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615 results for “tuning”
Data from: The influence of cactus spine surface structure on puncture performance and anchoring ability is tuned for ecology
Spines are common morphological features found in almost all major biological groups offering an opportunity to explore large-scale evolutionary convergence across disparate clades. As an example, opuntioid cacti have spines with barbed ornamentation that is remarkably similar in form and scale to that found on porcupine quills, suggesting specific biomechanical convergence across the animal and plant kingdoms. While the mechanics of porcupine quills as defensive mechanisms has been previously tested, the mechanics of cacti spines (which have evolved to fill a number of functions including defense, climbing and dispersal) has not been characterized. Here we study the puncturing and anchoring ability of six species of cactus, including both barbed and non-barbed spines. We found that barbed spines require less work to puncture a variety of targets than non-barbed spines. Barbed spines also require more work than non-barbed spines to withdraw from biological materials, due to their barbs engaging with tissue fibers. These results closely match those found previously for barbed vs. non-barbed porcupine quills, implying biomechanical convergence. The variation in performance of barbed versus non-barbed spines, as well as between barbed spines from different species, is likely tied to the diversity of ecological functions of cactus spines.
Data from: Tuning Geometric Morphometrics: an R tool to reduce information loss caused by surface smoothing
The application of Geometric Morphometrics has remarkably increased since 3D imaging techniques have become widespread, such as high-resolution computerised tomography, laser scanning and photogrammetry. Acquisition, 3D rendering and simplification of virtual objects produce faceting and topological artefacts, which can be counteracted by applying decimation and smoothing algorithms. Nevertheless, smoothing algorithms can have detrimental effects. This work aims at developing a method to assess the amount of information loss or recovery after the application of 3D surface smoothing. The method presented here is conceived to optimise the smoothing procedure for 3D surfaces used in Geometric Morphometrics. We implemented the method in a tool running in the r statistical environment. The tool requires one surface, one landmark set and one surface semilandmark set to estimate the best smoothing settings, including algorithm type, iteration and scale factor value. Additional parameters can be tuned by the user. We describe the method in detail, reporting the tool usage, including its main settable parameters. One example is provided as a further explanation of the method. Our method reduces the chances of losing information in Geometric Morphometrics applications and is a unique attempt of standardising a widespread, potentially damaging procedure. The tool represents an advance in the application of Geometric Morphometrics.
Data from: Vision fine-tunes preparation for landing in the cane toad, Rhinella marina
In toad hopping, the hindlimbs generate the propulsive force for takeoff while the forelimbs resist the impact forces associated with landing. Preparing to perform a safe landing, in which impact forces are managed appropriately, likely involves the integration of multiple types of sensory feedback. In toads, vestibular and/or proprioceptive feedback are critical for coordinated landing, however, the role of vision remains unclear. To clarify this role, this study compares pre-landing forelimb muscle activation patterns in animals before and after removing vision. Specifically, we recorded EMG activity from two antagonistic forelimb muscles, the anconeus and coracoradialis, which demonstrate distance-dependent onset timing and recruitment intensity, respectively. Toads were first recorded hopping normally and then again after their optic nerves were severed to remove visual feedback. When blind, toads exhibited basic hop kinematics and pre-landing muscle activity similar to when sighted. However, distance-dependent relationships for muscle activity patterns were more variable, if present at all. This study demonstrates that blind toads are still able to perform coordinated landings, reinforcing the importance of proprioceptive and/or vestibular feedback during hopping. But the increased variability in distance-dependent activity patterns indicates that vision is more responsible for fine-tuning the motor control strategy for landing.
Data from: 'Out of tune': consequences of inbreeding on bird song
The expression of bird song is expected to signal male quality to females. 'Quality' is determined by genetic and environmental factors, but, surprisingly, there is very limited evidence if and how genetic aspects of male quality are reflected in song. Here, we manipulated the genetic make-up of canaries (Serinus canaria) via inbreeding, and studied its effects upon song output, complexity, phonetics and, for the first time, song learning. To this end, we created weight-matched inbred and outbred pairs of male fledglings, which were subsequently exposed to the same tutor male during song learning. Inbreeding strongly affected syllable phonetics, but there were little or no effects on other song features. Nonetheless, females discriminated among inbred and outbred males, as they produced heavier clutches when mated with an outbred male. Our study highlights the importance of song phonetics, which has hitherto often been overlooked.
Data from: Poor neuro-motor tuning of the human larynx: comparison of sung and whistled pitch imitation
Vocal imitation is a hallmark of human communication that underlies the capacity to learn to speak and sing. Even so, poor vocal imitation abilities are surprisingly common in the general population, and even expert vocalists cannot match the precision of a musical instrument. Although humans have evolved a greater degree of control over the laryngeal muscles that govern vocal pitch production, this ability may still be underdeveloped compared to control over the articulatory muscles, such as the tongue and lips, volitional control of which emerged earlier in primate evolution. Human participants imitated simple melodies by either singing (i.e., producing pitch with the larynx) or whistling (i.e., producing pitch with the lips and tongue). While participants who sung more precisely also whistled more precisely, sung imitations were less precise than whistled imitations. Furthermore, sung notes were systematically biased towards each individual's habitual pitch, which may act to conserve muscular effort. The laryngeal muscles that control voice production are under less precise control than the oral muscles that are involved in whistling. This imprecision may be due to the relatively recent evolution of volitional laryngeal-motor control in humans, which may be tuned just well enough for the coarse modulation of vocal-pitch in speech.
Data from: Frequency tuning and directional sensitivity of tympanal vibrations in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus
Female field crickets use phonotaxis to locate males by their calling song. Male song production and female behavioural sensitivity form a pair of matched frequency filters, which in Gryllus bimaculatus are tuned to a frequency of about 4.7 kHz. Directional sensitivity is supported by an elaborate system of acoustic tracheae, which make the ears function as pressure difference receivers. As a result, phase differences between left and right sound inputs are transformed into vibration amplitude differences. Here we critically tested the hypothesis that acoustic properties of internal transmissions play a major role in tuning directional sensitivity to the calling song frequency, by measuring tympanal vibrations as a function of sound direction and frequency. Rather than sharp frequency tuning of directional sensitivity corresponding to the calling song, we found broad frequency tuning, with optima shifted to higher frequencies. These findings agree with predictions from a vector summation model for combining external and internal sounds. We show that the model provides robust directional sensitivity that is, however, broadly tuned with an optimum well above the calling song frequency. We therefore advocate that additional filtering, e.g. at a higher (neuronal) level, significantly contributes to frequency tuning of directional sensitivity.
Data from: (In)exhaustible suppliers for evolution? Epistatic selection tunes the adaptive potential of non-genetic inheritance
Non-genetic inheritance media, from methyl-accepting cytosines to culture, tend to 'mutate' more frequently than DNA sequences. Whether or not this makes them inexhaustible suppliers for adaptive evolution will depend on the effect of non-genetic mutations (hereafter epimutations) on fitness-related traits. Here we investigate how the magnitude of these effects might themselves evolve, specifically whether natural selection may set boundaries to the adaptive potential of non-genetic inheritance media due to their higher mutability. In our model, the genetic and epigenetic contributions to a non-neutral phenotype are controlled by an epistatic modifier locus, which evolves under the combined effects of drift and selection. We show that a pure genetic control evolves when the environment is stable, provided that the population is large, such that the phenotype becomes robust to frequent epimutations. When the environment fluctuates, however, selection on the modifier locus also fluctuates and can overall produce a large non-genetic contribution to the phenotype, especially when the epimutation rate matches the rate of environmental variation. We further show that selection on the modifier locus is generally insensitive to recombination, meaning it is mostly direct, i.e. not relying on subsequent effects in future generations. These results suggest that unstable inheritance media might significantly contribute to fitness variation of traits subject to highly variable selective pressures, but little to traits responding to scarcely variable aspects of the environment. More generally, our study demonstrates that the rate of mutation and the adaptive potential of any inheritance media should not be seen as independent properties.
DataSet For Publication Thickness- Tuned Band Engineering for efficient Photodetection in 2D CuInP2Se6
<p><span lang="EN-GB">The combination of unique narrow bandgap electronic and optical properties, along with van der Waals surfaces in 2D materials, makes this class of materials highly promising for advancing photodetectors. In this study, we employ first-principles calculations to investigate the structural, electronic, and vibrational properties of the 2D CuInP₂Se₆ van der Waals material. Theoretical studies reveal phase-dependent properties in CuInP₂Se₆, including bulk paraelectric, bulk ferroelectric, and monolayer paraelectric phases. Notably, the material exhibits a tunable electronic band structure through phase transitions and layer thickness modulation. Among the explored phases, the paraelectric monolayer demonstrates a strong second harmonic generation response while also displaying lower thermal conductivity, making it suitable for nonlinear optical applications. The theoretically predicted optical properties were validated experimentally by synthesizing CuInP₂Se₆ using multi-step solid-state and chemical vapor transport reactions. A fabricated photodevice, configured as Au/CuInP₂Se₆/SiO₂ via standard optical lithography, exhibited UV-visible photodetection with a maximum photoresponsivity at 405 nm. Similarly, a modeled photodevice with the same configuration also demonstrated photodetection, attaining a maximum photoresponsivity at 405 nm. Furthermore, encapsulating silicene is expected to further modulate the electronic band structure and enhance photodetection performance, paving the way for future advancements in integrated UV-Vis-NIR optoelectronic devices. The significant improvement in photoconductive gain in the NIR range is attributed to an efficient charge transport pathway and interfacial encapsulation.</span></p>
Supporting data for "Tuning the supercurrent distribution in parallel ballistic graphene Josephson junctions"
<p>Supporting data and analysis scripts for all figures in the article "Tuning the supercurrent distribution in parallel ballistic graphene Josephson junctions".</p> <p>The files are sorted according to the figures/panels in the publication.</p> <p>For the data evaluation Matlab (version R2022b) has been used.</p>
Metadata - Tuning the electrochemical performance of covalent organic framework cathodes for Li- and Mg-based batteries: the influence of electrolyte and binder
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Simulation data for "Tuning Adhesion and Energy Dissipation in Polymer Films between Solid Surfaces via Grafting and Cross-Linking"
<p>LAMMPS input and data files, Jupyter notebooks used for the analysis of the MD simulations.</p>
Data for ICSE 2024 paper "Learning in the Wild: Towards Leveraging Unlabeled Data for Effectively Tuning Pre-trained Code Models".
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Effect of Microhydration in Tuning the Photophysical Behavior of a Luminescent DNA Probe Revealed by Non-Adiabatic Dynamics: Geometries
<p>Starting geometries for the 50 computed trajectories. These geometries come from a Wigner distribution around the minimum geometry of the ground state.</p>
Scalable Non-Volatile Tuning of Photonic Computational Memories by Automated Silicon Ion Implantation
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Tuning the Optical Absorption of Sn-, Ge-, and Zn-Substituted Cs2AgBiBr6 Double Perovskites: Structural and Electronic Effects
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Tuning Size and Seed Position in Small Silver Nanorods
<p>Related publication: Sánchez-Iglesias, A; Zhuo, X; Albrecht, W; Bals, S; Liz-Marzán, LM. Tuning Size and Seed Position in Small Silver Nanorods. <em>ACS Mater. Lett.</em> <strong>2020</strong>, <em>2</em>, 1246-1250, 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00388</p>
ATP-responsive biomolecular condensates tune bacterial kinase signaling
<p>Imaging and biochemical analyses data from the manuscript.</p>
CodeQual: A dataset for fine-tuning Large Language Models for code quality assessment task
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MultiTune: Multiple-Environment Configuration Tuning via Multi-Task Learning and Propensity Score Matching
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Accuracy can Lie: On the Impact of Surrogate Model in Configuration Tuning (Supplementary Material)
<p>The detailed data for model-impact survey</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.