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opennotspecifiedFeb 2020View details →

FIGURE 2. A–F. Trindade Island. A. Rocky beach and tide pool. B–F in Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes

FIGURE 2. A–F. Trindade Island. A. Rocky beach and tide pool. B–F. Sublittoral habitats at water depths of less than 30 m: B. Calcareous reefs and rhodolith beds. C. Rocky and calcareous boulders of various sizes. D. Sand bottom with patches of calcareous reefs. E. Mixed sand, gravel, rocky bottoms with patches of sponges and macro algae. F. Calcareous reefs with algal mats.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Aphantolana Moore & Brusca, 2003 (Crustacea: Isopoda Cirolanidae) from the Andaman Islands, northern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 5. Aphantolana wandoor sp. nov., holotype ♂ (2.4 mm, PUMB 3531). A, pleopod 1; B, pleopod 2; C, pleopod 3; D, pleopod 4; E, pleopod 5.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Aphantolana Moore & Brusca, 2003 (Crustacea: Isopoda Cirolanidae) from the Andaman Islands, northern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 4. Aphantolana wandoor sp. nov., holotype ♂ (2.4 mm, PUMB 3531). A, pereopod 1; B, pereopod 2; C, pereopod 4; D, pereopod 7.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Aphantolana Moore & Brusca, 2003 (Crustacea: Isopoda Cirolanidae) from the Andaman Islands, northern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 3. Aphantolana wandoor sp. nov., holotype ♂ (2.4 mm, PUMB 3531). A, pleonites 1–5; B, maxilla; C, maxillule; D, mandible; E, maxilliped.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Aphantolana Moore & Brusca, 2003 (Crustacea: Isopoda Cirolanidae) from the Andaman Islands, northern Indian Ocean

FIGURE 2. Aphantolana wandoor sp. nov., holotype ♂ (2.4 mm, PUMB 3531). A, dorsal view; B, coxal plates 1–7; C, anten- nula; D, antenna; E, frontal lamina; F, penes; G, pleotelson; H, uropods.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Eunice Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Eunicidae) from the slope of the Desventuradas Islands and seamounts of the Nazca Ridge, southeastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 6. Different habitats (S22, SF9 and SFX) for Eunice decolorhami n. sp. a) habitat at S22 with predominance of fine sand; b, c) bottom at SF9 and SFX, dominated by coarse calcareous sediments produced by foraminiferous tests, debris of deepsea corals, holopelagic gastropod shells and rhodoliths, with scattered rocky outcrops.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Eunice Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Eunicidae) from the slope of the Desventuradas Islands and seamounts of the Nazca Ridge, southeastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 1. Location of the stations sampled between 22 October and 1 November 2016 in the CIMAR 22 cruise. Red triangles represent the collection points of the material examined. (Credits: Ariadna Mecho (ESMOI)).

FIGURE 4. Eunice decolorhami n in A new species of Eunice Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Eunicidae) from the slope of the Desventuradas Islands and seamounts of the Nazca Ridge, southeastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 4. Eunice decolorhami n. sp.: a) anterior end, lateral view (paratype SCBUCN 6856); b) chaetiger 3, anterior view (AV); c) chaetiger 8, AV; d) chaetiger 36, AV (paratype); e) chaetiger 48, AV; f) posterior chaetiger, near posterior end, PV; g) limbate chaeta; h) pectinate chaeta; i) falciger chaeta; j) aciculum; k, l) anterior hooded hooks; m) middle hooded hook; n) posterior hooded hook; o) maxillary complex.

FIGURE 2. Eunice decolohami n in A new species of Eunice Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Eunicidae) from the slope of the Desventuradas Islands and seamounts of the Nazca Ridge, southeastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 2. Eunice decolohami n. sp.: a) anterior end, dorsal view (paratype MNHNCL ANN-15036); b) same, ventral view; c) anterior end, lateral view (holotype); d) chaetigers 7–8 (holotype); e) chaetiger 15, posterior view (paratype MNHNCL ANN- 15036); f) chaetiger 36, anterior view (paratype MNHNCL ANN-15036); g) chaetiger 80, anterior view (paratype MNHNCL ANN-15036); h) falciger chaeta; i) pectinate chaeta; j) subacicular hooded hook, lateral view; j´) same, frontal view; k) pygidium, dorsal view (paratype MNHNCL ANN-15036).

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Data from: Kin relationships in cultural species of the marine realm: case study of a matrilineal social group of sperm whales off Mauritius Island, Indian Ocean

<p>Understanding the organization and dynamics of social groups of marine mammals through the study of kin relationships is particularly challenging. Here we studied a stable social group of sperm whales off Mauritius, using underwater observations, individual-specific identification, non-invasive sampling, and genetic analyses based on mitochondrial sequencing and microsatellite profiling. Twenty-four sperm whales were sampled between 2017 and 2019. All individuals except one adult female shared the same mtDNA haplotype—one that is rare in the Western Indian Ocean—thus confirming with near certainty the matrilineality of the group. All probable first- and second-degree kin relationships were depicted in a sperm whale social group: 13 first-degree and 34 second-degree relationships were identified. Notably, we highlight the likely case of an unrelated female having been integrated into a social unit, in that she presented a distinct mtDNA haplotype and no close relationships with any members of the group. Investigating the possible matrilineality of sperm whale cultural units (i.e., vocal clans) is the next step in our research program to elucidate and better apprehend the complex organization of sperm whale social groups.</p>

opencc-zeroDec 2010View details →

Data from: Connectivity, small islands and large distances: the Cellana strigilis limpet complex in the Southern Ocean.

The Southern Ocean contains some of the most isolated islands on Earth and fundamental questions remain regarding their colonisation and the connectivity of their coastal biotas. Here we conduct a genetic investigation of the Cellana strigilis (limpet) complex that was originally classified based on morphological characters into six subspecies, five of which are endemic to the New Zealand (NZ) subantarctic and Chatham islands (44° to 52° S). Previous genetic analyses of C. strigilis from six of the seven island groups revealed two lineages with little or no within-lineage variation. We analysed C. strigilis samples from all seven island groups using two mitochondrial (COI and 16S), one nuclear (ATPase ) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs), and confirmed the existence of two distinct lineages. We also detected pronounced genetic structuring within each lineage, with limpets from each island having their own genetic identity. These results are strikingly congruent with those recently reported for the southern bull kelp Durvillea antarctica, in which the NZ subantarctic and Chatham islands were proposed as refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum. Given the likely absence of larval dispersal among the islands, limpet rafting on kelp most probably explains the observed phylogeographic structure. Island-specific genetic identities and the paucity of shared haplotypes suggest that a small number of isolated colonisation events have occurred within each lineage are characterised by little or no genetic connectivity and therefore very high (southwest group) or total (northeast group) self-recruitment.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Intricate trophic links between threatened vertebrates confined to a small island in the Atlantic Ocean

Trophic networks in small isolated islands are in a fragile balance, and their disturbance can easily contribute towards the extinction vortex of species. Here we show, in a small Atlantic island (Raso) in the Cabo Verde Archipelago, using DNA metabarcoding, the extent of trophic dependence of the Endangered giant wall gecko Tarentola gigas on endemic populations of vertebrates, including one of the rarest bird species of the world, the Critically Endangered Raso lark Alauda razae. We found that the Raso lark (27%), Iago sparrow Passer iagoensis (12%), Bulwer's petrel Bulweria bulwerii (15%) and the Cabo Verde shearwater Calonectris edwardsii (10%) are the most frequent vertebrate signatures found in the faeces of the giant wall gecko. This work provides the first integrative assessment of their trophic links, an important issue to be considered for the long-term conservation of these small and isolated island ecosystems.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Landscape and oceanic barriers shape dispersal and population structure in the island nematode, Pristionchus pacificus

Despite the biological importance and diversity of nematodes, little is known of the factors influencing their dispersal and shaping their evolutionary history. Populations of the cosmopolitan species Pristionchus pacificus are characterized by high genetic diversity and strong spatial structure, which contrasts with patterns detected in nematode species such as Caenorhabditis elegans. The environmentally heterogeneous volcanic Mascarene Islands provide an ideal setting for investigating fine-scale patterns of nematode migration and gene flow. Based on the analysis of data from 19 nuclear microsatellites and one mitochondrial marker, we infer support for the colonization of both La Réunion Island and Mauritius from similar multiple geographical sources. Although the long-term persistence of populations on both islands is well supported, the historical colonization of one island from the other cannot be discounted. In fact, periodic, bi-directional migration between the islands following their initial colonization is strongly supported in isolation with migration analyses, supporting the occurrence of rare trans-oceanic dispersal events in P. pacificus. Through a combination of population and landscape genetic analyses we also infer non-uniform dispersal across the landscape on the island of La Réunion, probably mediated by the movements of beetle hosts. Collectively, we show that gene flow in P. pacificus is limited by environmental and oceanic barriers, and shaped by the intricacies of the nematode–beetle host interaction

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Habitat filtering not dispersal limitation shapes oceanic island floras: species assembly of the Galápagos archipelago

Remote locations, such as oceanic islands, typically harbour relatively few species, some of which go on to generate endemic radiations. Species colonising these locations tend to be a non-random subset from source communities, which is thought to reflect dispersal limitation. However, non-random colonisation could also result from habitat filtering, whereby only a few continental species can become established. We evaluate the imprints of these processes on the Galápagos flora by analysing a comprehensive regional phylogeny for ~ 39 000 species alongside information on dispersal strategies and climatic suitability. We found that habitat filtering was more important than dispersal limitation in determining species composition. This finding may help explain why adaptive radiation is common on oceanic archipelagoes – because colonising species can be relatively poor dispersers with specific niche requirements. We suggest that the standard assumption that plant communities in remote locations are primarily shaped by dispersal limitation deserves reconsideration.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Critically endangered island endemic or peripheral population of a widespread species? Conservation genetics of Kikuchi's gecko and the global challenge of protecting peripheral oceanic island endemic vertebrates

Aim: To highlight the significant conservation challenge of evaluating peripheral endemic vertebrates in island archipelago systems and to assess empirically the complexities of approaches to conservation genetic studies across political and biogeographic boundaries. To demonstrate the poignant need for international collaboration and coordination when species delimitation problems with high conservation concern involve island endemics with biogeographically peripheral ranges. Location: Southeast Asia, Lanyu Island, Taiwan, and the Philippines. Methods: Genetic samples were collected and sequenced for one mitochondrial gene and five nuclear loci for species of the Gekko mindorensis-G. kikuchii species complex in Southeast Asia. We used maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods and coalescent-based species delimitation analyses to estimate phylogeographic relationships, construct multilocus haplotype networks and test putative species boundaries. Results: Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses suggest that Kikuchi's Gecko may represent a peripheral population of a widespread species distributed from the northern Philippines to Taiwan. However, we identify a discrepancy between inferences of species boundaries resulting from methods based on allele frequencies versus coalescent-based methods that incorporate evolutionary history. Coalescent-based analyses suggest that G. kikuchii may be a distinct evolutionary lineage. Our study underscores the need for coalescent-based methods in conjunction with population genetic approaches for conservation genetic assessments of widespread species. Main conclusions: This study joins a few recent works suggesting that Philippine-derived anomalies in the fauna of Lanyu (and possibly greater Taiwan) are worthy of careful reconsideration. Determining whether each is the result of recent human-mediated introduction or (possibly more ancient) natural dispersal should be the goal of future studies on this seldom-conceived biogeographic relationship. Isolated species endemic to islands on the outer periphery of biogeographic and political regions represent particular conservation challenges. This is especially true if a species occurs on an isolated island that is allied biogeographically with one nation, but politically administered by another.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Oceanic barriers promote language diversification in the Japanese Islands

Good barriers make good languages. Scholars have long speculated that geographical barriers impede linguistic contact between speech communities, and promote language diversification in a manner similar to the process of allopatric speciation. This hypothesis, however, has seldom been tested systematically and quantitatively. Here we adopt methods from evolutionary biology and attempt to quantify the influence of oceanic barriers on the degree of lexical diversity in the Japanese Islands. Measuring the degree of beta diversity from basic vocabularies, we find that geographical proximity and, more importantly, isolation by surrounding ocean, independently explains a significant proportion of lexical variation across Japonic languages. Further analyses indicate that our results are neither a byproduct of using a distance matrix derived from a Bayesian language phylogeny nor an epiphenomenon of accelerated evolutionary rates in languages spoken by small communities. Moreover, we find that the effect of oceanic barriers is reproducible with the Ainu languages, indicating that our analytic approach as well as the results can be generalized beyond Japonic language family. The findings we report here are the first quantitative evidence that physical barriers formed by ocean can influence language diversification, and points to an intriguing common mechanism between linguistic and biological evolution.