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Fig. 3 in Reproductive characteristics and the weight-length relationship in Anableps anableps (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) from the Amazon Estuary

Fig. 3. Between-sexes variation in (a) standard length and (b) weight in Anableps anableps from the Maracanã River, Pará State.

Fig. 7 in Reproductive characteristics and the weight-length relationship in Anableps anableps (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) from the Amazon Estuary

Fig. 7. Proportion of Anableps anableps females by stage of gonadal maturity in the mouth of the Maracanã River, Pará Sttate.

Fig. 4 in Reproductive characteristics and the weight-length relationship in Anableps anableps (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) from the Amazon Estuary

Fig. 4. Weight-length relationship (a) and the distribution of the proportional residuals (b) in Anableps anableps females collected at the mouth of the Maracanã River, Pará State.

Fig. 2 in Reproductive characteristics and the weight-length relationship in Anableps anableps (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) from the Amazon Estuary

Fig. 2. Monthly variation in the sex ratio (females to males) of Anableps anableps in the mouth of the Maracanã River, Pará State.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive characteristics and the weight-length relationship in Anableps anableps (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) from the Amazon Estuary

Fig. 1. Study area showing the Maracanã River and the collecting locality (white circle) in the Brazilian state of Pará.

Fig. 8 in Reproductive characteristics and the weight-length relationship in Anableps anableps (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) from the Amazon Estuary

Fig. 8. Monthly variation in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in Anableps anableps females collected at the mouth of the Maracanã River, Pará State.

Fig. 10 in Reproductive characteristics and the weight-length relationship in Anableps anableps (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) from the Amazon Estuary

Fig. 10. Embryo length (a) and weight (b) in relation to the number of stage V embryos in Anableps anableps from the Maracanã River, Pará State.

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Data for: Faster evolution of a premating reproductive barrier is not associated with faster speciation rates in New World passerine birds

<p>Why are speciation rates so variable across the tree of life? One hypothesis is that this variation is explained by how rapidly reproductive barriers evolve. We tested this hypothesis by conducting a comparative study of the evolution of bird song, a premating barrier to reproduction. Speciation in birds is typically initiated when geographically isolated (allopatric) populations evolve reproductive barriers. We measured the strength of song as a premating barrier between closely related allopatric populations by conducting 2,339 field experiments to measure song discrimination for 175 taxon pairs of allopatric or parapatric New World passerine birds, and estimated recent speciation rates from a global molecular phylogeny of birds. Taxon pairs with high song discrimination in allopatry failed to regularly interbreed in parapatry, evidence that song discrimination is indeed an important reproductive barrier. However, evolutionary rates of song discrimination were not associated with recent speciation rates, and song discrimination evolves faster in suboscine passerines than their more species-rich sister clade, the oscines. Our findings support the long-held idea that song is a key premating reproductive barrier in birds, but show that faster evolution of this reproductive barrier between populations does not result in faster diversification betweeen species.</p>

Fig. 13 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 13. Arrangement of paragnaths in the ridge and furrow regions of areas VII–VIII in species of Perinereis Kinberg, 1865. Filled figures with solid edges represent paragnaths observed in all specimens examined, no-filled figures with dashed edges represent paragnaths observed in some specimens only.

Fig. 12 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 12. Perinereis cariboea De León-González & Solís-Weiss, 1998. Non-types (ECOSUR P3209). A. Whole specimen, dorsal view. B. Anterior end, dorsal view. C. Anterior end, dorsal view. D. Same, ventral view. E. Chaetiger 2, right parapodium. F. Chaetiger 6, right parapodium. G. Chaetiger 12, right parapodium. H. Chaetiger 14, right parapodium. I. Chaetiger 18, right parapodium. J. Chaetiger 35, right parapodium in anterior (left) and posterior (right) views. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B–D = 1 mm; E = 0.25 mm; F–J = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 11 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 11. Perinereis floridana (Ehlers, 1868). Non-types (ECOSUR P1100). A. Anterior end, dorsal view. B. Posterior end, dorsal view. C. Chaetiger 2, right parapodium. D. Chaetiger 10, right parapodium. E. Chaetiger 28, right parapodium. F. Chaetiger 61, right parapodium. G. Chaetiger 91, right parapodium. H. Left jaw, dorsal view. I. Supra-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 61. J. Subacicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 61. K. Sub-acicular heterogomph spiniger, chaetiger 61. L. Supra-acicular homogomph spiniger, chaetiger 61. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C–H = 0.25 mm; I–J = 10 μm; K–L = 50 μm.

Fig. 10 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 10. Perinereis floridana (Ehlers, 1868). Syntypes of Nereis floridana (MCZ ANNa-119). A. Whole specimen, dorsal view. B. Anterior end, dorsal view. C. Pharynx, dorsal view. D. Pharynx, ventral view. E. Supra-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 6. F. Supra-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 17. G. Sub-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 6. H. Sub-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 17. I. Chaetiger 2, right parapodium. J. Chaetiger 6, right parapodium. K. Chaetiger 10, right parapodium. L. Chaetiger 17, right parapodium. M. Chaetiger 18, right parapodium. N. Chaetiger 40, right parapodium. O. Chaetiger 95, right parapodium. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B = 1 mm; C–D = 0.5 mm; E–H = 10 μm; I–O = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 9 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 9. Perinereis websteri sp. nov. A–G, I–N. Holotype (USNM 1490807). H. Paratype (USNM 1490809). A. Chaetiger 2, right parapodium. B. Chaetiger 10, right parapodium. C. Chaetiger 31, right parapodium. D. Chaetiger 50, right parapodium. E. Chaetiger 70, right parapodium. F. Chaetiger 75, right parapodium. G. Chaetiger 82, right parapodium. H. Chaetiger 100, right parapodium. I. Right jaw, dorsal view. J. Supra-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 31. K. Supra-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 75. L. Sub-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 31. M. Sub-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 75. N. Sub-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 82. Scale bars: A–F, H = 0.2 mm; G, I = 0.1 mm; J–N = 10 μm.

Fig. 8 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 8. Perinereis websteri sp. nov. A, F–G. Holotype (USNM 1490807). B–C, H. Paratype (USNM 1490809). D–E. Non-type (USNM 14900805). A. Whole specimen, dorsal view. B. Pharynx, dorsal view. C. Same, ventral view. D. Pharynx, dorsal view. E. Same, ventral view. F. Anterior end, dorsal view. G. Posterior end, dorsal view. H. Pharynx, ventral view. Scale bars: A = 1.5 mm; B–H = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 6. Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884). Topotype male (USNM 1480197). A. Right jaw, dorsal view. B. Chaetiger 2, left parapodium. C. Chaetiger 3, left parapodium. D. Chaetiger 7, left parapodium. E. Chaetiger 10, left parapodium. F. Chaetiger 14, left parapodium. G. Chaetiger 15, left parapodium. H. Chaetiger 30, left parapodium. I. Chaetiger 50, left parapodium. J. Chaetiger 72, left parapodium. Scale bars: A–B, J = 0.1 mm; C–I = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 7 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 7. Perinereis websteri sp. nov. Non-types (USNM 1660577, from syntype series of Nereis bairdii Webster, 1884). A. Anterior end, dorsal view. B. Anterior end, dorsal view. C. Pharynx, dorsal view. D. Same, ventral view. E. Chaetiger 10, left parapodium. F. Chaetiger 43, left parapodium. G. Chaetiger 69, left parapodium. H. Chaetiger 84, left parapodium. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C–D = 0.5 mm; E–G = 0.2 mm; H = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 5. Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884). Topotype male (USNM 1480197). A. Whole specimen, dorsal view. B. Anterior end, dorsal view. C. Same, lateral view. D. Posterior end, dorsal view. E. Pharynx dissected, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C = 0.5 mm; E = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 4 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 4. Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884). Topotypes (USNM 1480190). A. Anterior end, dorsal view. B. Posterior end, dorsal view. C. Supra-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 59. D. Sub-acicular heterogomph falcigers, chaetiger 59. E. Right jaw, dorsal view. F. Chaetiger 1, left parapodium. G. Chaetiger 10, left parapodium. H. Chaetiger 21, left parapodium. I. Chaetiger 41, left parapodium. J. Chaetiger 59, left parapodium. K. Chaetiger 72, left parapodium. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm; C–D = 10 μm; E = 0.25 mm; F–K = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 3 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 3. Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884). A–C, G–J. Lectotype of Nereis bairdii (USNM 4786). D–F. Paralectotypes (USNM 1660576). A. Anterior end, dorsal view. B. Posterior end, dorsal view. C. Pharynx, ventral view. D. Left jaw, dorsal view. E. Pharynx, ventral view. F. Pharynx, lateral view. G. Chaetiger 2, right parapodium. H. Chaetiger 11, right parapodium. I. Chaetiger 34, right parapodium. J. Chaetiger 57, right parapodium. Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.5 mm; D, G–J = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2. Perinereis anderssoni Kinberg, 1865 in Reinstatement of Perinereis bairdii (Webster, 1884) and description of P. websteri sp. nov. from Bermuda, including the reproductive morphology of two Atlantic Perinereis species (Annelida: Errantia: Phyllodocida)

Fig. 2. Perinereis anderssoni Kinberg, 1865. Topotype (ECOSUR P3208). A. Anterior end, dorsal view. B. Posterior end, dorsal view. C. Posterodorsal tentacular cirri. D. Left jaw, dorsal view. E. Chaetiger 1, right parapodium. F. Chaetiger 10, right parapodium. G. Chaetiger 28, right parapodium. H. Chaetiger 45, right parapodium. I. Chaetiger 62, right parapodium. J. Supra-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 62. K. Sub-acicular heterogomph falciger, chaetiger 28. Scale bars: A–C = 1 mm; D = 0.25 mm; E–I = 0.1 mm; J–K = 10 μm.