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FIGURE 1 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 1. Simplified geological map of the Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous Fairfield Group outcrop, Lennard Shelf, northern Canning Basin, showing sampled sites at Oscar Hill and Laurel Downs (after Druce and Radke, 1979).

FIGURE 2 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphy and correlation of Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous units of the Lennard Shelf (after Smith et al., 2013). Approximate temporal positions of the sampled localities: 1, OH4; 2, 198480; 3, 198404; 4, LG-1; and 5, TS-1. Abbreviations: Fm, Formation; and Lst, Limestone.

FIGURE 7 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 7. Shark teeth from the Upper Devonian Gumhole Formation, Oscar Hill and Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation, Laurel Downs, Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-2, Protacrodontidae gen. et sp. indet., WAM 15.6.29, sample OH-4, in lingual (1) and labial (2) views; 3-5, Lissodus sp., WAM 15.6.42, sample TS-1, in lingual (3), occlusal (4) and labial (5) views; 6-7, Hybodontoidea gen. et sp. indet., WAM 15.6.41, sample TS-1, in lingual (6) and labial (7) views; 8-11, Euselachii gen. et sp. indet.1, WAM 15.6.21, sample 198404, in lingual view (8), WAM 15.6.20, sample 198404, in occlusal view (9), WAM 15.6.27, sample 198404, in occluso-lingual view (10), and WAM 15.6.39, sample TS-1 in labial view (11); 12-13, Euselachii gen. et sp. indet. 2, WAM 15.6.40, sample TS-1, in occluso-lingual view (12) and WAM 15.6.22, sample TS-1, in labial view (13); 14-17, Holocephali gen. et sp. indet. 1, WAM 15.6.4, sample 198404, in occlusal view (14), and WAM 15.6.3, sample 198404, in lingual (15), labial (16) and occlusal (17) views. Scale bar length: 1-2, 0.5 mm; 3-5, 0.4 mm; 6-7, 0.75 mm; 8-10, 0.3 mm; 11, 1 mm; 12-13, 0.6 mm; 14-17, 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 5. Ctenacanthiform teeth from the Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation, Laurel Downs, Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-5, Cladodontomorphi indet. sp., WAM 15.6.5, sample 198404, in lingual (1), lateral (2), labial (3), basal (4) and occlusal (5) views; 6-11, Ctenacanthiform gen. et sp. indet. 1, WAM 15.6.24, sample 198404, in lingual view (6), WAM 15.6.36, sample TS-1, in lingual view (7), WAM 15.6.35, sample TS-1, in lingual view (8), WAM 15.6.37, sample TS-1, in labial (9) and lateral (10) views, and WAM 15.6.35, sample TS-1, in labial view (11); 12-15, Ctenacanthiform gen. et sp. indet 2, WAM 15.6.3.8, in lingual (12), occlusal (13), labial (14) and basal (15) views. Scale bar length: 1-5, 10 mm; 6-11, 0.5 mm; 12-15, 5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 4. Ctenacanthiform teeth from the Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation, Laurel Downs, Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-7, Cladodus thomasi, WAM 15.6.50, sample 198404, in lingual view (1), WAM 15.6.25, sample 198404, in occlusal view (2), WAM 15.6.12, sample 198404, in lingual (3) and labial views (4), WAM 15.6.19, sample 198404, partial platform and crown in lingual view (5), and WAM 15.6.13, sample TS-1, in occlusal (6) and labial (7) views; 8-12, Cladodoides cf. wildungensis, WAM 15.6.15, sample 198404, in lingual (8), occlusal (9) and labial (10) views, WAM 15.6.16, sample 198404, in labial (11) and lingual (12) views. Scale bar length: 1-7, 1 mm; 8-10, 0.25 mm; 11-12, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 3. Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous shark teeth from the Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-4, Ageleodus sp., WAM 15.6.23, sample 198404, in lingual view (1), WAM 15.6.34, sample TS-1, in labial (2) and lingual (3) views, and WAM 15.6.33, sample TS-1, in lingual view (4); 5-7, Phoebodus cf. turnerae, WAM 15.6.28, sample OH-4, in occlusal (5), labial (6) and lateral (7) views; 8-11, Thrinacodus ferox, WAM 15.6.32, sample LG-1, in occlusal view (8), WAM 15.6.8, sample 198404, in occlusal view (9), WAM 15.6.11, sample 198404, in lateral view (10), and WAM 15.6.9, sample 198404, in occlusal view (11); 12-16, Stethacanthus? sp., WAM 15.6.6, sample 198404, in occlusal view (12), and WAM 15.6.7, sample 198404, in basal (13), lingual (14), occlusal (15) and labial (16) views. Scale bar length: 1-4, 1 mm; 5-7, 0.5 mm; 8-11, 0.25 mm; 12, 0.5 mm; 13-16, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 8. Maps depicting common taxa between the Canning Basin and other areas in Gondwana and Laurentia for the Late Devonian (1, Frasnian and Famennian chondrichthyans - * indicating Frasnian age, ^ indicating Famennian age) and Early Carboniferous (2, Tournaisian to Visean) (base map modified from Scotese and McKerrow, 1990; Golonka et al., 1994; Metcalfe, 2011). Abbreviations: A, Khor Virap and Erytch, Armenia; Ai, Carnarvon Basin, Australia; Aii, Canning Basin, Australia; Aiii, Burdekin Star, Australia; Aiv, Broken River, Australia; B, Belgium; Ch, Hunan, South China; F, Montagne Noire, France; G, Thuringia, Germany; I, Chahriseh, Dalmeh, Hojedk, Hutk, and Kale-Sardar, Iran; Ir, Kilbride, Ireland: M, Tafilalt, Morocco; N, Nevada, Utah, and New Mexico, North America; P, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland; and R, South Urals, Russia. Sources of information: Armenia (Ginter et al., 2011), Australia (Turner and Dring, 1981; Turner, 1982; Trinajstic, 2001; Trinajstic and George, 2009; Roelofs et al., 2015), Royseux, Belgium (Derycke-Khatir et al., 2005), China (Wang and Turner, 1985; Ginter and Sun 2007), France (Derycke-Khatir et al., 2005), Germany (Ginter, 1999), Iran (Long and Hairapetian, 2000; Ginter et al., 2002; Hairapetian and Ginter, 2010), Ireland (Duncan, 2003), Morocco (Ginter et al., 2002; Derycke et al., 2008), North America (Ginter, 2001; Ivanov and Lucas, 2011), Poland (Ginter, 1990, 1995; Ginter and Ivanov, 2000), Russia (Ginter, 1994; Ginter and Ivanov, 1992, 2000; Ivanov, 1996), and South China (Lelièvre and Derycke, 1998).

FIGURE 6 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 6. Protacrodont teeth from Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation, Laurel Downs, Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1, Protacrodus aequalis, WAM 15.6.43, sample TS-1, in lingual view (1); 2-4, Protacrodus sp. 1, WAM 15.6.45, sample TS-1, in lingual (2), occlusal (3) and labial (4) views; 5-12, Deihim mansureae, WAM 15.6.17, in lingual view (5), WAM 15.6.18, sample 198408, in occlusal view (6), WAM 15.6.46, sample TS-1, in lingual view (7), WAM 15.6.48, sample TS-1, in lingual view (8), WAM 15.6.19, sample 198404, in labio-basal view (9), WAM 15.6.17, sample 198404, in labial view (10), WAM 15.6.49, sample TS-1, in labio-basal view (11), and WAM 15.6.18, sample 198404, in lateral view (12); 13-16, Dalmehodus cf. turnerae, WAM 15.6.30, sample LG-1, in lingual (13) and labial (14) views, WAM 15.6.44, sample TS-1, in occlusal (15) and lateral (16) views. Scale bar length: 1-4, 0.5 mm; 5- 12, 1 mm; 13-16, 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Age validation and contrasted growth performances of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in two river systems of the Western Amazon

FIGURE 6 | Von Bertalanffy growth curves for Pseudoplatystoma punctifer females (pink triangles) and males (blue circles) in the A. AMU system and B. Putumayo River.

FIGURE 4 in Age validation and contrasted growth performances of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in two river systems of the Western Amazon

FIGURE 4 | Mean and standard deviation (SD) of each growth ring radius in vertebrae of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer from the A. AMU system and B. Putumayo River.

FIGURE 5 in Age validation and contrasted growth performances of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in two river systems of the Western Amazon

FIGURE 5 | Mean monthly relative marginal increment (RMI ± SD) of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer vertebrae in relation to the hydrological cycle in the A. AMU system and B. Putumayo River. The illustrated hydrological cycles represent the average monthly values from the period 2008–2010.

FIGURE 7 in Age validation and contrasted growth performances of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in two river systems of the Western Amazon

FIGURE 7 | Standard length at first sexual maturity (L50) of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer in the A–B. AMU system and C–D. Putumayo River.

FIGURE 2 in Age validation and contrasted growth performances of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in two river systems of the Western Amazon

FIGURE 2 | Standard length frequency distributions of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer females (left) and males (right) in the A–B. AMU system and C–D. Putumayo River.

FIGURE 3 in Age validation and contrasted growth performances of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in two river systems of the Western Amazon

FIGURE 3 | Pseudoplatystoma punctifer vertebrae showing A–B. Five growth rings: the first one is multiple, the second one double and the third, fourth and fifth are simple, C–D. Two growth rings and E–F. One growth ring. Vertebrae center (ctr), hyaline rings (red lines), intermediate mark (i), pre mark (p). Left images: vertebrae frontal view. Right images: vertebrae cross section view with the confirmation of the rings on the corpus calcareum.

FIGURE 1 in Age validation and contrasted growth performances of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in two river systems of the Western Amazon

FIGURE 1 | Map of sampling sites of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer in the Peruvian Amazon River systems. Sampling sites are symbolized by red dots.

FIGURE 15 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 15. Relative abundances of the glirid species within each glirid assemblage from Moncucco Torinese.

FIGURE 14 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 14. Relative abundances of the families of small mammals (chiropeterans excluded) from Moncucco Torinese. Proportions are based on nNISP (normalized number of identified specimens, see Material and methods for further details). Castoridae and Hystricidae (not visible in the graph) are present only in samples MCC3 and MCC4 respectively with only a single specimen each and are not shown herein.

FIGURE 12. 1-3 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 12. 1-3. Baranogale cf. helbingi from Moncucco Torinese. Left M1 (MGPT-PU136483). Mesial (reversed) (1), occlusal (2) and distal (3) views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 10. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1-2 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 10. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1-2. Pliocervus sp.: fragmentary skull (MGPT-PU 130574), medial (1) and lateral (2) views. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 8. Aves from Moncucco Torinese. 1 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 8. Aves from Moncucco Torinese. 1. Palaeortyx cf. gallica: right carpometacarpus (MGPT-PU 127032), ventral view. 2. Coturnix sp.: left coracoid (MGPT-PU 130574), dorsal view. 3-4. Coliidae gen. et sp. indet.: right tarsometatarsus (MGPT-PU 127020), dorsal (3) and distal (4) views. 5,7,9. Strigidae gen. et sp. indet.: 5, right tibiotarsus (MGPT-PU 127018), cranial view; right tarsometatarsus (MGPT-PU 127019) in proximal (7) and dorsal (9) views. 6. Columbidae gen. et sp. indet.: right ulna (MGPT-PU 127017), ventral view. 8. Apodidae gen. et sp. indet.: left scapula (MGPT-PU 127014), lateral view. Scale bars equal 5 mm.