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Fig. 9 A, B in The subfamily Xestomyzinae (Diptera: Therevidae) new to Madagascar, with the description of four new species

Fig. 9 A, B. SEM images: (A) Microgephyra falx sp. n., apical part of gonocoxites with spiculose area (spa). Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Microgephyra elegans sp. n., tip of distiphallus. Scale bar = 50 µm.

Fig. 4 A–H in The subfamily Xestomyzinae (Diptera: Therevidae) new to Madagascar, with the description of four new species

Fig. 4 A–H. Male terminalia; left column gonocoxites (lateral), right column epandria (ventral): (A, B) Microgephyra chrysothorax sp. n.; (C, D) Microgephyra falx sp. n.; (E, F) Microgephyra elegans sp. n.; (G, H) Microgephyra madagascariensis sp. n. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 5 A–H in The subfamily Xestomyzinae (Diptera: Therevidae) new to Madagascar, with the description of four new species

Fig. 5 A–H. Aedeagi; left column ventral, right column lateral: (A, B) Microgephyra chrysothorax sp. n.; (C, D) Microgephyra falx sp. n.; (E, F) Microgephyra elegans sp. n.; (G, H) Microgephyra madagascariensis sp. n. Abbreviations: ac – apical cap, da – dorsal apodeme, ea – ejaculatory apodeme, lds – lateral distiphallus sclerite, va – ventral apodeme. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1 A–H in The subfamily Xestomyzinae (Diptera: Therevidae) new to Madagascar, with the description of four new species

Fig. 1 A–H. Heads frontal; left column males, right column females: (A, B) Microgephyra chrysothorax sp. n.; (C, D) Microgephyra falx sp. n.; (E, F) Microgephyra elegans sp. n.; (G, H) Microgephyra madagascariensis sp. n. Scale bar = 1 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2003View details →

Fig. 4 in Four-year development of a centipede (Chilopoda) community after a summer flood

Fig. 4. Comparison of mean endogeic density of centipedes (mean for vegetation season) in studied forests with densities from other floodplain forests. a: Floodplain forest in Litovelské Pomoraví PLA (Piz˘l & Tajovský 1998). b: Floodplain forest in Danube River basin (Gulic˘ka 1960). c: Floodproof floodplain forest near the confluence of Morava River and Dyje River (Tajovsky´ 1999). d: Floodplain forest in Litovelské Pomoraví PLA (Piz˘l & Tajovský 1998). e: Floodplain forest with regular short spring floods (Tajovsky´ 1999). f: Floodplain forest with long-term spring floods (Tajovský 1999). g: Floodplain forest shortly after summer flood (Piz˘l & Tajovský 1998). h: Floodplain forest shortly after summer flood (Piz˘l & Tajovský 1998).

Figs 9, 10 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)

Figs 9, 10. Okudrilus sulcatus sp. n.: (9) ventral view of the clitellar region; (10) ovo-spermathecal apparatus. Abbreviations: Fch = fertilization chamber, Fp = female pore, Ov = ovarium, Ovnd = ovarian duct, Ovs = ovisac, Pph = porophore, Pr = prostate pore, Sta = spermathecal ampulla, Stp = spermathecal pore.

Figs 11–14 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)

Figs 11–14. Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) asymmetrica sp. n.: (11) ventral view of the clitellar region; (12) ectal third of the larger penial seta; (13) ectal third of the smaller penial seta; (14) spermatheca. Abbreviations: Fp = female pore, Pr = prostate pore.

Figs 7, 8 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)

Figs 7, 8. Okudrilus nyosensis sp. n.: (7) ventral view of the clitellar region; (8) ovo-spermathecal apparatus. Abbreviations: Fch = fertilization chamber, Fp = female pore, Gsw = genital swelling, Ov = ovarium, Osd = ovo-spermathecal duct, Ovnd = ovarian duct, Ovs = ovisac, Pph = porophore, Pr = prostate pore, Sta = spermathecal ampulla, Stp = spermathecal pore.

Figs. 2–4 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)

Figs. 2–4. (2) Eminoscolex steindachneri, spermathecal apparatus, after COgnetti (1909 fig. 10); (3) Eminoscolex franzi, spermathecal apparatus; (4) Eminoscolex franzi, sperm reservoir.Abbreviations: Fch = fertilization chamber, Nc = nerve cord, Osd = ovo-spermathecal duct, Ov = ovarium, Ovd = oviduct, Ovs = ovisac, S = septum, Sr = sperm reservoir, Sta = spermathecal ampulla, Stp = spermathecal pore.

Fig. 1 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)

Fig. 1. Map showing sample localities for earthworms, plus locations of mountains (Manengouba and Bamboutos). Letters in parentheses indicate geopolitical regions of Cameroon (SW = South West, NW = North West, W = West, C = Central, LT = Littoral, AD = Adamaua).

Figs 5, 6 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)

Figs 5, 6. Okudrilus monticolus sp. n.: (5) ventral view of the clitellar region; (6) ovo-spermathecal apparatus. Abbreviations: Fch = fertilization chamber, Fp = female pore (exits close to intersegment 14/15), Ov = ovarium, Osd = ovo-spermathecal duct, Ovnd = ovarian duct, Ovs = ovisac, Pr = prostate pore, Sta = spermathecal ampulla, Stp = spermathecal pore.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Fig. 2 in Four new species of the genus Thinophilus Wahlberg, 1844 (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) with new records and a key to species known from India and adjacent regions

Fig. 2. Thinophilus somnathensis sp. n. (holotype): A – habitus; B – head; C – antenna; D – hind femur; E – wing; F – hypopygium, lateral view, after maceration; G – cerci, dorsal

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Fig. 4 in Four new species of the genus Thinophilus Wahlberg, 1844 (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) with new records and a key to species known from India and adjacent regions

Fig. 4. Thinophilus sambharensis sp. n. (holotype): A – habitus; B – head; C – antenna; D – fore leg; E – wing; F – hypopygium, lateral view, after maceration; G – surstylus, lateral

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Machine learning can be as good as maximum likelihood when reconstructing phylogenetic trees and determining the best evolutionary model on four taxon alignments

Machine learning can be as good as maximum likelihood when reconstructing phylogenetic topologies and determining the best evolutionary model on four taxon alignments. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction with molecular data is important in many fields of life science research. The gold standard in this discipline is the Maximum Likelihood tree reconstruction method. Here we show that for quartet trees, Machine Learning using neural networks can be as good as the Maximum Likelihood method to infer the best tree topology and the best model of sequence evolution for nucleotide as well as amino acid sequences. For this purpose we simulated data sets for a wide range of branch lengths, evolutionary models and model parameters and compared the topologies and inferred models obtained with Machine learning with those obtained with the Maximum Likelihood and the Neighbour Joining method. Our results show that neural networks are a promising avenue for determining relatedness between taxa, which is likely to accelerate the construction of phylogenetic trees in the future, while maintaining a high accuracy.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Cell to Whole Organ Global Sensitivity Analysis on a Four-chamber Heart Electromechanics Model Using Gaussian Processes Emulators - Training Datasets

This database contains all training datasets for the Gaussian processes emulators (GPEs) trained in the study entitled "Cell to Whole Organ Global Sensitivity Analysis on a Four-chamber Electromechanics Model Using Gaussian Processes Emulators", submitted to PLOS Computational Biology. Every folder contains two csv files: - parameters.csv: the rows are the samples and the columns represent the parameters that were varied in the analysis - outputs.csv: the rows are the samples and the columns represent the values for the output features simulated for each sample In ventricular_cell_model, there are four folders: - ionic: ToR-ORd model samples used to train GPEs to predict the ventricular calcium transient features - contraction_isometric_stretch1.0: ToR-ORd model coupled with the Land contraction model samples used to train GPEs to predict the ventricular active tension transient features. The simulations were isometric contractions with no strain (or stretch 1.0). - contraction_isometric_stretch1.1: ToR-ORd model coupled with the Land contraction model samples used to train GPEs to predict the ventricular active tension transient features. The simulations were isometric contractions with 0.1 strain (or stretch 1.1). - contraction_isotonic: ToR-ORd model coupled with the Land contraction model samples used to train GPEs to predict the ventricular active tension transient features. The simulations were isotonic. The folder atrial_contraction_model follows the same structure, but the ionic model was Courtemanche, used to represent an atrial rather than ventricular calcium transient. The folder tissue_electrophysiology contains the training dataset for the GPEs to predict total atrial and ventricular activation times with an Eikonal model. The folder passive_mechanics contains the training dataset for the GPEs to predict inflated volumes and mean atrial and ventricular fiber strains for a passive inflation. The folder CircAdapt contains the training dataset for the GPEs to predict four-chamber pressure and volume features with the CircAdapt ODE model. Finally, the folder fourchamber contains the samples generated with a 3D-0D four-chamber electromechanics model to predict pressure and volume biomarkers for cardiac function. The details about the model can be found in the original publication.

Fig. 5 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 5. Tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus during ontogenetic development: Stages 20 to 34. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise stated.

Fig. 12 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 12. Tadpoles of Kaloula pulchra during ontogenetic development: Stages 35 to 46. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise stated.

Fig. 1 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 1. Adult frogs that provided the eggs that were used in this study: A, amplectant pair of Duttaphrynus melanostictus; B, amplectant pair of Kaloula pulchra; C, female of Polypedates megacephalus after oviposition; D, amplectant pair of Occidozyga lima.

Fig. 11 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 11. Tadpoles of Kaloula pulchra during ontogenetic development: Stages 25 to 33. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise stated.

Fig. 15 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 15. Growth pattern of Occidozyga lima tadpoles. A, change of SVL as a function of development (stages); B, change of total length as a function of development (stages); C, change of relative tail length (ratio tail length/SVL) as a function of development (stages).