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Figures 101–105 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 101–105. Pholcus kakum. (101, 102) Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views, respectively; (103) male chelicerae, frontal view; (104, 105) cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views, respectively. Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus; pp, pore plate; pr, procursus; u, uncus. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (103–105), 0.5 mm (101, 102).

Figures 82–86 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 82–86. Leptopholcus tipula. (82, 83) Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views; (84) male chelicerae, frontal view; (85, 86) cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus; f, flap on uncus; pp, pore plate; pr, procursus; ta, trochanter apophysis; u, uncus. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (84–86), 0.5 mm (82, 83).

Figures 128–134 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 128–134. Pehrforsskalia conopyga. (128, 129) Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views; (130) male chelicerae, frontal view; (131, 132) left procursus, ventral (131) and prolatero-dorsal (132) views; (133, 134) cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus; pp, pore plate; pr, procursus; ta, trochanter apophysis. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (130–134), 0.3 mm (128, 129).

Figures 68–81 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 68–81. Leptopholcus guineensis. (68) Male carapace, eyes and clypeus with horn; (69) left bulbal projections, prolateral view; (70) right bulbal projections, retrolateral view (arrow points to dorsal cone-shaped apophysis on embolus); (71) male gonopore with epiandrous spigots; (72) tip of right male palpal trochanter apophysis; (73) male palpal tarsal organ; (74) comb hairs on male right tarsus 4, prolateral view; (75) left procursus, prolateral (slightly dorsal) view; (76) right procursus, retrolateral view; (77) male spinnerets and anal cone; (78) female ALS and PMS; (79) female prosoma, frontal view; (80) epigynum; (81) cuticular sculpturing on male abdomen, showing difference in ventral (left) and lateral (right) pattern (frontal side on top). Notes: a, appendix; e, embolus; u, uncus. Scale lines: 20 µm (72–74, 78), 80 µm (71, 75–77, 81), 200 µm (68–70, 79, 80).

Figures 115–123 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 115–123. Pholcus kakum. (115) Male ALS; (116) male PMS; (117) female spinnerets; (118) female prosoma, dorso-frontal view; (119) epigynum; (120) cleared female internal genitalia, dorsal view; (121) right female palpal tarsus, dorsal view; (122) detail of pore plate (enlarged from figure 120); (123) comb hairs on right female tarsus 4, prolateral view. Scale lines: 10 µm (115, 116, 122, 123), 60 µm (117, 121), 200 µm (118–120).

Figures 15–31 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 15–31. Crossopriza and Leptopholcus. (15–23) C. cylindrogaster; (15–17) male, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views; (18) female, dorsal view; (19) female abdomen, ventral view; (20, 21) cleared epigynum, ventral and dorsal views; (22) female eyes and "pseudo-eyes", frontal view; (23) semithin section of ALE with associated "pseudo-eye"; (24–27) males in dorsal and lateral views of L. guineensis (24, 25) and L. tipula (26, 27); (28–31) epigyna in ventral and cleared dorsal views of L. guineensis (28, 29) and L. tipula (30, 31). Notes: l, cuticular lens; p, epigynal pocket; pe, "pseudo-eye"; r, retina; t, tapetum.

Figures 7–14 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 7–14. Further Guinean leaf-dwelling pholcids. (7) Leptopholcus guineensis, male, as seen against the light, without flash; (8–9) Leptopholcus tipula, females with newly hatched spiderlings and with egg-sac; (10–11) Pholcus kakum, n. sp., male and female with egg-sac; (12) Spermophora dieke n. sp., female; (13) Pehrforsskalia conopyga, male; (14) Nyikoa limbe, female with egg-sac.

Figures 45–49 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 45–49. Crossopriza cylindrogaster. (45, 46) Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views; (47) male chelicerae, frontal view; (48, 49) cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Notes: b, bulb; ba, bulbal apophysis; e, embolus; p, epigynal pocket; pp, pore plate; pr, procursus. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (47–49), 0.5 mm (45, 46).

Figures 135–147 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 135–147. Pehrforsskalia conopyga. (135) Male ocular area, frontal view; (136) male gonopore with epiandrous spigots; (137) left male palpal tarsal organ; (138) left male eye stalk, frontal view (arrow points to possibly extensible area); (139) right procursus, distal view; (140) right appendix, prolateral view; (141) male spinnerets; (142) epigynum; (143) cuticular sculpturing on female abdomen, showing difference in ventral (left) and lateral (right) pattern (frontal side on top); (144) female prosoma, frontal (slightly dorsal) view; (145) female ALS and PMS; (146) comb hair on female left tarsus 4, prolateral view; (147) female palpal tarsus. Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus. Scale lines: 10 µm (137, 145, 146), 20 µm (147), 60 µm (136, 138–141), 100 µm (135, 142–144).

Figures 150–151 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 150–151. Known distributions of Spermophora dieke, Pholcus kakum, and Pehrforsskalia conopyga. For Nyikoa limbe, see Huber (2007).

Figures 32–44 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 32–44. Pholcus, Spermophora, and Pehrforsskalia. (32–33) Pholcus kakum, male in dorsal and lateral views; (34, 35) P. kakum, epigynum ventral and cleared dorsal views; (36–37) Spermophora dieke, male in dorsal and lateral views; (38) S. dieke, female abdomen, ventral view; (39) S. dieke, female, dorsal view; (40) S. dieke, cleared epigynum, dorsal view; (41–42) Pehrforsskalia conopyga, male in dorsal and lateral views; (43, 44) P. conopyga, epigynum in ventral and cleared dorsal views.

Figures 63–67 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 63–67. Leptopholcus guineensis. (63, 64) Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views; (65) male chelicerae, frontal view; (66, 67) cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus; pp, pore plate; pr, procursus; ta, trochanter apophysis; u, uncus. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (63, 64), 0.3 mm (65–67).

Figures 106–114 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 106–114. Pholcus kakum. (106) Male ocular area with left eye stalk and AME, dorsal view; (107) distal male cheliceral apophyses with modified hairs (arrows); (108) left male palpal tarsal organ; (109) left bulbal projections, retrolatero-dorsal view; (110) tip of left procursus, prolateral view (arrows point to spines); (111) spiny area prolatero-distally on left procursus; (112) left embolus; (113) edge of uncus; (114) male gonopore with epiandrous spigots. Notes: a, appendix; e, embolus; u, uncus. Scale lines: 10 µm (107), 40 µm (108, 111–114), 100 µm (106, 110), 200 µm (109).

Figures 50–62 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 50–62. Crossopriza cylindrogaster. (50) Male carapace and eyes, frontal view; (51) male gonopore with epiandrous spigots; (52) right male palpal tarsal organ; (53) left bulb and procursus, prolatero-distal view; (54) right procursus tip, retrolateral view; (55) left proximal cheliceral apophysis, lateral view; (56) female eyes and "pseudo-eyes"; (57) wrinkled cuticle of "pseudo-eye"; (58) epigynum; (59) male ALS; (60) female ALS; (61) male left tarsus 4 tip, prolatero-ventral view; (62) comb-hairs, enlarged from Figure 61. Notes: b, bulb; ba, bulbal apophysis; e, embolus; p, epigynal pocket; pe, "pseudo-eyes"; pr, procursus. Scale lines: 20 µm (52, 57, 59, 60, 62), 60 µm (51, 54, 55, 61), 200 µm (50, 53, 56, 58).

Figures 1–6 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figures 1–6. Crossopriza cylindrogaster. (1) Male, in typical resting position, with the back against the leaf; (2) juvenile with "spotted" web; (3) female with tetrahedral egg-sac; (4) female with newly hatched spiderlings; (5) lampshade web; (6) male and female, sharing one leaf.

FIGURE 7 in Two new species of the sac-spider genus Clubiona Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Clubionidae) and the female of C. subcylindrata from China

FIGURE 7. Collection localities of Clubiona flammaforma sp. nov., Clubiona subcylindrata Wang, Chen & Zhang, 2018, and Clubiona tianpingshan sp. nov.

FIGURE 6 in Two new species of the sac-spider genus Clubiona Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Clubionidae) and the female of C. subcylindrata from China

FIGURE 6. Clubiona tianpingshan sp. nov., female paratype: A, habitus, dorsal view; B ditto, ventral view. C epigyne, ventral view; D vulva, dorsal view. Abreviations: At = atrium; Bs = bursa; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization ducts; Sp = spermathecae.

FIGURE 5 in Two new species of the sac-spider genus Clubiona Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Clubionidae) and the female of C. subcylindrata from China

FIGURE 5. Clubiona tianpingshan sp. nov., male holotype: A habitus, dorsal view; B ditto, ventral view; C left palp, prolateral view; D ditto, ventral view; E ditto, retrolateral view; F ditto, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; LTA = lateral tibial apophysis; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; VTA = ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 4 in Two new species of the sac-spider genus Clubiona Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Clubionidae) and the female of C. subcylindrata from China

FIGURE 4. Clubiona subcylindrata Wang, Chen & Zhang, 2018, female: A habitus, dorsal view; B ditto, ventral view. C epigyne, ventral view; D vulva, dorsal view. Abreviations: At = atrium; Bs = bursa; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization ducts; Sp = spermathecae.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of the sac-spider genus Clubiona Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Clubionidae) and the female of C. subcylindrata from China

FIGURE 1. Clubiona flammaforma sp. nov., male holotype: A habitus, dorsal view; B ditto, ventral view; C left palp, prolateral view; D ditto, ventral view; E ditto, retrolateral view; F ditto, dorsal view; G RTA, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; EB = embolar base; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis.