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Fig. 6 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 6. Reaction catalyzed by D-lactate dehydrogenase. The reduced FAD cofactor is reoxidized by cytochrome c in the intermembrane space of mitochondria and the electrons are transferred to cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) of the mETC.

Fig. 2 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 2. Biosynthesis of riboflavin in A. thaliana. The biosynthesis of riboflavin starts with GTP (top left), which is converted in four enzymatic steps to 5-amino-6- ribityl-aminouracil (center). The second component needed is D-ribulose-5-phosphate (center, left), which is converted to 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate (shown in blue). The second ring is generated by condensation of the two intermediates, a reaction catalyzed by lumazine synthase (RibE) yielding 6,7-dimethyl- 8-ribityl lumazine. The last step of the biosynthesis is a dismutation reaction involving two lumazine molecules resulting in the generation of riboflavin and 5- amino-6-ribityl-aminouracil, which reenters riboflavin biosynthesis. For clarity, the two lumazine molecules are highlighted in red/blue and red/green, respectively. The double headed green arrow (top, right) indicates the swap of reactions compared to riboflavin biosynthesis in E. coli and S. cerevisiae. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 42 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 42. Reaction catalyzed by monolignol oxidoreductases. The enzymes were shown to accept monolignols with different substitution patterns in the aromatic ring (R1 and R2 = H, p-coumaryl alcohol; R1 = H and R2 = methoxy, coniferyl alcohol; R1 and R2 = methoxy, sinapyl alcohol) (Daniel et al., 2015). In contrast to the other members of the BBE-like enzyme family, most of the enzymes catalyzing this reaction are dehydrogenases, with the exception of AtBBE24 (Zafred et al., 2015). The electron acceptor for the dehydogenases is yet unknown.

Fig. 20 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 20. Two flavoenzymes involved in ascorbate biosynthesis and maintenance. L-Galactono-1,4-lacton dehydrogenase catalyzes the last step in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway to yield ascorbate from L-galactono-1,4-lactone (top). The substrate-derived electrons are passed on to cytochrome c and thus enter the mETC. The detoxification of ROS or ferric iron leads to the generation of the monodehydroascorbate radical (right), which is recycled to ascorbate by the action of monodehydroascorbate dehydrogenase (left-center). For details of the latter reaction see text.

Fig. 44 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 44. Reaction of flavin-containing monooxygenases (clade 3). The seven enzymes characterized so far were all shown to be S-glucosinolate oxidases that catalyze the S-monooxygenation of methylthioalkyl glucosinolates to the corresponding methylsulfinyl glucosinolates (Hansen et al., 2007; Kong et al., 2016; Li et al., 2008). For the nine uncharacterized members a similar catalytic function is hypothesized, but remains to be confirmed.

Fig. 23 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 23. Reaction catalyzed by NDC1/demethylphylloquinone reductase. The penultimate step in the biosynthesis of phylloquinol affords demethylphylloquinol by two-electron reduction of the demetyhlphylloquinone (top reaction). Through nucleophilic attack of the aromatic ring onto the methyl group (in red) of SAM the final methylated product, phylloquinol is formed and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) is released (R = prenyl side chain). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 24 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 24. Reaction catalyzed by COQ6 in ubiquinone biosynthesis. The FAD-dependent hydroxylation occurs in the 5-position of the aromatic ring as indicated (highlighted in red). COQ6 belongs to the class A FPMOs and depends on NAD(P)H as reductant. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 29 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 29. Reaction catalyzed by carotene cis-trans isomerase. The reaction shown requires reduced FAD for the redox-neutral cis-to-trans isomerization at position 9 and 9′ of prolycopene and generates the linear all-trans-lycopene. The reduced FAD is probably generated at the expense of NAD(P)H. Thus, the enzyme appears to possess a second activity that enables the transfer of a hydride from the reduced nicotinamide to the bound FAD cofactor.

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Data and processing for "Multitone Microwave Frequency Locking to a Noisy Cavity via Real-Time Feedback"

This folder contains all the code and data necessary to produce the figures of the paper titled "Multitone Microwave Frequency Locking to a Noisy Cavity via Real-Time Feedback" written by Jean-Paul van Soest, Clinton A. Potts, Sarwan Peiter, Adrián Sanz Mora and Gary A. Steele.

Fig. 47 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 47. Reaction catalyzed by D-amino acid oxidase. Regeneration of the reduced FAD occurs by dioxygen leading to the production of hydrogen peroxide (top). Note that the direct product of the oxidation, the corresponding imino acid, is non-enzymatically hydrolyzed to yield the α-keto acid and ammonia.

Fig. 33 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 33. Reaction of flavin-dependent monooxygenases involved in auxin biosynthesis. All enzymes forming clade 2 were shown to play an important role in auxin biosynthesis, as they were identified to mediate the conversion of indole-3-pyruvic acid to indole-3-acetic acid (Dai et al., 2013; Mashiguchi et al., 2011).

Fig. 28 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 28. Reaction of phytoene dehydrogenase/desaturase. The enzyme introduces two double bonds at position 11 and 11′ and mediates the concomitant trans-to-cis isomerization at position 9 and 9'. Reoxidation of the reduced cofactor is achieved by electron transfer to plastoquinone in the plastid membrane.

Fig. 7 in The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

Fig. 7. Reactions catalyzed by isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase in valine and isoleucine degradation. Reoxidation of reduced FAD occurs by electron donation to ETF, which in turn feeds the electrons into the mETC via ETF-QO.

Fig. 6 in Free radical scavenging potency of ellagic acid and its derivatives in multiple H /e processes

Fig. 6. The mechanisms proposed for the radical scavenge reaction of compound 5 in different phases. The values for BDE, PA and ETE are in red, blue, and orange for the gas, benzene and water phases respectively. The data in the form of underline and bold represent the lowest value in the same phase. For example, in the gas phase, the 3 OH BDE of ellagic acid is lower than the BDE of the other groups, ETE and all of the PA. Thus, it is in the form of underline and bold. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Free radical scavenging potency of ellagic acid and its derivatives in multiple H /e processes

Fig. 5. The mechanisms proposed for the radical scavenge reaction of compound 4 in different phases. The values for BDE, PA and ETE are in red, blue, and orange for the gas, benzene and water phases respectively. The data in the form of underline and bold represent the lowest value in the same phase. For example, in the gas phase, the 4 OH BDE of ellagic acid is lower than the BDE of the other groups, ETE and all of the PA. Thus, it is in the form of underline and bold. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Free radical scavenging potency of ellagic acid and its derivatives in multiple H /e processes

Fig. 2. The mechanisms proposed for the radical scavenge reaction of compound 1 in different phases. The values for BDE, PA and ETE are in kcal/mol and in the color of red, blue, and orange for the gas, benzene and water phases respectively. The data in the form of underline and bold represent the lowest value in the same phase. For example, in the gas phase, the 3 OH BDE of ellagic acid is lower than the BDE of the other groups, ETE and all of the PA. Thus, it is in the form of underline and bold. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Free radical scavenging potency of ellagic acid and its derivatives in multiple H /e processes

Fig. 4. The mechanisms proposed for the radical scavenge reaction of compound 3 in different phases. The values for BDE, PA and ETE are in red, blue, and orange for the gas, benzene and water phases respectively. The data in the form of underline and bold represent the lowest value in the same phase. For example, in the gas phase, the 4 OH BDE of ellagic acid is lower than the BDE of the other groups, ETE and all of the PA. Thus, it is in the form of underline and bold. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Free radical scavenging potency of ellagic acid and its derivatives in multiple H /e processes

Fig. 3. The mechanisms proposed for the radical scavenge reaction of compound 2 in different phases. The values for BDE, PA and ETE are in red, blue, and orange for the gas, benzene and water phases respectively. The data in the form of underline and bold represent the lowest value in the same phase. For example, in the gas phase, the 3 OH BDE of ellagic acid is lower than the BDE of the other groups, ETE and all of the PA. Thus, it is in the form of underline and bold. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Free radical scavenging potency of ellagic acid and its derivatives in multiple H /e processes

Fig. 1. The most stable optimized geometries of the ellagic acid (1) and its derivatives. The derivatives include 3-O-methylellagic acid (2), 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid (3), 3,3′,4′-tri-O-methylellagic acid (4) and 2,3,7-trihydroxychromeno [5,4,3-cde]chromene-5,10-dione (5). Intramolecular hydrogen-bonds are identified by the dash lines and the corresponding bond lengths are labeled beside the hydrogen-bond.