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FIGURE 2 in Multidecadal fishers' knowledge reveals overexploitation of sharks in southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 2 | Spinner shark, Carcharhinus brevipinna, catches according to beach seine fishers in Arraial do Cabo (with second order polynomial regression line shown r2 = 0.09, p = 0.5).

Fig. 7 in New specimen of the rare requiem shark Eogaleus bolcensis from the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy

Fig. 7. Dermal denticles at different scales of head and trunk regions (in dorsal view) of Eogaleus bolcensis Cappetta, 1975, Monte Postale, Bolca, Italy; middle–late Cuisian. A. MSNPV 24625, details of a skin patch preserved in the head region (A1), SEM imaging of a Morphotype A denticle (A2); the scale is thick and well ridged, an upward-pointing spine occurs in dorsal view, thickened by the distal convergence of ridges. B. MSNPV 24626, patches of dermal denticles of arranged ventrally to vertebral column, along the distal area of the trunk (B1), SEM imaging of a denticle in dorsal view from the trunk region, where dermal denticles are teardrop-shaped (Morphotype B) (B2); the ridges end apically, without forming peaks, medial-distal upward spines are absent. Abbreviations: p, peak; r, ridge; ri, ridge interspace; s, spine.

Fig. 6 in New specimen of the rare requiem shark Eogaleus bolcensis from the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy

Fig. 6. The apical area (A) and distal region (B) of the trunk of Eogaleus bolcensis Cappetta, 1975, MSNPV 24625, Monte Postale, Bolca, Italy, middle– late Cuisian, in lateral view. Photographs under UV light (A1, B1) and interpretative drawings (A2, B2). The basal cartilage extends ventrally and parallel to vertebral column among the 16th–22nd centra. In B1 the clusters of fin radials ventrally extend among the 88th–98th and the 115th–125th centra. The arrows in A1 and B1 point out the preserved fin radials. Green patches mark areas covered by mortar glue. Numerals refer to the vertebral counts.

Fig. 9. A in New specimen of the rare requiem shark Eogaleus bolcensis from the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy

Fig. 9. A. Size comparison between Galeorhinus cuvieri and Eogaleus bolcensis specimens. The total length of MSNPV 24625-24626, MCSNV T.311, and MNHN F.Bol.516 refers to estimated values discussed herein. MSNPV 24625-24626 is the largest of the series. B. Examples of total length-age fits performed with growth parameters of Galeorhinus galeus populations from New Zealand (B1, female growth parameters; Francis and Mulligan 1998) and Australian (B2, combined growth parameters; Moulton et al. 1992) by using VBGF (Bertalanffy 1938; see Table 2 for estimated age values). Both curves discriminate fossil individuals in three main ontogenetic classes: G. cuvieri specimens cluster close to each other on the bottom of the logarithmic trend line. Thus, G. cuvieri specimens were young individuals. On the contrary, E. bolcensis specimens arranged more spaced to each other toward the top of the trend line. Accordingly, E. bolcensis specimens were young or adult individuals, where MSNPV 24625-24626 is the largest of the series.

Fig. 4 in New specimen of the rare requiem shark Eogaleus bolcensis from the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy

Fig. 4. The head region of Eogaleus bolcensis Cappetta, 1975, MSNPV 24625, Monte Postale, Bolca, Italy; middle–late Cuisian, in dorsal view with preserved teeth in labial view. Close-up photos of left (A) and right (B) lateral areas of the preserved head region. Photographs under natural light (A1, B1), explanatory drawings (A2, B2), preserved teeth (orange), and tooth molds (violet). Numbers refer to teeth count on MSNPV 24625, for measurements see SOM 2. Abbreviations: mc, Meckel's cartilage; mg, mortar glue.

Fig. 5 in New specimen of the rare requiem shark Eogaleus bolcensis from the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy

Fig. 5. Antero-posterior length of vertebral centra of Eogaleus bolcensis, MSNPV 24625. The size of centra increases rapidly the 33th–39th (16 mm). Caudal to the 39th vertebral centrum, the centrum size decreases slowly in 3 steps: (i) the 40th–67th (average: 10.6 mm reaching a peak of 14 mm at the 49th centrum); (ii) the 68th–98th (average: 7.6 mm); (iii) the 99th–132nd (average: 6.0 mm). Vertebrae are numbered from anterior (1) to posterior (132). Measurements and counts are provided in SOM 3.

Fig. 1. A in New specimen of the rare requiem shark Eogaleus bolcensis from the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy

Fig. 1. A. Terminology of longitudinal measurements following Cappetta (1975). Measurements 17–23 have been added in this paper, expanding the original model. 1, total length (TL); 2, head length; 3, trunk length; 4, caudal fin length; 5, head-first dorsal fin length; 6, head-second dorsal fin length; 7, head-pelvic fin length; 8, head-anal fin length; 9, head-caudal fin length; 10, basal lobe length; 11, apical lobe length; 12a-b-c, first dorsal base-anterior edge-height; 13a-b-c, second dorsal base-anterior edgeheight; 14a-b-c, pectoral fin base-anterior edge-height; 15a-b-c, pelvic fin base-anterior edge-height; 16a-b-c, anal fin base-anterior edge-height; 17, first-second dorsal fins length; 18, second dorsal-caudal fin length; 19, pectoral-pelvic fins length; 20, pelvic-anal fins length; 21, anal-caudal fins length; 22, apical lobe-caudal tip length; 23, basal-apical lobes length. B. Terminology of dental characters according to Adnet and Cappetta (2008) and Ebert and Stehemann (2013). MGGC 1976 in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. Measurements taken for each tooth: ch, crown height; de, distal edge; mcl, main cusp length; mcw, main cusp width; me, mesial edge; me+mcl, mesial edge + main cusp length; rh, root height; rl, root length; th, total height.

Fig. 2. Eogaleus bolcensis Cappetta, 1975, MSNPV 24625 in New specimen of the rare requiem shark Eogaleus bolcensis from the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy

Fig. 2. Eogaleus bolcensis Cappetta, 1975, MSNPV 24625, Monte Postale, Bolca, Italy; middle–late Cuisian. The head region is exposed in dorsal view, while the trunk area is exposed in lateral view. Photograph (A1), explanatory drawing (A2). Dermal denticles are widespread arranged in patches along the body (orange). The yellow patches mark the different typologies of mortar glues employed for the assemblage of the slab. The green dashed lines separate the matrix of the specimens from the rocky blocks used for the preparation of the slabs. The star indicates the anatomical area (i.e., a fragment from identified nasal capsule) where dermal denticle samples were collected. Numerals refer to the arrangement of vertebral elements in life position. Black patches mark casts of vertebral centra.

Fig. 3 in New specimen of the rare requiem shark Eogaleus bolcensis from the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of the head region of Eogaleus bolcensis Cappetta, 1975, MSNPV 24625, Monte Postale, Bolca, Italy; middle–late Cuisian. Photograph under UV light (A1), the hard tissues well differentiate from matrix bulk and pigmented mortar glues: photograph under natural light with explanatory drawing (A2). Numerals refer to the arrangement of vertebral elements in life position. Abbreviations: b, benthic organisms; ba, branchial arch; mc, Meckel's cartilage; mg, mortar glue; nc, nasal capsule; pq, palatequadrate; t, teeth; vc, vertebral centra.

Fig. 8 in New specimen of the rare requiem shark Eogaleus bolcensis from the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy

Fig. 8. Trends in antero-posterior length of vertebra of Galeorhinus cuvieri and Eogaleus bolcensis. Each area is given by the minimum and the maximum antero-posterior length of a single centrum from the same anatomical position of different individuals. All specimens show a slowly increase in size on the anterior area of the trunk. The largest size of centra occurs around the 40th centrum, close to the first dorsal. The length of centra decreases in several steps towards the caudal fin. Centra are numbered according to their anterior-posterior longitudinal arrangements. Measurements and counts are provided in SOM 3.

Fig. 10 in New specimen of the rare requiem shark Eogaleus bolcensis from the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy

Fig. 10. Correlation between length of trunk (calculated as the sum of anteroposterior vertebral centra) (A), length of the head vertebral centra (B), and centra length averages of Bolca specimens. All the individuals arrange along a robust linear distribution in each diagram (R2 = 0.97), showing three distinct ontogenetic clusters. Length averages of centra are listed in Table 3.

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Fig. 5 in Evidence of a second nursery area of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Abstract

Fig. 5: Frequency of sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus observations caught as accidentally by pelagic longlines and commercial trawling from depths of 25 and 125 m of Mersin Bay and Iskenderun Bay, eastern Mediterranean Turkish coasts between August 2010 and March 2014 (BaŞusta, 2016). The bars represent the number of observations and dots (○) represent the size of sandbar sharks.

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Fig. 1 in Evidence of a second nursery area of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Abstract

Fig. 1: Map of the Yumurtalik Bight in the Iskenderun Bay, the north-eastern Mediterranean Sea with an inset depicting the location where the sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus were caught accidentally by a pelagic bluefish longline on 24–27 July 2017. The location of the first nursery (Boncuk bay) is also shown on the left that is based on the coordinate obtained from Google Map.

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Fig. 4 in Evidence of a second nursery area of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Abstract

Fig. 4: The view of an unhealed umbilical scar of sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus were caught accidentally on 24–27 July 2017, off the coast of Yumurtalik Bight, Gulf of Iskenderun, north-eastern Mediterranean Sea.

Fig 11 in Lost before found: A new species of whaler shark Carcharhinus obsolerus from the Western Central Pacific known only from historic records

Fig 11. Post-mandibular indentation of Meckel's cartilage. Arrow denotes indentation: A. Carcharhinus borneensis (PMH 244–1, female 661mm TL); B. Carcharhinus cerdale (PMH 329–01, male 887 mm TL); C. Carcharhinus macloti (PMH 057–14, male 970 mm TL; D. Carcharhinus porosus (PMH 121–01, female 1085 mm TL). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209387.g011

Fig 7 in Lost before found: A new species of whaler shark Carcharhinus obsolerus from the Western Central Pacific known only from historic records

Fig 7. Lateral trunk denticles of Carcharhinus obsolerus sp. nov. (NMW 61463, holotype). 433 mm TL female. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209387.g007

Fig 10 in Lost before found: A new species of whaler shark Carcharhinus obsolerus from the Western Central Pacific known only from historic records

Fig 10. Lower jaw dentition in the three most similar Carcharhinus species. A. Carcharhinus borneensis (PMH244- 1, mature female 661 mm TL); B. Carcharhinus cerdale (PMH329-01, juvenile male 887 mm TL; left side of jaw with image reversed); C. Carcharhinus macloti (PMH057-15, mature female 1090 mm TL). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209387.g010

Fig 5 in Lost before found: A new species of whaler shark Carcharhinus obsolerus from the Western Central Pacific known only from historic records

Fig 5. In situ teeth of Carcharhinus obsolerus sp. nov. (ANSP 77121, paratype). 370 mm TL female: A. upper teeth; B. lower teeth.

Fig 4 in Lost before found: A new species of whaler shark Carcharhinus obsolerus from the Western Central Pacific known only from historic records

Fig 4. Teeth of Carcharhinus obsolerus sp. nov (ANSP 77121, paratype). 433 mm TL female; 4th anterolateral tooth from left side of jaw: A. upper tooth labial view; B. upper tooth lingual view; C. lower tooth labial view; D. lower tooth lingual view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209387.g004

Fig 2 in Lost before found: A new species of whaler shark Carcharhinus obsolerus from the Western Central Pacific known only from historic records

Fig 2. Head of Carcharhinus obsolerus sp. nov. (NMW 61463; Holotype). 433 mm TL female: A. lateral view; B. ventral view. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209387.g002