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1,369 results for “sexual dimorphism”
Data from: Testosterone activates sexual dimorphism including male-typical carotenoid but not melanin plumage pigmentation in a female bird
In males it is frequently testosterone (T) that activates the expression of sexually selected morphological and behavioral displays, but the role of T in regulating similar traits in females is less clear. Here we combine correlational data with results from T and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) manipulations in both sexes to assess the role of T in mediating sexually dimorphic coloration and morphology in the red-backed fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus). We show that (1) natural variation in female expression of ornamental traits (darkened bills and red back feathers) are positively associated with age and circulating androgen titres, (2) females have the capacity to express most male-typical traits in response to exogenous T, including carotenoid-pigmented body plumage, shorter feathers, darkened bill, and enlarged cloacal protuberance, but (3) appear constrained in production of male-typical melanin-pigmented plumage, and (4) low androgen levels during the pre-nuptial molt, probably due to low ovarian capacity for steroid production (or LH-sensitivity), prevent females from developing male-like ornamentation. Thus, females appear to retain molecular mechanism for hormonally regulated male-typical ornamentation, although these are rarely activated because of insufficient production of the hormonal signal.
Data from: Sexual dimorphism, phenotypic integration, and the evolution of head structure in casque-headed lizards
Sexes can differ in features associated with differential reproduction, which can be used during courtship or aggressive encounters. Some traits tend to evolve independently between sexes and emerge as sexually dimorphic within the organismal phenotype. We characterize such a relationship by estimating the phenotypic integration of the head morphology and modularity of the crest in the casque-headed lizards (Corytophanidae). In this clade, some species show extreme sexual dimorphism (e.g., head crests in the genus Basiliscus) while in others, both sexes are monomorphic. To characterize these patterns, we define phenotypic integration at the interspecific level as a pattern or network of traits evidenced by phylogenetically adjusted correlations that persist among species. At this level, modularity is an increased connectedness (e.g., higher correlation) among sections of these networks that persist in a lineage during the evolution of complex phenotypes. To test both concepts, we used phylogenetic geomorphometrics to characterize the head structure of corytophanid lizards, based on a time-calibrated phylogeny that includes candidate fossil ancestors. We found evidence of an older diversification of corytophanids than previously reported (~67 vs. ~23.5 MYA) and show that this clade includes two morphological head architectures: (1) Sexually dimorphic crests present in males that are evolving independently from the rest of the head structure, and (2) full integration of the head morphology in monomorphic species. We propose that both architectures are optimal evolutionary trajectories of the parietal crest bones in the head of these lizards. In sexually dimorphic species, these bones are elongated and thinner, and gave rise to the extended crest used in male courtship displays. In monomorphic species, the parietal crest grew thicker in both sexes to allow for a better insertion of muscles associated with a stronger bite.
Sexual size dimorphism is associated with reproductive life history trait differentiation in coexisting sepsid flies
Organismal life histories evolve as syndromes, resulting in correlated evolutionary differentiation of key traits that ultimately aid in discerning species. Reproductive success depends both on the absolute body size of an individual and its size relative to the opposite sex: sexual size dimorphism. In an attempt to further elucidate their coexistence and ecological diversification, we compared standard life history (first reproduction, clutch size, egg size) and associated reproductive trait differentiation of 15 widespread European sepsid fly species (Diptera: Sepsidae) under laboratory common garden conditions. Despite relatively uniform body sizes, sexual dimorphism ranged from female- to male-biased, and development time varied twofold across species. We expected, and found, the abundant and relatively large species (Sepsis cynipsea, punctum, thoracica) with often male-biased SSD to lay larger but fewer eggs and show fast-developing, fast-reproducing life histories with aggressive (coercive) mating behavior characterized by short mating latencies and male conflict. In contrast, the smaller and more dispersed species with female-biased SSD (S. flavimana, orthocnemis, violacea) laid smaller but more eggs, showing a generally slower life history with long and delayed copulation and oviposition, high mating reluctance fostering extensive inter-sexual conflict, and more elaborate male (pre-)copulatory courtship. Two Saltella species were exceptional, being large, developing slowly, nevertheless copulating soon after adult emergence, profusely and briefly. The documented life history differentiation seems partly driven by sexual selection leading to male-biased dimorphism, rather than undetermined ecological selection, which regardless appears insufficient to explain the coexistence and diversification of these sepsid species in European pastoral landscapes.
Supporting material: Improving the Identification of Phenotypic Abnormalities and Sexual Dimorphism in Mice
<p>Supporting material for the manuscript titled "<strong>Improving the Identification of Phenotypic Abnormalities and Sexual Dimorphism in Mice", </strong>accepted for publication in Genetics.</p> <p>This material enables a complete reproducible analysis of the results presented.</p>
Supporting data: Prevalence of sexual dimorphism in mammalian phenotypic traits
<p>Supporting material for the manuscript <strong>“</strong><strong>Prevalence of sexual dimorphism in mammalian phenotypic traits”</strong> . This manuscript was published in Nature Communication 26th January 2017</p>
Figure 1. - Representative specimens of the nine Epicephala species in Japan. Wing pattern of Epicephalaparasitica is sexually dimorphic, so specimens of both sexes are shown for this species. A Epicephalaanthophilia (Amami Island, Kagoshima, ♀, holotype) B Epicephalabipollenella (Henoko, Okinawa, ♀) C Epicephalalanceolatella (Cape Hedo, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) D Epicephalaperplexa (Cape Hedo, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) E Epicephalaobovatella (Tomogashima, Wakayama, ♂, paratype) F Epicephalacorruptrix (Takae, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) G Epicephalavitisidaea (Yona, Okinawa, ♀) H Epicephalaparasitica (Yonaguni Island, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) I Epicephalaparasitica (Hateruma Island, Okinawa, ♂) J Epicephalanudilingua (Watarase-yusuichi, Tochigi, ♀, holotype). Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 1. - Representative specimens of the nine Epicephala species in Japan. Wing pattern of Epicephalaparasitica is sexually dimorphic, so specimens of both sexes are shown for this species. A Epicephalaanthophilia (Amami Island, Kagoshima, ♀, holotype) B Epicephalabipollenella (Henoko, Okinawa, ♀) C Epicephalalanceolatella (Cape Hedo, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) D Epicephalaperplexa (Cape Hedo, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) E Epicephalaobovatella (Tomogashima, Wakayama, ♂, paratype) F Epicephalacorruptrix (Takae, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) G Epicephalavitisidaea (Yona, Okinawa, ♀) H Epicephalaparasitica (Yonaguni Island, Okinawa, ♀, holotype) I Epicephalaparasitica (Hateruma Island, Okinawa, ♂) J Epicephalanudilingua (Watarase-yusuichi, Tochigi, ♀, holotype). Scale bar: 5 mm.
Data from: Functional trait plasticity diverges between sexes in African cichlids: a contribution toward ecological sexual dimorphism?
<p>Phenotypic plasticity enables development to produce multiple phenotypes in response to environmental conditions. Plasticity driven variation has been suggested to play a key role in adaptive divergence, and plasticity itself can evolve. However, the interaction of plasticity with the multiple levels involved with adaptive divergence is less understood. For example, sexual dimorphism can contribute to adaptive variation through ecological sexual dimorphism (ESD), but the contribution of plasticity to this phenomenon is unknown. Therefore, to determine the potential contribution of plasticity to ESD, we used the adaptive radiation of Malawi cichlids. Two mouthbrooding species (<em>Labeotropheus fuelleborni </em>and <em>Tropheops</em> "Red Cheek", hereafter LF and TRC respectively) with differences in foraging tactics underwent foraging experiments using benthic and limnetic treatments while accounting for sex. Plasticity in craniofacial shape and three functionally important traits were measured. Plasticity was shown, but without any sex-based differences in shape. However, for mechanical advantage traits of the mandible sex by diet interactions were found. This suggests that ESD, may be influenced by phenotypic plasticity that diverges between sexes. Given the involvement of the mandible in parental care in cichlids this may indicate that sexual divergence in plasticity may trade-off against maternal care tactics.</p>
Morphometric analysis of the Late Cretaceous Placenticeras of Alabama, USA: Sexual dimorphism, allometry, and implications for taxonomy
<p>A traditional typological approach to taxonomy often does not adequately account for intraspecific variation and can result in taxonomic oversplitting. For many groups, including ammonoids of the <em>Placenticeras</em> genus, intraspecific variation documented in recent studies (e.g., ontogenetic changes, sexual dimorphism, polymorphism) challenges the historic proliferation of species names. Here, we used a population approach to taxonomy and quantitatively evaluated morphometric variation in a sample of Late <em>Cretaceous</em> (Santonian -Campanian) <em>Placenticeras</em> from Alabama and adjacent counties.</p> <p>We used linear mixed models (LMMs) to characterize how morphological variables scale with conch size across the sample, exploiting mixed longitudinal data to evaluate individual variation in growth and inform interpretations of multivariate analyses. Extended LMMs incorporating geological formation evaluated morphological changes through time. Principal component analysis and clustering analysis were then used to evaluate the number of distinct clusters that emerged in multivariate morphospace independent of previous taxon name assignments.</p> <p>Discontinuous scaling relationships and distinct clusters in multivariate space suggest sexual dimorphism characterized by differences in adult size, and secondarily, shape. Previous <em>Stantonoceras</em> and <em>Placenticeras</em> assignments broadly overlap in our morphospace, failing to justify this historic distinction (as sexual dimorphs, or as genera or subgenera). <em>Placenticeras</em> conch morphology and ornament placement changed through time, suggesting a potential utility for coarse (stage-level) biostratigraphy. However, temporal changes were not associated with distinct clusters in morphospace and our data fail to support the plethora of reported species names. As few as one or two (successive) species may be present in our sample (representing 130 years of collection effort). In addition to highlighting the need for a significant taxonomic revision of the <em>Placenticeras</em> genus, this study demonstrates the utility of LMMs for distinguishing between different sources of morphological variation, improving interpretations of morphospace under a population approach to taxonomy, and maximizing the amount of ontogenetic information that can be obtained non-destructively.</p>
Data from: revisiting niche divergence hypothesis in dimorphic birds: is diet overlap correlated with sexual size dimorphism?
<p>The evolution of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a long-standing topic in evolutionary biology, but there is little agreement on the extent to which SSD is driven by the different selective forces. While sexual selection and fecundity selection have traditionally been proposed as the two leading hypotheses, SSD may also result from natural selection through mechanisms such as sexual niche divergence, which might have reduced resource competition between sexes. Here, we revisited the niche divergence hypothesis by testing the relationship between the sexual overlap in diet and SSD of 56 bird species using phylogenetic comparative analyses. We then assessed how SSD variation relates to the three main hypotheses: sexual selection, fecundity selection, and sexual niche divergence using phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS). Then, we compared sexual selection, fecundity selection, and niche divergence selection as SSD drivers through phylogenetic confirmatory path analyses to disentangle the possible causal evolutionary relationships between SSD and the three hypotheses. Phylogenetic generalized least squares showed that SSD was negatively correlated with diet overlap, i. e., the greater the difference in body size between males and females, the less diet overlap. As predicted by sexual selection theory, the difference in body size between sexes was higher in polygynous species. Confirmatory phylogenetic path analyses suggested that the most likely evolutionary path might include mating system as a main driver in SSD and niche divergence as a result of SSD. We found no evidence of a role of fecundity selection in the evolution of female-biased SSD. Our study provides evidence that sexual selection has likely been the main cause of SSD and that dietary divergence is likely an indirect effect of SSD.</p>
High rates of evolution preceded shifts to sex-biased gene expression in Leucadendron, the most sexually dimorphic angiosperms
<p>Differences between males and females are usually more subtle in dioecious plants than animals, but strong sexual dimorphism has evolved convergently in the South African Cape plant genus <i>Leucadendron</i>. Such sexual dimorphism in leaf size is expected largely to be due to differential gene expression between the sexes. We compared patterns of gene expression in leaves among ten <i>Leucadendron </i>species across the genus. Surprisingly, we found no positive association between sexual dimorphism in morphology and the number or the percentage of sex-biased genes. Sex bias in most sex-biased genes evolved recently and was species-specific. We compared rates of evolutionary change in expression for genes that were sex-biased in one species but unbiased in others and found that sex-biased genes evolved faster in expression than un-biased genes. This greater rate of expression evolution of sex-biased genes, also documented in animals, might suggest the possible role of sexual selection in the evolution of gene expression. However, our comparative analysis clearly indicates that the more rapid rate of expression evolution of sex-biased genes predated the origin of bias, and shifts towards bias were depleted in signatures of adaptation. Our results are thus more consistent with the view that sex bias is simply freer to evolve in genes less subject to constraints in expression level.</p>
Simple and complex, sexually dimorphic retinal mosaic of fritillary butterflies
<p>Butterflies have variable sets of spectral photoreceptors that underlie colour vision. The photoreceptor organization may be optimised for the detection of body colouration. Fritillaries (Argynnini) are nymphalid butterflies exhibiting varying degrees of sexual dimorphism in wing colouration. In two sister species, the females have orange (<i>Argynnis </i><i>paphia</i>) and dark wings (<i>A. </i><i>sagana</i>), respectively, while the males of both species have orange wings with large patches of pheromone-producing androconia. In spite of the differences in female colouration, the eyes of both species exhibit an identical sexual dimorphism. The female eyeshine is uniform yellow, while the males have a complex retinal mosaic with yellow and red-reflecting ommatidia. We found the basic set of UV-, blue- and green-peaking photoreceptors in both sexes. Males additionally have three more photoreceptor classes, peaking in the green, yellow and red, respectively. The latter is the basal R9, indirectly measured through hyperpolarisations in the green-peaking R1-2. In many nymphalid tribes, including the closely related Heliconiini, the retinal mosaic is complex in both sexes. We hypothesise that the simple mosaic of female Argynnini is a secondary reduction, possibly driven by the use of olfaction for intraspecific recognition, whereas vision remains the primary sense for the task in the males.</p>
Data from: A new data-driven mathematical model dissociates attractiveness from sexual dimorphism of human faces
<p>Human facial attractiveness is evaluated by using multiple cues. Among others, sexual dimorphism (i.e. masculinity for male faces/femininity for female faces) is an influential factor of perceived attractiveness. Since facial attractiveness is judged by incorporating sexually dimorphic traits as well as other cues, it is theoretically possible to dissociate sexual dimorphism from facial attractiveness. This study tested this by using a data-driven mathematical modelling approach. We first analysed the correlation between perceived masculinity/femininity and attractiveness ratings for 400 computer-generated male and female faces (Experiment 1) and found positive correlations between perceived femininity and attractiveness for both male and female faces. Using these results, we manipulated a set of faces along the attractiveness dimension while controlling for sexual dimorphism by orthogonalisation with data-driven mathematical models (Experiment 2). Our results revealed that perceived attractiveness and sexual dimorphism are dissociable, suggesting that there are as yet unidentified facial cues other than sexual dimorphism that contribute to facial attractiveness. Future<span> studies can investigate the true preference of sexual dimorphism or the genuine effects of attractiveness by using well-controlled facial stimuli like those </span><span>that this study</span><span> generated. </span><span>The</span> findings will be of benefit to the further understanding of what makes a face attractive.</p>
Fig. 1 in Size-At-Age Variability And Sexual Dimorphism Of Morphometric Characteristics In The Late Ontogenesis Of The Marsh Frog, Pelophylax Ridibundus (Anura, Ranidae), From Terrytory Of Crimea
Fig. 1. Measurement system for tailess amphibians according to the standard methods.
Environmental variation in sex ratios and sexual dimorphism in three wind-pollinated dioecious plant species
<p>Variation in plant sex ratios is often attributable to sex-specific mortality in heterogeneous environments that differentially limit male and female plant reproduction. Yet sexual dimorphism and plastic responses to environmental heterogeneity are common and may co-vary with variation in sex ratios. Here, we show that the sex ratio and the degree of sexual dimorphism for a number of plant traits varied along climatic and elevation gradients in three wind-pollinated dioecious species, <em>Rumex lunaria</em>, <em>Urtica dioica</em> and <em>Salix helvetica</em>. Some of the observed sex-specific responses to climatic variation are consistent with greater sensitivity of females to water scarcity, but most responses rather point to the greater sensitivity of males to ecological stress, consistent with larger male reproductive effort, as has been commonly reported for wind-pollinated plants. In contrast, we found no evidence for variation in either sex ratios or sexual dimorphism expected under sexual selection. Interestingly, sex ratios and sexual dimorphism varied both along distinct and the same ecological axes of variation, suggesting that the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the measured traits was not sufficient to prevent sex-specific mortality.</p>
Dancing drives evolution of sexual size dimorphism in manakins
<p><span>Body size mediates life history, physiology, and inter- and intra-specific interactions. Within species, sexes frequently differ in size, reflecting divergent selective pressures and/or constraints. Both sexual selection and differences in environmentally-mediated reproductive constraints can drive sexual size dimorphism, but empirically testing causes of dimorphism is challenging. Manakins (Pipridae), a family of Neotropical birds comprising ~50 species, exhibit both male- and female-biased size dimorphism and are distributed across gradients of precipitation and elevation. Males perform courtship displays ranging from simple hops to complex aerobatic manoeuvres. </span><span>We tested associations between sexual size dimorphism and (a) agility and (b) environment, analysing morphological, behavioural, and environmental data for 22 manakin species in a phylogenetic framework. </span><span>Sexual dimorphism in mass was most strongly related to agility, with males being lighter than females in species performing more aerial display behaviours. However, wing and tarsus length dimorphism were more strongly associated with environmental variables, suggesting that different sources of selection act on different aspects of body size. These results highlight both the strength of sexual selection in shaping morphology—even atypical patterns of dimorphism—while demonstrating the importance of constraints and ecological consequences of body size evolution.</span></p>
Sexual dimorphism of the gut microbiota in the Chinese alligator and its convergence in the wild environment
<p>The gut microbiota forms a complex microecosystem in vertebrates and is affected by various factors. As a key intrinsic factor, sex has a persistent impact on the formation and development of gut microbiota. Few studies have analysed sexual dimorphism of gut microbiota, particularly in wild animals. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to analyse the gut microbiota of juvenile and adult Chinese alligators, and untargeted metabolomics to study serum metabolomes of adult alligators. We observed significant sex-biased differences in the community diversity in juvenile, but not adult, alligators. In terms of taxonomic composition, the phylum Fusobacteriota and genus <em>Cetobacterium</em> were highly abundant in adult alligators, similar to that in carnivorous fishes, whereas the gut microbiota composition in juvenile alligators resembled that in terrestrial reptiles, indicating that adults are affected by their wild aquatic environment and lack sex dimorphism in gut microbiota. The correlation analysis revealed that the gut microbiota of adults was also affected by cyanobacteria in the external environment, and this effect was sex-biased and mediated by sex hormones. Overall, this study reveals sexual differences in the gut microbiota of crocodilians and their convergence in the external environment. It also provides insights into host-microbiota interactions in the wild.</p>
Data for the article entitled: Linking sexual size dimorphism to trophic niche partitioning in a generalist predator
<p>Sexual size dimorphism is a common phenomenon in mammals, and researchers have been trying to demonstrate the evolutionary causes leading to sexual dimorphism. Two main hypotheses emerged: (i) the sexual selection hypothesis and (ii) the sexual competition hypothesis (also called resource partitioning hypothesis). Here, we attempted to link sexual dimorphism in fishers (Pekania pennanti (Erxleben, 1777)) with their fall diet using stable isotope profiling and body and skull measurements. We used the carcasses of 39 fishers which were caught in eastern Québec during fall 2014 by volunteer trappers as well as several potential prey items ranging from small rodents to cervids. We expected minimal niche overlap between sexes, as males should be able to exploit different prey species than females. We also expected to observe an effect of age class (adults vs. juveniles) on trophic niche. As expected, we found great evidence of sexual dimorphism in both body mass and skull measurements: males were heavier and longer than females and had a larger zygomatic and intracanine width and a longer skull. While proportions of prey in diet according to sex and age did not vary greatly, we found some evidence of niche partitioning using Layman's metrics. Indeed, females tended to have a less diversified and more similar diet compared to one another, whereas males showed more diversified and contrasted diets. Despite our limited sample size, our findings provide partial support to the sexual competition hypothesis, as the difference in body and skull size based on sex could have evolved to lessen intraspecific competition in fishers.</p>
Using web-sourced photographs to examine temporal patterns in sex-specific diet of a highly sexually dimorphic raptor
<p><span>Traditional methods to study raptor diet are usually limited temporally, e.g., prey remains at nesting sites, and are unsuitable to examine dietary changes throughout the year. Using web-sourced photography, we explore temporal patterns in prey size and key prey species between sexes of the sexually dimorphic Eurasian Sparrowhawk (</span><em>Accipiter nisus</em>) throughout the United Kingdom. We examined 666 photographs of sparrowhawk on prey and identified the prey species involved, together with sparrowhawk sex. Changes in prey size and proportions of key prey species over time (seasonally and monthly) were explored for each sex. Prey weight was substantially higher for females than males. However, on average, prey size for both sexes declined during the summer period (May-June) being the lowest in June which is the main nestling-rearing month for both sparrowhawks and their prey. Compared to summer, Rock Doves (<em>Columba livia</em>) were more important prey for female sparrowhawk in winter. Whereas, for males, Eurasian Blackbirds (<em>Turdus merula</em>) were more important in spring compared to autumn. Web-sourced photography can overcome several limitations of previous methods used to study raptor diet including the ability to quantify diet between the sexes throughout the entire year, however, may also introduce a prey-size bias towards larger prey items.</p>
Reduced sexual size dimorphism in a pipefish population where males do not prefer larger females
<p><span>Within a species' distribution, populations are often exposed to diverse environments and may thus experience different sources of both natural and sexual selection. These differences are likely to impact the balance between costs and benefits to individuals seeking reproduction, thus entailing evolutionary repercussions. Here, we look into an unusual population (Baltic Sea) of the broadnosed pipefish, <i>Syngnathus typhle</i>, where males do not seem to select females based on size and hypothesise that this pattern may derive from a reduction of direct benefits to the male. We further hypothesise that if larger females do not persistently secure a higher reproductive success, either through pre- or post-copulatory sexual selection, a decrease in sexual size dimorphism in the Baltic population should be apparent, especially when contrasted with a well-studied population, inhabiting similar latitudes (Swedish west coast), where males prefer larger females.</span></p> <p>We found that, in the Baltic population, variation in female quality is low. We were unable to find differences in abortion rates or protein concentration in oocytes produced by females of contrasting sizes. Direct benefits from mating with large partners seem, thus, reduced in the Baltic population. We also found no evidence of any post-copulatory mechanism that could favour larger mothers as embryo development was unrelated to female size. While female size can still be selected through intrasexual competition or fecundity selection, the pressure for large female body size seems to be lower in the Baltic. Accordingly, we found a noticeable decrease in sexual size dimorphism in the Baltic population. We conclude that, although far from negating the significance of other selective process, sexual selection seems to have a decisive role in supporting pipefish sexual size asymmetries.</p>
Data from: Distinct developmental mechanisms influence sexual dimorphisms in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus
<p><span>Sexual dimorphism is common in animals. The most complete model of sex determination comes from <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, where the relative dosage of autosomes and X chromosomes leads indirectly to sex-specific transcripts of <em>doublesex</em> (<em>dsx</em>). Female Dsx interacts with a mediator complex protein encoded by <em>intersex</em> to activate female development. In males the transcription factor encoded by <em>fruitless</em> promotes male-specific behavior. The genetics of sex determination have been examined in a small number of other insects, yet several questions remain about the plesiomorphic state. Is <em>doublesex</em> required for female and male development? Is <em>fruitless</em> conserved in male behavior or morphology? Are other components such as <em>intersex</em> functionally conserved? To address these questions, we report the expression and functional tests of <em>doublesex</em>, <em>intersex</em> and <em>fruitless</em> in the hemipteran <em>Oncopeltus fasciatus</em>, characterizing three sexual dimorphisms. <em>doublesex</em> prevents <em>intersex</em> phenotypes in all sexes and dimorphic traits in the milkweed bug. <em>intersex</em> and <em>fruitless</em> are expressed across the body, in females and males. <em>fruitless</em> and <em>intersex</em> also affect the genitalia of both sexes but have effects limited to different dimorphic structures in different sexes. These results reveal roles for <em>intersex</em> and <em>fruitless</em> distinct from other insects and demonstrate distinct development mechanisms in different sexually dimorphic structures.<br></span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.