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544 results for “life-history”
Life-history responses of a freshwater rotifer to copper pollution
<p class="normal">In organisms with dormant stages, life-history responses to past pollution can be studied retrospectively. Here, we study such responses in a rotifer (<i>Brachionus calyciflorus</i>) from the once heavily copper-polluted Lake Orta (Italy). We extracted resting eggs from sediments, established clonal lineages from hatchlings, and exposed newborns of these lineages to one of three copper concentrations that each mimicked a specific period in the lake's pollution history. For each rotifer, we daily collected life-table data. We then estimated treatment-specific vital rates and used a stage-structured population model to project population growth rate <i>λ</i>. We also estimated elasticities of <i>λ</i> to vital rates and contributions of vital rates to observed Δ<i>λ</i> between copper treatments. As expected, <i>λ</i> decreased with increasing copper concentration. This decrease resulted mostly from a decline in juvenile survival rate (<i>S<sub>J</sub></i>) and partly from a decline in the survival rate of asexually reproducing females (<i>S<sub>A</sub></i>). Maturation rate, and with one exception fecundity, also declined but did not contribute consistently to Δ<i>λ</i>. <i>λ</i> was most elastic to <i>S<sub>J</sub></i> and <i>S<sub>A</sub></i>, indicating that survival rates were under stronger selection than maturation rate and fecundity. Together, our results indicate that variation in juvenile survival is a key component in the rotifers' copper response. The consistent decrease in <i>S<sub>J</sub></i> with increasing copper stress and the sensitivity of <i>λ</i> to that decrease also suggest that juvenile survival is a useful indicator of population performance under environmental pollution.</p>
The elephant in the family: Costs and benefits of elder siblings on younger offspring life-history trajectory in a matrilineal mammal
<p>1. Many mammals grow up with siblings, and interactions between them can influence offspring phenotype and fitness. Among these interactions, sibling competition between different-age offspring should lead to reproductive and survival costs on the younger sibling, while sibling cooperation should improve younger sibling's reproductive potential and survival. However, little is known about the consequences of sibling effects on younger offspring life history trajectory, especially in long-lived mammals.</p> <p>2. We take advantage of a large, multigenerational demographic dataset from semi-captive Asian elephants to investigate how the presence and sex of elder siblings influence the sex, survival until five years old, body condition, reproductive success (i.e. age at first reproduction and lifetime reproductive success), and long-term survival of subsequent offspring.</p> <p>3. We find that elder siblings have heterogenous effects on subsequent offspring life-history traits depending on their presence, their sex, and the sex of the subsequent offspring (named focal calf).</p> <p>4. Overall, the presence of an elder sibling (either sex) strongly increased focal calf long-term survival (either sex) compared to sibling absence. However, elder sisters had higher impact on the focal sibling than elder brothers. Focal females born after a female display higher long-term survival, and decreased age at first reproduction when raised together with an elder sister rather than a brother. Focal males born after a female rather than a male showed lower survival but higher body weight when both were raised together. We did not detect any sibling effects on the sex of the focal calf sex, survival until five years old and lifetime reproductive success.</p> <p>5. Our results highlight the general complexity of sibling effects, but broadly that elder siblings can influence the life-history trajectory of subsequent offspring. We also stress the importance of considering all life stages when evaluating sibling effects on life trajectories. 22-Jul-2021 --</p>
Figure A1 in Life-history traits of a common Caribbean coral-excavating sponge, Cliona tenuis (Porifera: Hadromerida)
Figure A1. Daily growth rate (linear extension) of Cliona tenuis during the three observational periods described in this manuscript and under constant competition with Lobophora variegata, Dictyota pulchella, coral, and short and long turf algae (more details of the methodology are explained in the methods section of this manuscript and in González-Rivero et al. 2012). Error bars depict standard error.
Figure 8 in Life-history traits of a common Caribbean coral-excavating sponge, Cliona tenuis (Porifera: Hadromerida)
Figure 8. Size structure of Cliona tenuis populations at: (A) Long Caye Wall and (B) Middle Caye Wall.
Figure 7 in Life-history traits of a common Caribbean coral-excavating sponge, Cliona tenuis (Porifera: Hadromerida)
Figure 7. Temporal variation in recruitment (individuals.plot−1) among periods of evaluation and between study sites. Vertical bars depict standard error.
Figure 5 in Life-history traits of a common Caribbean coral-excavating sponge, Cliona tenuis (Porifera: Hadromerida)
Figure 5. Linear growth of Cliona tenuis measured during the studied period. The timeline is represented as ordinal dates in days of the year. Data points out of the 5th and 95th confidence intervals (bars) are represented by dots, and box indicates the interquartile range. The solid line inside the box represents the median, whereas the dotted line represents the mean.
Figure 3 in Life-history traits of a common Caribbean coral-excavating sponge, Cliona tenuis (Porifera: Hadromerida)
Figure 3. Female reproductive elements in Cliona tenuis. (A) Immature oocyte in April 2009; (B) sparse distribution of immature oocytes in the tissue; (C) mature oocyte showing a distinctive nucleolus and nucleus, and the absence of nurse cells; (D) oocyte distribution and abundance in February 2009.
Figure 1 in Life-history traits of a common Caribbean coral-excavating sponge, Cliona tenuis (Porifera: Hadromerida)
Figure 1. Temporal variation of attributes describing the reproductive cycle in Cliona tenuis. (A) Proportion of reproductive sponges (bars) and the total number of individuals sampled (circles); (B) mean propagule size over time; the circles show the number of propagules measured; (C) density of propagules over time. Error bars depict standard error.
Figure 9 in Life-history traits of a common Caribbean coral-excavating sponge, Cliona tenuis (Porifera: Hadromerida)
Figure 9. Seasonal change in sea surface temperature (SST) at the study site over time (ordinal date in days of the year): average temperature over 24 years (grey band) and during the 2009 study year (filled dots). Source: AVHRR pathfinder, NOAA.
Ageing as early-life inertia: disentangling life-history trade-offs along a lifetime of an individual
<p>The theory that ageing evolves because of competitive resource allocation between the soma and the germline has been challenged by studies showing that somatic maintenance can be improved without impairing reproduction. However, it has been suggested that cost-free improvement in somatic maintenance is possible only under a narrow range of benign conditions. Here we show that experimental downregulation of insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) in C. elegans nematodes, a robustly reproducible lifespan and healthspan-extending treatment, reduces fitness in a complex variable environment when initiated during development but does not reduce fitness when initiated in adulthood. Thus, our results show that the costs and benefits of reduced IIS can be uncoupled when organisms inhabit variable environments, and, therefore, do not provide support for the resource allocation theory. Our findings support the theory that the force of natural selection on gene expression in evolutionarily conserved signalling pathways that shape life-history traits declines after the onset of reproduction resulting in organismal senescence.</p>
Greater Prairie-chicken data used in "Responses to land cover and grassland management vary across life-history stages for a grassland specialist"
<p>Grassland birds have exhibited dramatic and widespread declines since the mid-20th century. Greater Prairie-Chickens (<i>Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus</i>) are considered an umbrella species for grassland conservation and are frequent targets of management, but their responses to land use and management can be quite variable. We used data collected during 2007-2009 and 2014-2015 to investigate effects of land use and grassland management practices on habitat selection and survival rates of Greater Prairie-Chickens in central Wisconsin, USA. We examined habitat, nest-site, and brood-rearing site selection by hens and modeled effects of land cover and management on survival rates of hens, nests, and broods. Prairie-chickens consistently selected grassland over other cover types, but selection or avoidance of management practices varied among life-history stages. Hen, nest, and brood survival rates were influenced by different land cover types and management practices. At the landscape scale, hens selected areas where brush and trees had been removed during the previous year, which increased hen survival. Hens selected nest sites in hay fields and brood-rearing sites in burned areas, but prescribed fire had a negative influence on hen survival. Brood survival rates were positively associated with grazing and were highest when home ranges contained ≈15-20% shrub/tree cover. The effects of landscape composition on nest survival were ambiguous. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of evaluating responses to management efforts across a range of life history stages, and suggest that a variety of management practices are likely necessary to provide structurally heterogeneous, high-quality habitat for Greater Prairie-Chickens. Brush and tree removal, grazing, hay cultivation, and prescribed fire may be especially beneficial for prairie-chickens in central Wisconsin, but trade-offs among life-history stages and the timing of management practices must be considered carefully.</p>
Figure 9 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 9. Schematic depictions of the squamation development of Mugil cephalus. A, L6: 7.2 mm standard length (SL), 25 days post-hatching (dph). B, L6: 7.4 mm SL, 25 dph. C, J1: 9.5 mm SL, 31 dph. D, J1: 9.6 mm SL, 31 dph. E, J2: 9.8 mm SL, 40 dph. White, no scales; light grey, area of newly developed scales; dark grey, area of differentiated scales.
Figure 7 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 7. Drawings of development stages of the pelvic girdle in Mugil cephalus larvae. A, L5: 5.2 mm standard length (SL; DMM IE/16314). B, L6: 7.2 mm SL, 25 dph, C, L6: 7.4 mm SL, 25 dph. D, L6: 8.6 mm SL (DMM IE/16314). Blue, cartilage; pink, bone; light pink, membranous bone. Abbreviations: abp, anterior basipterygial process; ba, basipterygial arm; bp, basipterygial plate; ew, external wing; iw, internal wing; pbp, posterior basipterygial plate; pcv, ventral postcleithrum. Scale bars: 200 µm.
Figure 5 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 5. Drawings of development stages of the caudal fin in Mugil cephalus larvae. A, L2: 3.2 mm notochord length (NL), 14 days post-hatching (dph). B, L3: 3.9 mm standard length (SL), 15 dph. C, L4: 4.4 mm SL, 19 dph. D, L4: 4.5 mm SL, 21 dph. E, L4: 4.6 mm SL, 19 dph. F, L5: 5.3 mm SL, 19 dph. G, L6: 7.2 mm SL, 25 dph. H, L6: 6.5 mm SL, 31 dph. Blue, cartilage; pink, bone; transparent pink, ossifying cartilage; light grey, notochord. Abbreviations: ahs, autogenous haemal spine; ans, autogenous neural spine; cc, compound centrum; eu, epural; hyp, hypural; ihc, interhaemal spine cartilage; lhp, lower hypural plate; ph, parhypural; uc, ural centrum; uhp, upper hypural plate; ur, uroneural. Scale bars: 200 µm.
Figure 3 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the development of the axial skeleton (lateral view) of Mugil cephalus. A, L1: 3.1 mm notochord length (NL), 10 days post-hatching (dph). B, L2: 3.2 mm NL, 14 dph. C, L3: 3.7 mm NL, 14 dph. D, L3: 3.6 mm NL, 18 dph. E, L4: 4.4 mm standard length (SL), 19 dph. F, L6: 7.2 mm SL, 25 dph. Blue, cartilage; pink, bone; light grey, notochord. Abbreviations: af, anal fin; ahs, autogenous haemal spine; ans, autogenous neural spine; ap, anal fin pterygiophore; cc, compound centrum; d1p, first dorsal pterygiophore; d2p, second dorsal pterygiophore; df2, second dorsal fin; ep, epipleural; eu, epural; ha, haemal arch; hyp, hypural; ip, interdorsal pterygiophore; na, neural arch; pa, parapophysis; ph, parhypural; ri, rib; sn, supraneural; uc, ural centrum; ur, uroneural; vc, vertebral column.
Figure 2 in Postcranial skeletal development of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugiliformes): morphological and life-history implications for Mugiliformes
Figure 2. Schematic illustration of the sequence of first appearance and development of skeletal elements in Mugil cephalus. Ossification of cartilaginous precursors is shown by the first appearance of bone. The end of the bar indicates the end of isometric growth of the respective structure. Length is shown as notochord length (*) or as standard length (specimen after notochord flexion). Dots indicate hatching, and random dashed lines indicate notochord flexion. Light grey bars, cartilage; dark grey bars, notochordal sheath; black bars, bone. Abbreviations: abdo, abdominal vertebrae; abp, anterior basipterygial process; af, anal fin rays; ap, anal fin pterygiophores; ba, basipterygial arm; bp, basipterygial plate; caud, caudal vertebrae; cl, cleithrum; co, coracoid; d1f, first dorsal fin rays; d1p, first dorsal fin pterygiophores; d2f, second dorsal fin rays; d2p, second dorsal fin pterygiophores; dr, distal radials; eu, epural; ew, external wing; fr, fin rays; ha, haemal arch; hs, haemal spine; hyp, hypural; ip, interdorsal pterygiophores; iw, internal wing; na, neural arch; ns, neural spine; pbp, posterior basipterygial process; pcd, dorsal postcleithrum; pcv, ventral postcleithrum; ph, parhypural; pr, proximal radial; ptm, posttemporal; ri, paired ribs; sc, scapula; su, supracleithrum; uc, ural centrum; ur, uroneural; vc, vertebral centrum.
FIG. 7 in New species, synonymies and life-histories in the South-East Asian treehopper genus Pyrgauchenia Breddin (Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
FIG. 7. Nymphs of Pyrgauchenia tristaniopsis. (A, B) First instar: (A) habitus left lateral view, rostrum and legs not drawn; (B) apex of abdomen, dorsal view. (C, D) second instar, ditto. (E, F) Third instar, ditto. (G, H) Fourth instar, ditto. (I, J) Fifth instar: (I) apex of abdomen; (J) habitus, left lateral view, rostrum and legs not drawn. (K) Pronotum left lateral view (®fth instar female, for arrow see text). (L) Head and thorax, dorsal view (®fth instar). 1st, 2nd, 3rd Instars and 4th±5th Instars drawn to scale, respectively.
FIG. 4 in New species, synonymies and life-histories in the South-East Asian treehopper genus Pyrgauchenia Breddin (Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
FIG. 4. Pyrgauchenia colorata. (A± C) Aedeagus, posterior, apical and left lateral view, respectively (broken line in (C) indicates gonoduct on posterior side and median groove on anterior side). (D) Left style in lateral view (broken line indicates membrane connecting styles). (E) Left style, posterior view, i.e. as indicated by arrowhead in ®gure 2I, line indicates median plane.
FIG. 3 in New species, synonymies and life-histories in the South-East Asian treehopper genus Pyrgauchenia Breddin (Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
FIG. 3. External features in Pyrgauchenia colorata. (A± C) Habitus, right lateral and frontal view: (A) brunnei paratype male; (B) male leg. U. Stegmann; (C) colorata paralectotype female. (D, E) Distal lobes of anterior process of pronotum, anterodorsal and left lateral view respectively, male leg. U. Stegmann (dotted and solid line, respectively: median carina). (F±H) Habitus female, right lateral and frontal view: (F) colorata lectotype; (G) angulata paratype; (H) leg. U. Stegmann. (I) Female pronotum, left lateral view, leg. U. Stegmann. (J) Apex of anterior process of female, posterior view, leg. U. Stegmann.
FIG. 1 in New species, synonymies and life-histories in the South-East Asian treehopper genus Pyrgauchenia Breddin (Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
FIG. 1. External features and genitalia in Pyrgauchenia species, left lateral view, except where indicated (for arrows see text). (A±F) tristaniopsis: (A) head, frontal view; (B) left tegmina; (C) male genital capsule; (D) subgenital plates, ventral view; (E) 2nd valvulae; (F) female genital capsule. (G±H) biuni: left side of pronotum of last instar nymph, (G) female; (H) male. (I±K) colorata, last instar nymph: (I) pronotum of female; (J) pronotum of male; (K) abdominal apex in dorsal view. (L, M) pendleburyi, pronotum of last instar nymph: (L) female; (M) male.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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