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Figure 15 in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 15. Argonauta nouryi shell displaying three changes in shell formation type: a–b, two perspectives of shell #41 (64.7 mm shell length, SBMNH 345766) displaying three changes in shell formation type from Type 1 (T1) to Type 2 (T2) shell formation, back to Type 1 and then to Type 2; a, left lateral view; b, oblique left lateral view. Note that the key to recognising the different shell formation types (challenging in this shell) is to look for reductions in the size of sequential keel tubercles (that would normally increase in size), a change in the relative distance between keel tubercles, a change in the ratio of lateral ribs to keel tubercles, and the appearance or disappearance of inter-keel tuberculation. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 17 in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 17. Argonauta nouryi shell displaying ear formation: a–c, three perspectives of shell #136 (63.1 mm shell length, SBMNH 345768) displaying ear (E) formation associated with a shift from Type 2 (T2) to Type 1 (T1) shell formation; a, left lateral view; b, close-up of ear, left lateral view; c, anterior aperture view. The shell added to the aperture edge in Type 1 shell formation produces a new ear separate from the axis of the shell. The new ear becomes the widest point on the aperture edge. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 16 in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 16. Argonauta nouryi shell displaying subsumed ears: a–d, four perspectives of shell #139 (72.2 mm shell length, SBMNH 345768) displaying subsumed ear (E) associated with a shift from Type 1 (T1) to Type 2 (T2) shell formation; a, left lateral view; b, close-up of subsumed ear, left lateral view; c, close-up of subsumed ear, oblique left lateral view; d, anterior aperture view. The shell added to the aperture edge in Type 2 shell formation does not expand the ear, instead subsuming it. The resulting aperture edge is not eared. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 13. Argonauta nouryi shell displaying a in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 13. Argonauta nouryi shell displaying a single change in shell formation type: a–d, four perspectives of shell #37 (65.5 mm shell length, SBMNH 345766) displaying a single change from Type 1 (T1) to Type 2 (T2) shell formation; a, left lateral view; b, oblique left lateral view; c, close-up oblique left lateral view; d, posterior keel view. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 9 in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 9. Variation in aperture length across the examined SBMNH lot. Scatter plot of aperture length (ApL) against shell length (ShL) for the single shell lot collected at El Mogote, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico (24° 10' 00" N, 110° 24' 00" W) on 15 January 2000 (SBMNH 345766 & 345768). Eared shells (solid circles) and earless shells (open circles) distinguished. Linear regression lines for eared shells (dashed) and earless shells (dot dashed) with corresponding equations and coefficients of determination (i.e. R2 values) presented.

Figure 7 in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 7. Variation in rib number across the examined SBMNH lot. Scatter plot of rib count (RC) against shell length (ShL) for the single shell lot collected at El Mogote, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico (24° 10' 00" N, 110° 24' 00" W) on 15 January 2000 (SBMNH 3045766 & 345768). Eared shells (solid circles) and earless shells (open circles) distinguished. Linear regression lines for eared shells (dashed) and earless shells (dot dashed) with corresponding equations and coefficients of determination (i.e. R2 values) presented.

Figure 2 in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 2. Argonaut shell measurements and terminology, following Finn (2013): a, Argonauta nodosus aperture view (NMV F164695); b, A. nodosus lateral view (NMV F164695); c, A. argo aperture view (WAM S31503); d, A. nouryi aperture view (SBMNH 345766, specimen #074); e, A. nouryi aperture view (SBMNH 345768, specimen #109). Abbreviations: ApL = aperture length; ApW = aperture width; EW = ear width; KW = keel width; ShB = shell breadth; ShL = shell length. Illustrations: R. Plant.

Figure 12. Repaired shell displaying components consistent with Argonauta nouryi and A in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 12. Repaired shell displaying components consistent with Argonauta nouryi and A. cornutus: a–d, four perspectives of a single shell (52.3 mm shell length, SBMNH 357476) displaying an initial component consistent with A. nouryi Lorois, 1854 ("nouryi") followed by a subsequent component consistent with A. cornutus Conrad, 1854 ("cornutus"); a, right lateral view; b, oblique right lateral view; c, anterior aperture view; d, oblique ventral keel view. Dashed line represents repair line separating two visually different components. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 11 in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 11. Variation in keel width across the examined SBMNH lot. Scatter plot of keel width (KW) against shell length (ShL) for the single shell lot collected at El Mogote, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico (24° 10' 00" N, 110° 24' 00" W) on 15 January 2000 (SBMNH 345766 & 345768). Eared shells (solid circles) and earless shells (open circles) distinguished. Linear regression lines for eared shells (dashed) and earless shells (dot dashed) with corresponding equations and coefficients of determination (i.e. R2 values) presented.

Figure 6 in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 6. Variation in shell shape across the examined SBMNH lot. Scatter plot of shell breadth (ShB) against shell length (ShL) for the single shell lot collected at El Mogote, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico (24° 10' 00" N, 110° 24' 00" W) on 15 January 2000 (SBMNH 345766 & 345768). Eared shells (solid circles) and earless shells (open circles) distinguished. Linear regression lines for eared shells (dashed) and earless shells (dot dashed) with corresponding equations and coefficients of determination (i.e. R2 values) presented.

Figure 5 in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 5. Three similarly sized shells of varied appearance selected from the examined SBMNH lot: a–c, three similarly sized shells of varied appearance selected from the single lot collected at El Mogote, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico (24° 10' 00" N, 110° 24' 00" W) on 15 January 2000; a, shell #74 (65.0 mm shell length, SBMNH 345766) assigned the name cornutus-type voucher; b, shell #42 (61.2 mm shell length, SBMNH 345766) assigned the name intermediate voucher; c, shell #109 (66.5 mm shell length, SBMNH 345768) assigned the name nouryi-type voucher; i–iv, multiple perspectives of each shell; i, left lateral view; ii, anterior aperture view; iii, posterior keel view; iv, ventral view. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 4 in Recognising variability in the shells of argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae): the key to resolving the taxonomy of the family

Figure 4. Comparison of a shell from the examined SBMNH lot with the type specimen and illustrations taken from the original description of Argonauta cornutus Conrad, 1854: a, reproduced illustration taken from the original description of A. cornutus Conrad, 1854, plate 34, fig. 2; b, photographs of the type specimen illustrated in the original description (58.6 mm shell length, ANSP 63496; please note, the original description illustrations mirror the characters of the shell, most likely due to the engraving and printing process of the era); c, illustrations of a shell matching the description of A. cornutus taken from the examined lot (shell #74, 65.0 mm shell length, SBMNH 345766). Illustration: R. Plant. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 1 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 1 An overview of the diversity in morphology, colouration, and host-associations of the studied clade. A, Anchiopontonia hurii (Holthuis, 1981) in the spiny oyster Spondylus sp.; B, Ascidonia quasipusilla (Chace, 1972) in a solitary ascidian; C, Conchodytes meleagrinae Peters, 1852 in the spiny oyster Spondylus sp.; D, Conchodytes pteriae Fransen, 1994 in the pearl oyster Pteria loveni (Dunker, 1879); E, male-female pair of Dactylonia ascidicola (Borradaile, 1898) from the solitary ascidian Ascidia sp.; F, Odontonia katoi (Kubo, 1940) in the solitary ascidian Polycarpa aurata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834); G, Odontonia plurellicola De Gier & Fransen, 2018 in the colonial ascidian Plurella sp.; H, Odontonia sibogae (Bruce, 1973) in the solitary ascidian Polycarpa sp.; I, Platypontonia hyotis Hipeau-Jacquotte, 1971 in the giant honeycomb oyster Hyotissa hyotis (Linnaeus, 1758); J, Pontonia manningi Fransen, 2000 in the spiny oyster Spondylus americanus Hermann, 1781. PHOTO CREDIT: C.H.J.M. FRANSEN

FIGURE 5 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 5 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the TE approach (fig. 4), with ancestral biogeographic range reconstructions on the internal nodes (probabilities are shown as pie charts). Indo-West Pacific genera simplified as genus names, except for Odontonia kerangcaris Fransen, Groenhof & De Gier, 2021 due to its position outside of the genus. Colours indicate distribution ranges, both for the species as well as the ancestral distribution ranges. Species/genera of which only morphological data was analysed are indicated with an asterisk (*).

FIGURE 4 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 4 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the TE approach. RAxML bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities expressed as percentages are indicated respectively. Dashes (--) indicate values <50; asterisk (*) indicates different topology of RAxML or MrBayes tree. Four major clades can be recognized. Newly acquired barcodes are indicated with a collection accession number (RMNH.CRUS.D., MZB.), otherwise GenBank accession numbers are given. The selection of species can be found in the appendices (supplementary table S1), and species of which only morphological data was analysed are indicated with an asterisk (*) and no accession number. Colours indicate various host associations. The host association of Pontonia longispina Holthuis, 1951 is unknown, indicated with a question mark (?), and the known host association of Pontonia chimaera Holthuis, 1951 is with gastropod molluscs, which is indicated with an outline of a shell.

FIGURE 2 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 2 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the concatenated molecular dataset (COI, H3, 16S, 18S). RAxML bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities expressed as percentages are indicated respectively. Dashes (--) indicate values <50; asterisk (*) indicates different topology of RAxML or MrBayes tree. Four branches are shortened for convenience. Three major clades can be recognized. Newly acquired barcodes are indicated with a collection accession number (RMNH.CRUS.D., MZB.), otherwise GenBank accession numbers are given. The selection of species can be found in the appendices (supplementary table S1). Colours indicate various host associations.

FIGURE 6 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 6 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the TE approach (fig. 4), with ancestral character state reconstructions on the internal nodes (probabilities are shown as pie charts). Colours indicate various host associations, both for the species as well as the ancestral character states. The host association of Pontonia longispina Holthuis, 1951 is unknown, indicated with a question mark (?), and the known host association of Pontonia chimaera Holthuis, 1951 is with gastropod molluscs, which is indicated with an outline of a shell. Species of which only morphological data was analysed are indicated with an asterisk (*).

FIGURE 3 The 50 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 3 The 50% majority rule consensus tree of the morphological analysis in PAUP. Five distinct clades can be recognized. Support values are given at every dichotomous or polytomous branching. Colours indicate various host associations. The host association of Pontonia longispina Holthuis, 1951 is unknown, indicated with a question mark (?), and the known host association of Pontonia chimaera Holthuis, 1951 is with gastropod molluscs, which is indicated with an outline of a shell.

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Fig. 3 in Epizoic Anthoathecate Species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) Growing on Eroded Shells of Live Gastropods (Nassarius festivus) in Japan

Fig. 3. Hydroid species found on old eroded shells of N. festivus in each collection locality. A. polyps of Dicoryne conybearei (Koajiro); B. gonophores of D. conybearei; C. polyps of Stylactaria misakiensis (Kisarazu); D. gonophores of S. misakiensis; E. polyps of Leuckartiara sp. (Torinosu); F. a medusa of Leuckartiara sp. The yellow arrows indicate the polyps of each hydroid species. Scales=5 mm (A, C, E), 0.5 mm (D, F), 0.1 mm (B).