & Morris, 1976) and distribution of Cheiridopsis s.l. and subgenera (as treated in the taxonomic treatment) in the Greater Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. (A) Distribution and number of species per QDS for Cheiridopsis s.l.; (B) distribution and number of species per QDS in subgenus Cheiridopsis; (C) distribution and number of species per QDS in subgenus Odontophoroides (including species of previously recognized Odontophorus); (D) distribution and number of species per QDS in subgenus Aequifoliae (including species of previously recognized Ihlenfeldtia).

Figure 5 in Inclusion of Ihlenfeldtia and Odontophorus in Cheiridopsis (Ruschioideae: Aizoaceae) and insights into generic and subgeneric circumscription in the Conophytum clade

Figure 5. Character reconstruction of pedicel position and shape of capsule top in the Conophytum clade on the majorityrule consensus tree from the Bayesian inference analysis. (A) pedicel position (Character 5; Appendices 4 and 5), reconstructed in two steps coded as erect or decumbent (Fig. 7E–G); (B) the shape of the capsule top (Character 6; Appendices 4 and 5), reconstructed in one step, coded as convex to rounded (Fig. 7E, G) or flat (to centrally elevated) (Fig. 7G).

Figure 2 in Inclusion of Ihlenfeldtia and Odontophorus in Cheiridopsis (Ruschioideae: Aizoaceae) and insights into generic and subgeneric circumscription in the Conophytum clade

Figure 2. Transverse sections through the leaves of taxa in the Conophytum clade illustrating characters of taxonomic importance. (A) Epidermal cells forming blunt papillae in Cheiridopsis caroli-schmidtii; (B) epidermal cells forming trichomes in Cheiridopsis verrucosa; (C) trichomes in Ihlenfeldtia vanzylii; (D) glabrous epidermis of: (D) Namaquanthus vanheerdei, (E) Enarganthe octonaria, (F) Jensenobotrya lossowiana, (G) stomata in depression, not sunken or hidden in Cheiridopsis robusta; (H) stomata in depression, sunken and hidden by parastomal cell in Cheiridopsis acuminata; (I) sunken stomata in Odontophorus angustifolius. Vouchers: (A) Powell 105 (NBG); (B) Powell 99 (NBG); (C) KBG222/98 (KBG); (D) van Jaarsveld 2475 (NBG); (E) Powell 45 (NBG); (F) SUG 12618 (NBG); (G) Powell 66 (NBG); (H) Powell 68 (NBG); (I) EVJ 106/87 (NBG). Scale: A–F = 200 µm; G–I = 50 µm.

Figure 1 in Inclusion of Ihlenfeldtia and Odontophorus in Cheiridopsis (Ruschioideae: Aizoaceae) and insights into generic and subgeneric circumscription in the Conophytum clade

Figure 1. Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis of six plastid markers, indicating phylogenetic relationships in the Conophytum clade. Posterior probability values>0.5 are indicated above the branches. Jackknife support values and bootstrap supports>5%, from the maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses, are indicated below the branches. Brackets indicate the placement of taxa and clades discussed, with embedded genera indicated in bold.

Figure 8 in Inclusion of Ihlenfeldtia and Odontophorus in Cheiridopsis (Ruschioideae: Aizoaceae) and insights into generic and subgeneric circumscription in the Conophytum clade

Figure 8. Leaf and floral characters of Cheiridopsis and Conophytum. (A) New leaves of Conophytum wettsteinii breaking out of their papery sheath, with a magenta flower; (B) partial sheath enclosing the emerging leaf pair, with a magenta flower, in Cheiridopsis glomerata; (C) leaves of Cheiridopsis meyeri completely enclosed by a white papery sheath during the dormant period, indicated by the arrow; (D) leaves of Conophytum uviforme completely enclosed in a sheath during the dormant period, indicated by the arrow; (E) Cheiridopsis purpurea with the partial sheath, common to many Cheiridopsis spp. which only encloses part of the leaves during the dormant period; (F) Cheiridopsis aspera with the prominent rough leaf surface often found in subgenus Odontophoroides.

Figure 7 in Inclusion of Ihlenfeldtia and Odontophorus in Cheiridopsis (Ruschioideae: Aizoaceae) and insights into generic and subgeneric circumscription in the Conophytum clade

Figure 7. Capsules in Conophytum and Cheiridopsis. (A) Closed simple capsule of Conophytum wettsteinii; (B) open simple capsule of C. wettsteinii showing the absence of covering membranes and closing bodies; (C) closed multilocular capsule of Cheiridopsis denticulata; (D) open capsule of C. denticulata showing the complex internal structures, i.e. covering membranes (cm) and closing bodies (cb), indicated by the white arrows; (E) decumbent capsules of Cheiridopsis subgenus Cheiridopsis, in Cheiridopsis namaquensis; (F) erect capsule of C. denticulata with flat to centrally elevated tops as in Cheiridopsis subgenus Aequifoliae; (G) Cheiridopsis pilosula illustrating the erect capsule with rounded tops, typical of Cheiridopsis subgenus Odontophoroides.

Figure 4 in Inclusion of Ihlenfeldtia and Odontophorus in Cheiridopsis (Ruschioideae: Aizoaceae) and insights into generic and subgeneric circumscription in the Conophytum clade

Figure 4. Character reconstruction of sheathing type and capsule type on the majority-rule consensus tree from the Bayesian inference analysis. (A) Sheathing genera and sheath type (partial and complete) (Character 1; Appendices 4 and 5) in the Conophytum clade reconstructed in five steps, a complete sheath refers to species where the sheath fully encloses the emerging pair during the dormant period (Fig. 8C, D) and a partial sheath only encloses part of the emerging leaf pair during dormancy (Fig. 8B, E); (B) capsule type (simple and complex) (Character 2; Appendices 4 and 5) in the Conophytum clade reconstructed in three steps, simple capsules do not include internal structures such as covering membranes or closing bodies (Fig. 7B), whereas complex capsules include covering membranes and usually closing bodies (Fig. 7D).

Figure 3 in Inclusion of Ihlenfeldtia and Odontophorus in Cheiridopsis (Ruschioideae: Aizoaceae) and insights into generic and subgeneric circumscription in the Conophytum clade

Figure 3. Character reconstruction of papillae presence and type and form of stomatal protection on the majority-rule consensus tree from the Bayesian inference analysis. (A) Papillae type (Character 3; Appendices 4 and 5) in taxa of the Conophytum clade reconstructed in eight steps; (B) form of stomatal protection (Character 4; Appendices 4 and 5) of taxa in the Conophytum clade reconstructed in seven steps, Form I (defined by Ihlenfeldt & Hartmann, 1982) refers to stomata that are positioned in depressions (Fig. 2G), whereas Form II stomata are sunken and hidden by parastomal cells (Fig. 2H, I).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

Financial Inclusion

The dataset is on Financial Inclusion of women in slums.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

The Digital Archive as an Inclusive Tool for Knowledge Construction through Design Practices_List of Case studies

Title of the paper: "The Digital Archive as an Inclusive Tool for Knowledge Construction through Design Practices" List of Case studies

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Data for: Lack of intergenerational reproductive conflict, rather than lack of inclusive fitness benefits, likely explains absence of post-reproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales

Life history theory suggests that individuals should reproduce until death, yet females of a small number of mammals live for a significant period after ceasing reproduction, a phenomenon known as post-reproductive lifespan. It is thought that the evolution of this trait is facilitated by increasing local relatedness throughout a female's lifetime. This allows older females to gain inclusive fitness through helping their offspring (known as a mother effect) and/or grandoffspring (known as a grandmother effect), rather than gaining direct fitness through reproducing. However, older females may only benefit from stopping reproducing when their direct offspring compete with those of their daughters. Here, we investigate whether a lack of post-reproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) results from minimal benefits incurred from the presence of older females, or from a lack of costs resulting from mother-daughter co-reproduction. Using microsatellite data, we conducted parentage analysis on individuals from 25 pods and find that younger females were more likely to have offspring if their mother was present in their pod, indicating that mothers may assist inexperienced daughters to reproduce. However, we found no evidence of reproductive conflict between co-reproducing mothers and daughters, indicating that females may be able to reproduce into old age whilst simultaneously aiding their daughters in reproduction. This highlights the importance of reproductive conflict in the evolution of a post-reproductive lifespan and demonstrates that mother and grandmother effects alone do not result in the evolution of a post-reproductive lifespan.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2020View details →

Data to D3.1 - Policy design for the transition to circular economy –assessing the inclusion of water and territory in national action plans

This policy paper is part of Project Ô −Demonstration of planning and technology tools for a circular, integrated, and symbiotic use of water, and of WP3 dedicated to the Integrated water management, planning and CE. Itassesses the integration of water and landrelated issues in national CEaction plans of a set of European Union (EU)member states. So far, only two countries associated to the Project Ô demo-sites have a CEaction plan, namely Spain and Italy. This paper also covers a set ofother EU countries enlarging the scope of the analysis.Itis structured into four sections. Section 1 describes the problem and challenges. Section 2 identifies the European policy approach for CEand questions how water and landrelated issues are considered. Section 3 assesses how these concerns have been taken into account in a large set of EU member states CEaction plans. Section 4 suggests a set of policy recommendations for policy design of CEplans regarding water and landrelated issues.