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FIGURE 3 in The phylogenetic status of Limnonectes liui (Yang, 1983) (Anura: Dicroglossidae based on mitochondrial genes and its taxonomic implications
FIGURE 3. Limnonectes liui in life (male) from Brown Mountain, Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China (A) dorsal hand, (B) palmar, (C) dorsal foot, and (D) plantar views in life, and (E) tongue and (F) maxillary and vomerine teeth views in preservative.
Taxonomic revision of Chinemys pani (Testudines: Geoemydidae) from the Pleistocene of Taiwan and its implications of conservation paleobiology
<p>Proper taxonomic identification is critical to our understanding of biodiversity and the underlying evolutionary history. Here we re-examine the cast of the holotype of <em>Chinemys pani</em>, a geoemydid turtle from the Pleistocene of Taiwan; the actual specimen was not curated appropriately after the original publication and was most likely lost. Our results provide substantial evidence to show that <em>Chinemys pani</em>should be identified as <em>Mauremys reevesii</em>. The replica, though not ideal, preserves various morphological features that allow reliable taxonomic identification to <em>Mauremys reevesii</em>, including the presence of three longitudinal keels on the carapace, the second to sixth neural bones anteriorly short-sided, the lack of movable plastral hinge. In addition, we also confirm that the original diagnostic features that established the new taxon: <em>Chinemys pani</em>– are polymorphic characters of <em>Mauremys reevesii</em>. Our taxonomic revision of a Pleistocene geoemydid turtle from Taiwan resolves the debate on whether <em>Mauremys reevesii</em>should be a native turtle in Taiwan instead of an introduced invasive species. More importantly, this study offers new insights into the origin of modern biodiversity in Taiwan and gives a straightforward example of how fossils can be applied to conservation policies.Proper taxonomic identification is critical to our understanding of biodiversity and the underlying evolutionary history. Here we re-examine the cast of the holotype of <em>Chinemys pani</em>, a geoemydid turtle from the Pleistocene of Taiwan; the actual specimen was not curated appropriately after the original publication and was most likely lost. Our results provide substantial evidence to show that <em>Chinemys pani</em>should be identified as <em>Mauremys reevesii</em>. The replica, though not ideal, preserves various morphological features that allow reliable taxonomic identification to <em>Mauremys reevesii</em>, including the presence of three longitudinal keels on the carapace, the second to sixth neural bones anteriorly short-sided, the lack of movable plastral hinge. In addition, we also confirm that the original diagnostic features that established the new taxon: <em>Chinemys pani</em>– are polymorphic characters of <em>Mauremys reevesii</em>. Our taxonomic revision of a Pleistocene geoemydid turtle from Taiwan resolves the debate on whether <em>Mauremys reevesii</em>should be a native turtle in Taiwan instead of an introduced invasive species. More importantly, this study offers new insights into the origin of modern biodiversity in Taiwan and gives a straightforward example of how fossils can be applied to conservation policies.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 4. Canonical variables (CVA) analysis of male Paracentrobia of the segments measured by traditional morphometry (● Paracentrobia tapajosae from Tapajosa rubromarginata, Argentina, x Paracentrobia tapajosae from Dalbulus maidis, Argentina, □ Paracentrobia subflava from Dalbulus maidis, Mexico).
FIGURE 1 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 1. Anatomical landmarks used in geometric morphometric analysis of male genitalia of Paracentrobia subflava and Paracentrobia tapajosae (● landmarks, ● semilandmarks).
FIGURE 7 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood phylogram of Paracentrobia specimens from Mexico and Argentina based on the sequence of the ITS2 region. The support of the tree was assessed by bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates (* Paracentrobia tapajosae from Dalbulus maidis and Paracentrobia subflava from Dalbulus maidis, ** Paracentrobia tapajosae from Tapajosa rubromarginata).
FIGURE 3 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 3. Canonical variables (CVA) analysis of female Paracentrobia of the segments measured by traditional morphometry (● Paracentrobia tapajosae from Tapajosa rubromarginata, Argentina, x Paracentrobia tapajosae from Dalbulus maidis, Argentina, □ Paracentrobia subflava from Dalbulus maidis, Mexico).
FIGURE 6 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 6. Maximum likelihood phylogram of Paracentrobia specimens from Mexico and Argentina based on the sequence of the COI gene. The support of the tree was assessed by bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates (* Paracentrobia tapajosae from Dalbulus maidis and Paracentrobia subflava from Dalbulus maidis, ** Paracentrobia tapajosae from Tapajosa rubromarginata).
FIGURE 5 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 5. Scatter plot of the between-groups principle component analysis (bgPCA) for the geometric morphometric analysis of male genitalia of Paracentrobia. Thin-plate spline (TPS) deformation grids at the extreme of each axis illustrate shape change implied by the corresponding bgPC (● Paracentrobia tapajosae from Tapajosa rubromarginata, Argentina, ○ Paracentrobia tapajosae from Dalbulus maidis, Argentina, ● Paracentrobia subflava from Dalbulus maidis, Mexico).
Figure 2 in Discovery of the male of Loxaulus hyalinus, and implications for the sympatric species Loxaulus laeta (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): an integrative taxonomical case of species delimitation
Figure 2. Overview of molecular results. Left: best maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on three genes (COI, cytb and 28SD2). Black squares at nodes indicate both ≥95% posterior probability (Bayesian inference) and ≥80% bootstrap (ML) node support. White squares at nodes indicate both <95% posterior probability (Bayesian inference) and ≥80% bootstrap (ML) node support. Right: Sexual generation for each terminal indicated; grey bars indicate the assignations of individuals to candidate species for the ABGD, bPTP, BPP, and BFD approaches. Striped grey bars indicate the omission of the signalled taxa in some of the analyses.
Figure 1 in Discovery of the male of Loxaulus hyalinus, and implications for the sympatric species Loxaulus laeta (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): an integrative taxonomical case of species delimitation
Figure 1. SEM pictures of Loxaulus hyalinus male: (a) head in frontal view, (b) head in dorsal view, (c) head in posterior view, (d) antenna, (e) mesosoma in dorsal view, (f) head and mesosoma in lateral view, (g) radial cell, (h) metasoma.
Figure 3 in Discovery of the male of Loxaulus hyalinus, and implications for the sympatric species Loxaulus laeta (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): an integrative taxonomical case of species delimitation
Figure 3. Summarised tree of the terminals (A–D) and nodes (I–III) recovered from the BPP analyses. Results of the BPP analyses for the three subsets used (1–3). For each subset, the four models of priors (M1–M4) are given, with varying values of population size (θ) and divergence time (τ). Each model was iterated by changing between two algorithms, A0 and A1. The first rows correspond to the best trees recovered for each analysis. The last rows for each subset show the posterior probability support for every node (I–III) in the given subset.
FIGURE 12 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 12. The scape transverse sections of the genus Tulipa (A˗R). A. T. agenensis. B. T. aleppensis. C. T. armena var. armena. D. T. armena var. galatica. E. T. julia. F. T. raddii. G. T. sintenisii. H. T. undulatifolia var. undulatifolia. I. T. clusiana. J. T. biflora. K. T. cinnabarina subsp. cinnabarina. L. T. humilis. M. T. koyuncui. N. T. orphanidea. O. T. pulchella. P. T. saxatilis. Q. T. sylvestris subsp. australis. R. T. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris, cu: cuticle, ep: epidermis, cl: collenchyma, co: cortex, ph: phloem, xy: xylem, sc: sclerenchyma.
FIGURE 13 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 13. The leaf transverse sections of the genus Tulipa (A˗R). A. T. agenensis. B. T. aleppensis. C. T. armena var. armena. D. T. armena var. galatica. E. T. julia. F. T. raddii. G. T. sintenisii. H. T. undulatifolia var. undulatifolia. I. T. clusiana. J. T. biflora. K. T. cinnabarina subsp. cinnabarina. L. T. humilis. M. T. koyuncui. N. T. orphanidea. O. T. pulchella. P. T. saxatilis. Q. T. sylvestris subsp. australis. R. T. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris, cu: cuticle, ue: upper epidermis, le: lower epidermis, p: parenchyma, ph: phloem, xy: xylem, st: stomata.
FIGURE 14 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 14. The leaf surface section of the genus Tulipa (each photo represents 1 mm2): 1˗T. agenensis, 2˗T. aleppensis, 3˗T. armena var. armena, 4˗T. armena var. galatica, 5˗T. julia, 6˗T. raddii, 7˗T. sintenisii, 8˗T. undulatifolia var. undulatifolia, 9˗T. clusiana, 10˗T. biflora, 11˗T. cinnabarina subsp. cinnabarina, 12˗T. humilis, 13˗T. koyuncui, 14˗T. orphanidea, 15˗T. pulchella, 16˗T. saxatilis, 17˗T. sylvestris subsp. australis, 18˗T. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris, a-lower epidermis, b-upper epidermis, epc: epidermis cell, st: stoma.
FIGURE 11 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 11. The root transverse sections of the genus Tulipa (A˗R). A. T. agenensis. B. T. aleppensis. C. T. armena var. armena. D. T. armena var. galatica. E. T. julia. F. T. raddii. G. T. sintenisii. H. T. undulatifolia var. undulatifolia. I. T. clusiana. J. T. biflora. K. T. cinnabarina subsp. cinnabarina. L. T. humilis. M. T. koyuncui. N. T. orphanidea. O. T. pulchella. P. T. saxatilis. Q. T. sylvestris subsp. australis. R. T. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris, ep: epidermis, ex: exodermis, co: cortex, en: endodermis, pe: pericycle, mx: metaxylem, ph: phloem, px: protoxylem.
FIGURE 10 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 10. Dendrogram of average linkage (between groups)-squared euclidean distance in the hierarchical cluster analysis of 42 populations (OTUs).
FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 9. Dendrogram of average linkage (between groups)-Manhattan distance in the hierarchical cluster analysis of 42 populations (OTUs).
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 2. Measurements of quantitavive characters related to leaf (µm) ― 21˗RPL: row number of parenchymatous cells at leaf section, 22a˗UPW: width of upper epidermal cells at leaf section, 22b˗UPL: length of upper epidermal cells at leaf section, 23a˗LOW: width of lower epidermal cells at leaf section, 23b˗LOL: length of lower epidermal cells at leaf section, 24a˗PLW: width of parenchymatous cells at leaf section, 24b˗PLL: length of parenchymatous cells at leaf section, 25a˗XEW: width of xylem elements at leaf section, 25b˗XEL: length of xylem elements at leaf section, 26a˗PMW: width of phloem elements at leaf section, 26b˗PML: length of phloem elements at leaf section, 27˗RSI: ratio of stoma index (not indicated on figure).
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 1. Measurements of quantitavive characters (µm). A, B. Root; 1˗CXW: width of cortex region at root section, 2a˗ERW: width of epidermal cells at root section, 2b˗ERL: length of epidermal cells at root section, 3a˗EXW: width of exodermal cells at root section, 3b˗EXL: length of exodermal cells at root section, 4a˗COW: width of cortex parenchymatous cells at root section, 4b˗COL: length of cortex parenchymatous cells at root section, 5˗RER: row number of endodermal cells at root section, 6˗RPR: row number of pericycle cells at root section, 7a˗ENW: width of endodermal cells at root section, 7b˗ENL: length of endodermal cells at root section, 8a˗PEW: width of pericycle cells at root section, 8b˗PRL: length of pericycle cells at root section, 9˗NPR: number of protoxylem at root section, 10˗NMR: number of metaxylem elements at root section, 11a˗MXW: width of metaxylem elements at root section, 11b˗MXL: length of metaxylem elements at root section. C, D. Scape; 12˗DSS: diameter of scape section, 13˗ANP: the average number of cell in pith at scape section, 14a˗EPW: width of epidermal cells at scape section, 14b˗EPL: length of epidermal cells at scape section, 15a˗CLW: width of collenchyma cells at scape section, 15b˗CLL: length of collenchyma cells at scape section, 16a˗PAW: width of parenchymatous cells at scape section, 16b˗PAL: length of parenchymatous cells at scape section, 17˗RSS: row number of sclerenchyma cells at scape section, 18a˗PHW: width of phloem elements at scape section, 18b˗PEL: length of phloem elements at scape section, 19a˗SSW: width of sclerenchyma cells at scape section, 19b˗SSL: length of sclerenchyma cells at scape section, 20a˗XYW: width of xylem elements at scape section, 20b˗XYL: length of xylem elements at scape section.
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 3. Grouping and coding the character states of a quantitative character on a modified Whisker's graph.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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