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10,767 results for “Contribution”
FIGURES 7–12 in Contribution to the genus Anomala Samouelle, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Rutelinae) of China and adjacent regions. Part I: descriptions of two new species and remarks on four species
FIGURES 7–12. Habitus of Anomala spp. 7–8, A. blaisei Ohaus, 1914 (Yunnan, Mengla, Lvshilin); 9–10, A. blaisei (Chiang Mai, Chiang Dao); 11–12, A. myriopila Lin, 2002 (Hainan, 11 from Yinggeling, 12 from Bawangling); 7, 9, 11, male; 8, 10, 12, female.
Plumage and eggshell colouration covary with the level of sex-specific parental contributions to nest building in birds
<p>Interspecific variation in sex-specific contributions to prenatal parental care, including avian nest building, remain poorly understood. Here, we examined whether the colouration of the parents and of their eggs covary with sex-specific nest building contributions in 521 species of Western Palearctic birds. Having colourful plumages and laying colourful eggs are both costly because of the deposition of pigments (in feathers and eggs) and/or forming costly nanostructural substrates (in feathers), and so it is expected that those costs are traded-off against the costs of nest building. We therefore tested two predictions of this trade-off hypothesis, namely that species in which females alone build nests (1) exhibit sexual plumage dichromatism in that females are less colourful than males and (2) lay less colourful eggs. Using a phylogenetically-informed comparative approach, we found support for the first prediction so that species in which females build nests alone or together with males are more likely to be dichromatic in plumage. Meanwhile, regarding the second prediction, contrary to our expectation, we found that species in which females build nests alone or together with males are more likely to lay colourfully pigmented eggs relative to species in which only males build nests. This suggests that sex differences in plumage colouration and egg colouration covary in a complex manner with female pre-copulatory investment in reproduction at the interspecific level.</p>
FIGURE 9 in Contribution to the knowledge of Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with description of a new species from China
FIGURE 9. SEM of Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) maxima, sp. nov.: (A) puparium, dorsal view; (B) median area of dorsum, longitudinal and transverse molting suture; (C) vasiform orifice and caudal furrow; and (D) vasiform orifice.
FIGURE 7 in Contribution to the knowledge of Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with description of a new species from China
FIGURE 7. Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) maxima, slide mounted specimen: (A) puparium; (B) margin; (C) median area of dorsum, longitudinal and transverse molting suture; and (D) vasiform orifice.
FIGURE 6 in Contribution to the knowledge of Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with description of a new species from China
FIGURE 6. The host plant Michelia maudiae infested by Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) maxima Quaintance & Baker. (A) the host plant Michelia maudiae; and (B) puparium of D. (G.) maxima on Michelia maudiae leaf.
FIGURE 5 in Contribution to the knowledge of Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with description of a new species from China
FIGURE 5. SEM images of Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) parakmeriae, sp. nov.: (A) puparium, dorsal view; (B) puparium, ventral view; and (C, D) vasiform orifice.
FIGURE 4 in Contribution to the knowledge of Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with description of a new species from China
FIGURE 4. Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) parakmeriae, sp. nov., holotype puparium, China (Zhejiang). (A) puparium, dorsal and ventral views; (B) margin; and (C) vasiform orifice.
FIGURE 8 in Contribution to the knowledge of Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with description of a new species from China
FIGURE 8. Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) maxima, (A) puparium, dorsal and ventral views; (B) margin; and (C) vasiform orifice.
FIGURE 3 in Contribution to the knowledge of Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with description of a new species from China
FIGURE 3. Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) parakmeriae, sp. nov., slide mounted specimen: (A) puparium; (B) margin; (C) median area of dorsum, longitudinal and transverse molting suture; and (D) vasiform orifice.
FIGURE 1 in Contribution to the knowledge of Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with description of a new species from China
FIGURE 1. The host plant Parakmeria sp. infested by Dialeurodes (Gigaleurodes) parakmeriae Wang, sp. nov. (A) the host plant Parakmeria sp.; and (B) puparia of D. (G.) parakmeriae, sp. nov., on Parakmeria sp. leaf.
Data from: On the inconsistency of pollinator species traits for predicting either response to land-use change or functional contribution
The response and effect trait framework, if supported empirically, would provide for powerful and general predictions about how biodiversity loss leads to loss in ecosystem function. This framework proposes that species traits will explain how different species respond to disturbance (i.e. response traits) as well as their contribution to ecosystem function (i.e. effect traits). However, predictive response and effect traits remain elusive for most systems. Here, we use data on crop pollination services provided by native, wild bees to explore the role of six commonly used species traits in determining both species' response to land-use change and the subsequent effect on crop pollination. Analyses were conducted in parallel for three crop systems (watermelon, cranberry, and blueberry) located within the same geographical region (mid-Atlantic USA). Bee species traits did not strongly predict species' response to land-use change, and the few traits that were weakly predictive were not consistent across crops. Similarly, no trait predicted species' overall functional contribution in any of the three crop systems, although body size was a good predictor of per capita efficiency in two systems. Overall we were unable to make generalizable predictions regarding species responses to land-use change and its effect on the delivery of crop pollination services. Pollinator traits may be useful for understanding ecological processes in some systems, but thus far the promise of traits-based ecology has yet to be fulfilled for pollination ecology.
Data from: Contributions toward understanding the biodiversity of Passiflora in North America: updates and a new combination from the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico and vicinity
The Baja California Peninsula and surrounding landmasses harbor an abundant flora in an otherwise harsh and arid environment. Of the many plant groups native to this peninsular and insular region, passionflowers (Passiflora, Passifloraceae) are represented by a handful of taxa that all belong to a single lineage within the genus (section Dysosmia). Despite centuries of exploration and floristic research in the area, basic questions remain regarding this group—particularly the taxonomic status among the Passiflora arida complex. Using an extensive sampling of herbarium specimens and iNaturalist observations, the claims of endemism, habitat characteristics, and taxon boundaries were investigated. Peninsular endemism was confirmed for only one of the native Passiflora taxa (P. fruticosa), with an additional taxon (P. palmeri) considered near-endemic. Soil and climatic data revealed significant distinctions between the habitats of many of the native taxa as well as within the P. arida complex, corresponding mostly to precipitation and temperature variables. Geometric morphometric analyses showed little success in separating taxa based on leaf shape, indicating this line of evidence may not be a good indicator of taxon identity in this group of plants. Based on ecological differences and discrete macro- and micromorphological features, a varietal name is here synonymized and a new combination is proposed: Passiflora pentaschista.
Data from: Natural selection contributes to geographic patterns of thermal plasticity in Plantago lanceolata.
A long-standing debate in evolutionary biology concerns the relative importance of different evolutionary forces in explaining phenotypic diversification at large geographic scales. For example, natural selection is typically assumed to underlie divergence along environmental gradients. However, neutral evolutionary processes can produce similar patterns. We collected molecular genetic data from 14 European populations of Plantago lanceolata to test the contributions of natural selection versus neutral evolution to population divergence in temperature-sensitive phenotypic plasticity of floral reflectance. In P. lanceolata reflectance plasticity is positively correlated with latitude/altitude. We used population pairwise comparisons between neutral genetic differentiation (FST and Jost's D) and phenotypic differentiation (PST) to assess the contributions of geographic distance and environmental parameters of the reproductive season in driving population divergence. Data are consistent with selection having shaped large-scale geographic patterns in thermal plasticity. The aggregate pattern of PST vs. FST was consistent with divergent selection. FST explained thermal plasticity differences only when geographic distance was not included in the model. Differences in the extent of cool reproductive-season temperatures, and not overall temperature variation, explained plasticity differences independent of distance. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that thermal plasticity is adaptive where growing seasons are shorter and cooler, i.e., at high latitude/altitude.
Data from: Beyond balancing selection: frequent mitochondrial recombination contributes to high female frequencies in gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica L. (Campanulaceae)
(1) Gynodioecy is a sexual system where females and hermaphrodites co-occur. In most gynodioecious angiosperms, sex is determined by an interaction between mitochondrial male-sterility genes (CMS) that arise via recombination and nuclear restorer alleles that evolve to suppress them. In theory, gynodioecy occurs when multiple CMS types are maintained at equilibrium frequencies by balancing selection. However, some gynodioecious populations contain very high frequencies of females. High female frequencies are not expected under balancing selection, but could be explained by the repeated introduction of novel CMS types. (2) To test for balancing selection and/or the repeated introduction of novel CMS, we characterized cytoplasmic haplotypes from 61 populations of Lobelia siphilitica that vary widely in female frequency. (3) We confirmed that mitotype diversity and female frequency were positively correlated across populations, consistent with balancing selection. However, while low-female populations hosted mostly common mitotypes, high-female populations and female plants hosted mostly rare, recombinant mitotypes likely to carry novel CMS types. (4) Our results suggest that balancing selection maintains established CMS types across this species, but extreme female frequencies result from frequent invasion by novel CMS types. We conclude that balancing selection alone cannot account for extreme population sex-ratio variation within a gynodioecious species.
Evaluating the contributions of purifying selection and progeny-skew in dictating within-host Mycobacterium tuberculosis evolution
<p class="BodyA"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The within-host evolutionary dynamics of TB remain unclear, and underlying biological characteristics render standard population genetic approaches based upon the Wright-Fisher model largely inappropriate. In addition, the compact genome combined with an absence of recombination is expected to result in strong purifying selection effects. Thus, it is imperative to establish a biologically-relevant evolutionary framework incorporating these factors in order to enable an accurate study of this important human pathogen. Further, such a model is critical for inferring fundamental evolutionary parameters related to patient treatment, including mutation rates and the severity of infection bottlenecks. We here implement such a model and infer the underlying evolutionary parameters governing within-patient evolutionary dynamics. Results demonstrate that the progeny skew associated with the clonal nature of TB severely reduces genetic diversity and that the neglect of this parameter in previous studies has led to significant mis-inference of mutation rates. As such, our results suggest an underlying <i>de novo</i> mutation rate that is considerably faster than previously inferred, and a progeny distribution differing significantly from Wright-Fisher assumptions. This inference represents a more appropriate evolutionary null model, against which the periodic effects of positive selection, associated with drug-resistance for example, may be better assessed.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution contribute to advancing flowering phenology in response to climate change
Anthropogenic climate change has already altered the timing of major life history transitions, such as the initiation of reproduction. Both phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution can underlie rapid phenological shifts in response to climate change but their relative contributions are poorly understood. Here, we combine a continuous 38-year field survey with quantitative genetic field experiments to assess adaptation in the context of climate change. We focused on Boechera stricta (Brassicaeae), a mustard native to the U.S. Rocky Mountains. Flowering phenology advanced significantly from 1973-2011, and was strongly associated with warmer temperatures and earlier snowmelt dates. Strong directional selection favored earlier flowering in contemporary environments (2010-2011). Climate change could drive this directional selection, and promote even earlier flowering as temperatures continue to increase. Our quantitative genetic analyses predict a response to selection of 0.2 to 0.5 days acceleration in flowering per generation, which could account for more than 20% of the phenological change observed in the long-term dataset. However, the strength of directional selection and the predicted evolutionary response are likely much greater now than even 30 years ago because of rapidly changing climatic conditions. We predict that adaptation will likely be necessary for long-term in situ persistence in the context of climate change.
Data from: Tropical shift in decomposers' relative contribution to leaf litter breakdown in two Guinean streams
The hypothesis that leaf litter breakdown in Guinean streams is governed by microorganisms was confirmed, supporting the reported latitudinal shift in decomposers' contribution to this process. The large body size of dominant macroinvertebrate decomposers (shrimps) only partially compensated for their very low densities. In contrast with other tropical regions mostly dominated by insect larvae, the functional consequences of global warming on these stream ecosystems may be less severe due to the lower sensitivity of crustaceans to temperature increase.
Contribution of genetic versus plastic responses to adaptive patterns in a widespread butterfly along a latitudinal cline
<p>Understanding how organisms adapt to complex environments is a central goal of evolutionary biology and ecology. This issue is of special interest in the current era of rapidly changing climatic conditions. Here, we investigate clinal variation and plastic responses in life history, morphology, and physiology in the butterfly <i>Pieris napi</i> along a pan-European gradient by exposing butterflies raised in captivity to different temperatures. We found clinal variation in body size, growth rates and concomitant development time, wing aspect ratio, wing melanisation, and heat tolerance. Individuals from warmer environments were more heat-tolerant, had less melanised wings and a shorter development but still they were larger than individuals from cooler environments. These findings suggest selection for rapid growth in the warmth and for wing melanisation in the cold, and thus fine-tuned genetic adaptation to local climates. Irrespective of the origin of butterflies, the effects of higher developmental temperature were largely as expected, speeding up development, reducing body size, potential metabolic activity, and wing melanisation, while increasing heat tolerance. At least in part, these patterns likely reflect adaptive phenotypic plasticity. In summary, our study revealed pronounced plastic and genetic responses, which may indicate high adaptive capacities in our study organism. Whether this may help such species though to deal with current climate change needs further investigation, as clinal patterns have typically evolved over long periods.</p>
Data from: Immigrant and extrinsic hybrid seed inviability contribute to reproductive isolation between forest and dune ecotypes of Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae)
Reproductive isolation caused by divergent natural selection arising from differences between ecological environments or ecological interactions represents a major mechanism contributing to speciation, but its relative importance is poorly known. In this study, controlled reciprocal crossings and seed germination experiments were combined with genetic and morphometric analyses to test the hypothesis that previously described differences in mycorrhizal communities between forest and dune ecotypes of Epipactis helleborine were sufficiently strong to create complete reproductive isolation between the two ecotypes. The results showed that immigrant seeds had a significantly lower probability of protocorm formation than native seeds, indicating strong immigrant inviability. Although both ecotypes were able to cross easily and to produce a large number of viable seeds, hybrid seeds showed significantly lower protocorm formation than pure seeds, further contributing to reproductive isolation. Molecular analyses using 770 SNP markers showed that the two ecotypes were genetically distinct and that populations of the dune ecotype were genetically impoverished compared to populations of the forest ecotype. Morphologically, the two ecotypes were also significantly different, with plants of the dune ecotype generally being smaller than plants of the forest ecotype. Overall, these results indicate that interfertile populations of a widespread orchid adapting to contrasting environments diverge as a consequence of concurrent selection acting against immigrants and hybrids and suggest that mycorrhizal fungi can play a role in the early stages of plant speciation.
Data from: Is pairing with a relative heritable? estimating female and male genetic contributions to the degree of biparental inbreeding in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)
The degree of inbreeding expressed within populations can profoundly shape evolutionary dynamics. The degree to which individuals inbreed is frequently assumed to evolve in response to selection, for example resulting from inbreeding depression. Such evolutionary responses require additive genetic variance (VA) in the degree to which individuals inbreed. However, the magnitude of VA in the degree of biparental inbreeding has never been estimated. We devised a quantitative genetic model to estimate sex-specific VA in the degree to which individuals inbreed, while accounting for effects of individuals' own coefficients of inbreeding and genetic effects stemming from immigration. We applied this model to the degree of inbreeding expressed through social pairing in free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). VA estimates for both sexes appreciably exceeded zero and the cross-sex genetic covariance was strongly positive, creating substantial total VA in the degree of inbreeding. Our analyses also revealed inbreeding depression in the degree of inbreeding such that more inbred individuals paired with closer relatives, and immigrant effects such that individuals with greater genomic contributions from immigrants paired with more distant relatives. We thereby demonstrate that the degree of biparental inbreeding can show substantial VA in nature and might consequently evolve in response to selection.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.