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FIGURE 9 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical poison frog genus Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) 3083
FIGURE 9. Known elevation distributions of Ranitomeya. Dotted line is mean for all samples. Dark boxes display the total elevation range of each species, within each contains a corresponding box plot.
FIGURE 26. Ranitomeya Plate 9 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical poison frog genus Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) 3083
FIGURE 26. Ranitomeya Plate 9. vanzolinii group: A–P: Ranitomeya sirensis (all from Peru): A–G: Puerto Inca, Huánuco (JLB and ET, Ω); H & I: Breeding pair of R. sirensis found in the type locality between the lowland and highland populations, Cordillera El Sira, Huánuco (MSR); J & K: Rio Pachitea, Huánuco (J. Stenicka); L–N: Cordillera El Sira, Huánuco (B. Wilson and JLB, 10-11Φ); O: Rio Pachitea, Huánuco (J. Stenicka, 17Φ); P: Yanayacu Maquia, Ucayali. (nΦ = number of individual in phylogeny Ω = population sampled in phylogeny).
F in Advertisement calls of Neotropical poison frogs (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) of the genera Colostethus, Dendrobates and Epipedobates, with notes on dendrobatid call classification
F. 5. Oscillogram and audiospectrogram of advertisement call of Epipedobates cf. boulengeri from Ecuador.
F in Advertisement calls of Neotropical poison frogs (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) of the genera Colostethus, Dendrobates and Epipedobates, with notes on dendrobatid call classification
F. 2. Oscillogram and audiospectrogram of the advertisement call of Dendrobates imitator yurimaguensis.
F in Advertisement calls of Neotropical poison frogs (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) of the genera Colostethus, Dendrobates and Epipedobates, with notes on dendrobatid call classification
F. 4. Oscillogram and audiospectrogram of the advertisement call of Epipedobates cf. boulengeri from Colombia.
F in Advertisement calls of Neotropical poison frogs (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) of the genera Colostethus, Dendrobates and Epipedobates, with notes on dendrobatid call classification
F. 3. Oscillogram and audiospectrogram of a section of the advertisement call of Dendrobates leucomelas.
FIGURE 7 in Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)
FIGURE 7. Topology of the Dendrobatoidea as presented by Grant et al. (2006), together with the topology of Dendrobatinae in Brown and Twomey et al. (2011). Gray lines represent some differences between these two topologies with that of Santos et al. (2009). The only genus whose monophyly is different in different topologies is that of Colostethus. The distribution of the generalized morphologies of the three features studied (Upper jaw sheath, Gut morphology and Nostril ornamentation) is depicted over the topology. S gut = Sinistrally long coiled gut concealing other organs behind; D = Differentiated short gut with visible organs; P nostril = projection on the inner margin of the nasal rim; NP nostril = No projection on the inner margin of the nasal rim. See other figures and text for further explanation. Exceptions and particular cases are explained in the text.
FIGURE 6 in Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)
FIGURE 6. Ornamentation of margin of naris in dendrobatoid larvae. All tadpoles oriented anterior (up) to posterior (down) end, not to scale. (A) Rheobates palmatus. Stage 35, ICNMHN 23311. (B) Allobates wayuu. Stage 32, ICNMHN 43559. (C) Rheobates palmatus. Close up of right nostril. Stage 38, ICNMHN 19739. (D) Ameerega hahneli. Stage 36, ICNMHN 53105. (E) Hyloxalus vergeli. Stage 37, ICN 9699. (F) Dendrobates truncatus. Stage 25, ICNMHN 54630. (G) Andinobates bombetes. Stage 27, ICNMHN 42287. (H) Dendrobates truncatus. Close up of right nostril. Stage 34, ICNMHN 40749.
FIGURE 5 in Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)
FIGURE 5. Ventral view of abdominal area of tadpoles of the Dendrobatoidea. All tadpoles oriented anterior (up) to posterior (down) end, not to scale. (A) Allobates juanii. Stage 35, ICNMHN 55276. (B) Allobates wayuu. Stage 32, ICNMHN 43559. (C) Colostethus fraterdanieli. Stage 36, ICNMHN 40801. (D) Colostethus ruthveni. Stage 31, ICNMHN 35779. (E) Hyloxalus bocagei. Stage 38, ICNMHN 23789. (F) Hyloxalus vergeli. Stage 37, ICNMHN 9699. (G) Rheobates palmatus. Stage 35, ICNMHN 23311. (H) Dendrobates truncatus. Stage 25, ICNMHN 54630. (I) Dendrobates auratus. Stage 25, UTA 6527. (J) Oophaga sp. Stage 28, MAR 312. (K) Andinobates altobueyensis. Stage 31, AMNH 102100. (L) Ranitomeya ventrimaculata. Stage 34, ICNMHN 53034.
FIGURE 4 in Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)
FIGURE 4. Diagram showing tentative correspondence between organs and gut sections between two different types of digestive system arrangements in the Dendrobatoidea. (A) Ventral view of tadpole of Rheobates palmatus, stage 36, UTA 22300, with skin removed and labeled organs and sections. Tadpole is directed anteriorly (up) to posteriorly (down). (B) Schematic generalized diagram of ventral views of tadpoles in the Dendrobatinae (minus Phyllobates) with labeled organs and sections of the gut showing correspondence with (A) and with a photograph of ventral view of a tadpole of Ranitomeya ventrimaculata, stage 34, ICN 53034 (C). For more explanations and exceptions to the generalized diagram see text and Fig. 5.
FIGURE 3 in Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)
FIGURE 3. Ventral view of tadpole of Rheobates palmatus, stage 36, UTA 22300, with skin removed (A). Tadpole is directed anteriorly (up) to posteriorly (down). (B) Diagram of anterior section of digestive tract when pulled apart and to the left from body cavity. Black arrows indicate direction of food flow after ingested, beginning with the esophagus (anterior section not seen, behind the liver, up and left). (C) Diagram of posterior section of digestive tract, that continue from (B); black long arrow indicate where digestive tract connects from (B) to (C). Posterior section of tract is observed only when dissected, because it is concealed inside the coils of the anterior sections of the gut (B). Parts of the gut are identified tentatively and labeled with black lines in the photograph (A) and the diagrams (B and C). Final short black arrow (C) indicates exit of undigested material through the rectum.
FIGURE 2 in Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)
FIGURE 2. Ventral view of the U-shaped larval jaw sheaths in the Dendrobatinae. All tadpoles are directed anteriorly (up) to posteriorly (down), not to scale. (A) Dendrobates truncatus. Stage 25, ICNMHN 40749. (B) Oophaga sp. Stage 28, MAR 312. (C) Andinobates bombetes. Stage 28, ICNMHN 42287. (D) Andinobates virolinensis. Stage 41, ICNMHN 9665. (E) Ranitomeya ventrimaculata. Stage 34, ICNMHN 53034.
FIGURE 1 in Larval morphology of Dart-Poison Frogs (Anura: Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae and Dendrobatidae)
FIGURE 1. Ventral view of the W-shaped larval jaw sheaths in the Dendrobatoidea. All tadpoles are directed anteriorly (up) to posteriorly (down), not to scale. (A) Allobates juanii. Stage 35, ICNMHN 55276. (B) Allobates trilineatus. Stage 33, ICN 53117. (C) Allobates wayuu. Stage 32, ICNMHN 43559. (D) Ameerega hahneli. Stage 36, ICNMHN 53105. (E) Epipedobates narinensis. Stage 25, ICNMHN 53341. (F) Colostethus fraterdanieli. Stage 36, ICNMHN 40801. (G) Colostethus ruthveni. Stage 31, ICNMHN 35779. (H) Hyloxalus bocagei. Stage 38, ICNMHN 23789. (I) Hyloxalus subpunctatus. Stage 37, ICNMHN 32500. (J) Hyloxalus vergeli. Stage 37, ICNMHN 9699. (K) Rheobates palmatus. Stage 35, ICNMHN 23311. (L) Phyllobates bicolor. Stage 25, ICNMHN 18198.
Figure 10 in Advertisement call, tadpole morphology, and other natural history aspects of the threatened poison frog Andinobates daleswansoni (Dendrobatidae)
Figure 10. Alternative hypothetical reconstruction of characters considering the presence a) and absence b) of the gap in the lower lip in tadpoles of A. dorisswasonae (unknown at present), and considering two alternative phylogenetic placement of A. daleswansoni, as sister to A. dorisswasonae c), and as sister to all species of the A. bombetes species group d). Note that under a, c, and d the presence of the gap would optimise as a synapomorphy for the A. bombetes species group.
Figure 9. Images showing a in Advertisement call, tadpole morphology, and other natural history aspects of the threatened poison frog Andinobates daleswansoni (Dendrobatidae)
Figure 9. Images showing a sequence of the agonistic interaction between two males of Andinobates daleswansoni. Note that one of the males is calling (a) and males exhibit different body positions (b, c and d) through the interaction. See video in supplementary material.
Figure 8 in Advertisement call, tadpole morphology, and other natural history aspects of the threatened poison frog Andinobates daleswansoni (Dendrobatidae)
Figure 8. Habitat and breeding microhabitat of Andinobates daleswansoni. Images of an abandoned pine plantation shows (arrow) a plant of Xanthosoma robustum (Araceae), which is used for parents as microhabitat for the metamorphosis of tadpoles (a); adult male transporting a tadpole on the back observed in the leaf of a X. robustum (b); tadpole in a phytothelmata in the axis of X. robustum (c). Pictures B and C by Andres Felipe Cardona.
Figure 5 in Advertisement call, tadpole morphology, and other natural history aspects of the threatened poison frog Andinobates daleswansoni (Dendrobatidae)
Figure 5. The tadpole of Andinobates daleswansoni (Gosner Stage 26) in lateral (a), dorsal (b), and ventral (c) views. Scale bar = 5.0 mm. Voucher at the Colección de Anfibios y Reptiles of the Biology programme at the Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia: ARUQ-977.
Figure 7 in Advertisement call, tadpole morphology, and other natural history aspects of the threatened poison frog Andinobates daleswansoni (Dendrobatidae)
Figure 7. Most parsimonious ancestral character-state reconstruction of the presence/absence of the papillation gap in the lower lip of Andinobates species onto the phylogenetic hypothesis of Grant et al. (2017); trimmed in the figure to show only Andinobates and Ranitomeya. Note that the presence of the gap optimises ambiguously.
Figure 4 in Advertisement call, tadpole morphology, and other natural history aspects of the threatened poison frog Andinobates daleswansoni (Dendrobatidae)
Figure 4. Oscillogram, spectrogram, and power spectrum for the advertisement call of Andinobates daleswansoni. Male body size: 23.7 mm, temperature of calling male: 17.1°C, voucher at the Colección de Anfibios y Reptiles of the Biology programme at the Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia: ARUQ-768. Voucher at Colección de Sonidos Ambientales of the Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia IAvH–CSA-18535. Ilustration by Dina Lucía Rivera-Robles.
Figure 3 in Advertisement call, tadpole morphology, and other natural history aspects of the threatened poison frog Andinobates daleswansoni (Dendrobatidae)
Figure 3. Oscillogram showing temporal call features calculated in this study for the description of the advertisement call of the poison frog A. daleswansoni.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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