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12,309 results for “America”
Data from: Reticulate evolution in nuclear Middle America causes discordance in the phylogeny of palm‐pitvipers (Viperidae: Bothriechis)
Aim: A number of processes can lead to weak or conflicting phylogenetic signals, especially in geographically dynamic regions where unstable landscapes and climates promote complex evolutionary histories. The Middle American pitviper genus Bothriechis has a complex biogeographic distribution and previous phylogenetic analyses have recovered conflicting topologies based on the data type used. Here, we tested whether historic conflicts in the phylogeny were the result of reticulate evolution and whether the inferred biogeographic history of the group would enable contact among reticulate lineages. Location: Middle America Taxon: Palm-Pitvipers (genus Bothriechis) Methods: We generated a phylogenomic dataset using an anchored phylogenomics approach and inferred a genomics-based species tree and mitochondrial tree to assess incongruence among datasets. We then generated a dated phylogeny and conducted ancestral area reconstruction to examine the biogeographic history surrounding the diversification of these species. We additionally tested whether the discordance among trees is better explained by lineage sorting or reticulate evolution by testing models of reticulate evolution inferred through multiple methods. Results: We found strong support for discordance in the phylogeny of <i>Bothriechis</i> and corresponding evidence for reticulate evolution among lineages with incongruent placement. Ancestral area reconstruction placed these taxa in adjacent regions during the time period when reticulation was projected to take place and suggested a biogeographic history heavily influenced by vicariant processes. Main conclusions: Reticulation among geographically proximate lineages has driven apparent genomic discordance in Bothriechis and is responsible for historical incongruence in the phylogeny. Inference of the order of events suggests that reticulation in Nuclear Middle American occurred during a time of geologic upheaval, promoting lineage divergence and secondary contact. Reticulate evolution and similar processes can have substantial impacts on the evolutionary trajectory of taxa and are important to explicitly test for in biogeographically complex regions. Main conclusions: Reticulation among geographically proximate lineages has driven apparent genomic discordance in Bothriechis and is responsible for historical incongruence in the phylogeny. Inference of the order of events suggests that reticulation in Nuclear Middle American occurred during a time of geologic upheaval, promoting lineage divergence and secondary contact. Reticulate evolution and similar processes can have substantial impacts on the evolutionary trajectory of taxa and are important to explicitly test for in biogeographically complex regions.
Data from: Patterns of biodiverse, understudied groups do not mirror those of the surrogate groups that set conservation priorities: a case study from the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of eastern North America
We conducted biodiversity inventories of lichens, woody plants, and sedges at 32 sites on the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of eastern North America between November 2012 and June 2015. Each site comprised a single, uniform habitat, and sites were classified as: Coastal Plain Floodplain forest, Coastal Plain Flatwood swamp, Coastal Plain Oak-Pine forest, Maritime forest, Mixed Mesic Hardwood forest, or Tidal forest. We compared alpha diversity and community assemblages of each organismal group across the sites, and compared selected minimal reserve sets in order to visualize biodiversity patterns and assess whether specific components of vascular plants (sedges and woody plants) serve as an effective surrogate for lichens. Woody plants provide a direct substrate for lichen growth, but there was no significant correlation between the alpha diversity of these groups. For conserving maximal species richness among the studied groups, lichens outperformed the sedges and woody plants as the better surrogate group for building minimum reserve sets, even though vascular plants are more commonly used as a surrogate. Likewise, sedge alpha diversity was not correlated with lichens, or with woody plants. Although no group was an effective indicator for high alpha diversity sites of other organisms, a significant correlation between the community assemblages of lichens and woody plants suggests that protecting varied types of plant communities might serve as a workable surrogate for protecting lichens. The lack of congruence between species richness patterns across organismal groups suggests that the mechanisms that shape patterns of diversity are not identical, and that identifying and incorporating specific biodiversity indicators for understudied groups into conservation policy is necessary to ensure their protection.
Data from: Flooding and soil composition determine beta-diversity of lowland forests in Northern South America
Beta diversity may be determined by dispersal limitation, environment and phylogeographic history. Our objective was to advance the understanding of plant species turnover in rainforests in Northern South America and determine which factors are affecting species beta-diversity. We evaluated the relative effect of environmental variables (i.e. soil, climate, fragmentation and flooding frequency) and dispersal limitation (i.e. geographical distance and resistance distance due mountain barriers) on tree beta diversity in 32 1-ha lowland forest plots. We found that tree species turnover was better explained by environmental distance than by geographic distance. Although, soil conditions and flooding regime were good predictors of tree species composition, almost half of the variance remained unexplained. In our study system, the Eastern Andean ridge had no significant effect on plant beta diversity, probably because of its young age in relation to the phylogeny. Our results provide support for the importance of environmental factors and suggests a more restricted role of dispersal limitation. Therefore, we advise that conservation strategies of lowland trees should consider specific forest types (e.g. seasonally flooded vs. terra firme, as well as piedmont vs. central Amazonian forests).
Data from: The dataset of ticks in South America
The datasets of records of the distribution of ticks are invaluable tools to understand the phylogenetic patterns of evolution of ticks and the abiotic traits to which they are associated. Such datasets require an exhaustive collection of bibliographical references. In most cases, it is necessary the confirmation of reliable identification of ticks, together with an update of the scientific names of the vertebrate hosts. For some biogeographic regions, these data are not easily available, because many records were published in the so-called "grey literature". We introduce the Dataset of Ticks in South America, a repository that collates data on more than 7,000 records of ticks, together with a set of abiotic traits, curated from satellite-derived information over the complete target region. The dataset includes data about ticks collected on wild hosts, with a special chapter devoted to species of cattle. It includes details of the phylogenetic relationships of the species of hosts, to provide researchers with both the biotic and abiotic traits, driving the distribution of ticks in South America.
Fig. 30 in On Hesperocranum, A New Spider Genus from Western North America (Araneae, Liocranidae)
Fig. 30. Western North America, showing records of Hesperocranum rothi.
FIGURE 7 in A new genus and six new species of the tropical Camptotypus genusgroup (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae) from northern South America
FIGURE 7. Amazopimpla farallonensis Palacio, sp. n. The tip of the ovipositor (Holotype female).
FIGURE 13. Oocyclus substillus n in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 13. Oocyclus substillus n. sp. holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 8 in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 8. Oocyclus maculatus Sharp holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 10. Oocyclus muscus n in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 10. Oocyclus muscus n. sp. holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 7. Oocyclus grandis n in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 7. Oocyclus grandis n. sp. holotype. Ventral habitus.
FIGURE 5. Oocyclus funestus n in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 5. Oocyclus funestus n. sp. holotype. Ventral habitus.
FIGURE 4. Oocyclus funestus n in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 4. Oocyclus funestus n. sp. holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 1 in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 1. Oocyclus brevicornis Sharp lectotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 6. Oocyclus grandis n in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 6. Oocyclus grandis n. sp. holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 2. Oocyclus catarata n in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 2. Oocyclus catarata n. sp. holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 9 in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 9. Oocyclus maculatus Sharp (specimen from Panama). Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 3. Oocyclus catarata n in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 3. Oocyclus catarata n. sp. holotype. Ventral habitus.
FIGURE 12. Oocyclus sharpi n in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 12. Oocyclus sharpi n sp. holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 15 in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 15. Oocyclus vestitus Sharp holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
FIGURE 14. Oocyclus tapanti n in A revision of Oocyclus Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
FIGURE 14. Oocyclus tapanti n. sp. holotype. Dorsal and lateral habitus.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.