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FIGURES 5–12 in First report of the poplar leaf miner, Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from India
FIGURES 5–12. Damage symptoms and biology of Phyllonorycter populifoliella in Leh, India. (5) view to Leh city with poplar stands; (6–7) numerous mines on poplar leaves; (8) mines on the under side of the leaf; (9) same leaf, upper side view; (10) opened mine with a larva and frass inside; (11) young pupa; (12) matured pupa (before adult emergence).
FIGURES 1–4 in First report of the poplar leaf miner, Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from India
FIGURES 1–4. Phyllonorycter populifoliella from Leh, India. (1) adult (a male); (2) male genitalia; (3) phallus; (4) female genitalia. An arrow indicates cephalic margin of vinculum. Scale bars: Figs 1 (2 mm), 2–3 (200 µm), 4 (500 µm).
Measurement Report: Strong Impacts of Biomass Burning, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Fine Particles on Gas-phase Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
<p>Measurement Report: Strong Impacts of Biomass Burning, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Fine Particles on Gas-phase Hydrogen Peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)</p>
FIGURES S1–S6 in First report of the poplar leaf miner, Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from India
FIGURES S1–S6. Typical mines of the poplar-feeding Phyllonorycter species, Siberia, Russia. (S1) Ph. connexella on Populus sp. (section Tacamahaca), 12.vii.2016, the Republic of Khakassia; (S2) Ph. pastorella on Salix sp., 23.vii.2015, Novosibirskaya Oblast; (S3) same species on Populus sp. (section Tacamahaca × Aigeiros), 23.vii.2015, Novosibirskaya Oblast; (S4) Ph. populifoliella on Populus sp. (section Tacamahaca), 21.vi.2009, Krasnoyarskiy Krai; (S5) Ph. apparella on Populus tremula L., 08.viii.2008, Altaiskiy Krai; (S6) Ph. comparella on P. alba L., 23.vii.2015, Krasnoyarskiy Krai. Scale bar: 10 mm. Original photographs.
Data from: Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining
Fisheries data assembled by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) suggest that global marine fisheries catches increased to 86 million tonnes in 1996, then slightly declined. Here, using a decade-long multinational 'catch reconstruction' project covering the Exclusive Economic Zones of the world's maritime countries and the High Seas from 1950 to 2010, and accounting for all fisheries, we identify catch trajectories differing considerably from the national data submitted to the FAO. We suggest that catch actually peaked at 130 million tonnes, and has been declining much more strongly since. This decline in reconstructed catches reflects declines in industrial catches and to a smaller extent declining discards, despite industrial fishing having expanded from industrialized countries to the waters of developing countries. The differing trajectories documented here suggest a need for improved monitoring of all fisheries, including often neglected small-scale fisheries, and illegal and other problematic fisheries, as well as discarded bycatch.
Data from: A Bayesian hierarchical approach to quantifying stakeholder attitudes toward conservation in the presence of reporting error
Stakeholder support is vital for achieving conservation success, yet there are few reliable mechanisms to monitor stakeholder attitudes towards conservation. Importantly, few approaches account for bias arising from reporting errors; that is, reporting a positive attitude towards conservation when the respondent actually does not have one (a false positive error), or not reporting a positive attitude when the respondent is positive towards conservation (a false negative error). We borrow from developments in applied conservation science to use a Bayesian hierarchical model to quantify stakeholder attitudes as the probability of having a positive attitude towards wildlife, notionally (or in abstract terms) and at localized scales. The model allows us to assess stakeholder attitudes, and factors influencing these attitudes, while accounting for false negative and false positive reporting errors. We show through simulations that this method has lower bias than naïve estimates of the proportion of respondents who are positive towards wildlife, or Likert‐scores. We demonstrate the utility of the model by applying it to questionnaire surveys on Asian elephants Elephas maximus in the Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong landscape, Northeast India. After accounting for reporting errors, we estimated the probability of being positive towards elephants notionally as 0.85; at a localized scale, however, the proportion of respondents that were positive towards elephants was 50%. In comparison, without accounting for reporting errors, the proportion of respondents professing positive attitudes towards elephants in at least one of the certain questions, was 0.69 and 0.23, notionally and at local scales, respectively. False (positive and negative) reporting probabilities were consistently non‐zero (0.22–0.68). We submit that regular and reliable assessment of stakeholder attitudes––combined with an understanding of factors contributing to variation in attitudes––can feed into participatory conservation monitoring programs, help assess the success of initiatives aimed at facilitating human behavioral change, and inform conservation decision‐making.
Data from: A novel report of hatching plasticity in the phylum Echinodermata
Hatching plasticity occurs in response to a wide range of stimuli across many animal taxa, including annelids, arthropods, mollusks, and chordates. Despite the prominence of echinoderms in developmental biology and more than 100 years of detailed examination of their development under a variety of conditions, environmentally cued hatching plasticity has never been reported in the phylum Echinodermata. Here we report plasticity in the timing and stage of hatching of embryos of the sand dollar Echinarachnius parma in response to reductions in salinity. Embryos of E. parma increased their time to hatching more than twofold in response to ecologically relevant salinity reductions, while maintaining an otherwise normal developmental schedule. Embryos that experienced the greatest delay in hatching time emerged from the fertilization envelope as four-arm pluteus larvae rather than hatching as blastulae or early gastrulae. Salinity manipulations across multiple male-female pairs indicated high variability in hatching time both within and among clutches, suggesting significant intraspecific variation in developmental responses to salinity.
Figure 4 in A new species of Trichomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae: Trichomyiinae) and report of antennal sensilla in adult
Figure 4. Flagellomere of Trichomyia sp. with two short sensilla (arrows showing the sensilla).
Data from: Sharing of clinical trial data and results reporting practices among large pharmaceutical companies: cross sectional descriptive study and pilot of a tool to improve company practices
Objectives: To develop and pilot a tool to measure and improve pharmaceutical companies' clinical trial data sharing policies and practices. Design: Cross sectional descriptive analysis. Setting: Large pharmaceutical companies with novel drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2015. Data sources: Data sharing measures were adapted from 10 prominent data sharing guidelines from expert bodies and refined through a multi-stakeholder deliberative process engaging patients, industry, academics, regulators, and others. Data sharing practices and policies were assessed using data from ClinicalTrials.gov, Drugs@FDA, corporate websites, data sharing platforms and registries (eg, the Yale Open Data Access (YODA) Project and Clinical Study Data Request (CSDR)), and personal communication with drug companies. Main outcome measures: Company level, multicomponent measure of accessibility of participant level clinical trial data (eg, analysis ready dataset and metadata); drug and trial level measures of registration, results reporting, and publication; company level overall transparency rankings; and feasibility of the measures and ranking tool to improve company data sharing policies and practices. Results: Only 25% of large pharmaceutical companies fully met the data sharing measure. The median company data sharing score was 63% (interquartile range 58-85%). Given feedback and a chance to improve their policies to meet this measure, three companies made amendments, raising the percentage of companies in full compliance to 33% and the median company data sharing score to 80% (73-100%). The most common reasons companies did not initially satisfy the data sharing measure were failure to share data by the specified deadline (75%) and failure to report the number and outcome of their data requests. Across new drug applications, a median of 100% (interquartile range 91-100%) of trials in patients were registered, 65% (36-96%) reported results, 45% (30-84%) were published, and 95% (69-100%) were publicly available in some form by six months after FDA drug approval. When examining results on the drug level, less than half (42%) of reviewed drugs had results for all their new drug applications trials in patients publicly available in some form by six months after FDA approval. Conclusions: It was feasible to develop a tool to measure data sharing policies and practices among large companies and have an impact in improving company practices. Among large companies, 25% made participant level trial data accessible to external investigators for new drug approvals in accordance with the current study's measures; this proportion improved to 33% after applying the ranking tool. Other measures of trial transparency were higher. Some companies, however, have substantial room for improvement on transparency and data sharing of clinical trials.
Data from: Wisdom of the caregivers: pooling individual subjective reports to diagnose states of consciousness in brain injured patients, a monocentric prospective study
OBJECTIVES : The clinical distinction between vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and minimally conscious state (MCS) is a key step to elaborate a prognosis and formulate an appropriate medical plan for any patient suffering from disorders of consciousness (DoC). However, this assessment is often challenging and may require specialized expertise. In this study, we hypothesized that pooling subjective reports of the level of consciousness of a given patient across several nursing staff members can be used to clinically detect MCS. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS : Patients referred for consciousness assessment were prospectively screened. MCS (target condition) was defined according to the best Coma Recovery Scale-Revised score (CRS-R) obtained from expert physicians (reference standard). "DoC-feeling" score was defined as the median of individual subjective reports pooled from multiple staff members during a week of hospitalisation (index test). Individual ratings were collected at the end of each shift using a 100mm visual analog scale, blinded from the reference standard. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity metrics. RESULTS : 692 ratings performed by 83 nursing staff members were collected from 47 patients. Twenty patients were in a UWS and 27 in a MCS. DoC-feeling scores obtained by pooling all individual ratings obtained for a given patient were significantly greater in MCS than in UWS patients (59.2 mm [IQR: 27.3-77.3] vs. 7.2 mm [IQR: 2.4-11.4]; p<0.001) yielding an AUC of 0.92 (95%CI: 0.84-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: DoC-feeling capitalizes on the expertise of nursing staff to evaluate patients' consciousness. Together with the CRS-R as well as with brain imaging, DoC-feeling might improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of DoC patients.
Data from: Self-reported functional status predicts post-operative outcomes in non-cardiac surgery patients with pulmonary hypertension
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) is associated with increased post-procedure morbidity and mortality. Pre-procedure echocardiography (ECHO) is a widely used tool for evaluation of these patients, but its accuracy in predicting post-procedure outcomes is unproven. Self-reported exercise tolerance has not been evaluated for operative risk stratification of PHTN patients. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed whether self-reported exercise tolerance predicts outcomes (hospi-tal length-of-stay [LOS], mortality and morbidity) in PHTN patients (WHO Class I - V) under-going anesthesia and surgery. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We reviewed 550 non-cardiac, non-obstetric procedures per-formed on 370 PHTN patients at a single institution between 2007 and 2013. All patients had cardiac ECHO documented within 1 year prior to the procedure. Pre-procedure comorbidities and ECHO data were collected. Functional status (< or ? 4 metabolic equivalents of task [METs]) was assigned based on responses to standard patient interview questions during the pre-anesthesia clinic visit. Multiple logistic regression was used to develop a risk score model (Pul-monary Hypertension Outcome Risk Score; PHORS) and determine its value in predicting post-procedure outcomes. In an adjusted model, functional status <4 METs was independently associ-ated with a LOS >7 days (p < .003), as were higher ASA class (p < .002), open surgical approach (p < .002), procedure duration > 2 hours (p < .001), and the absence of systemic hypertension (p = .012). PHORS Score ?2 was associated with an increased 30-day major complication rate (28.7% vs. 19.2%; p < 0.001) and ICU admission rate (8.6% s 2.8%; p = .007), but no statistical difference in hospital readmissions rate (17.6% vs. 14.0%; p = .29), or mortality (3.5% vs. 1.4%; p = .75). Similar ECHO findings did not further improve outcome prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Poor functional status is associated with severe PHTN and predicts increased LOS and post-procedure complications in patients with moderate to severe pulmonary hyperten-sion with different etiologies. A risk assessment model predicts increased LOS with fair accura-cy. A thorough evaluation of underlying etiologies of PHTN should be undertaken in every pa-tient.
Data from: Preoperative falls predict postoperative falls and other adverse patient-reported outcomes
BACKGROUND: Falls are common and linked to morbidity. Our objectives were to characterize postoperative falls, and determine whether preoperative falls independently predicted postoperative falls (primary outcome), functional dependence, quality of life, complications, and readmission. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 7982 unselected patients undergoing elective surgery. Data were collected from the medical record, a baseline survey, and follow-up surveys approximately 30days and one year after surgery. RESULTS: Fall rates (per 100 person-years) peaked at 175 (hospitalization), declined to 140 (30-day survey), and then to 97 (one-year survey). After controlling for confounders, a history of one, two, and ≥three preoperative falls predicted postoperative falls at 30days (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] 2.3, 3.6, 5.5) and one year (aOR 2.3, 3.4, 6.9). One, two, and ≥three falls predicted functional decline at 30days (aOR 1.2, 2.4, 2.4) and one year (aOR 1.3, 1.5, 3.2), along with in-hospital complications (aOR 1.2, 1.3, 2.0). Fall history predicted adverse outcomes better than commonly-used metrics, but did not predict quality of life deterioration or readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Falls are common after surgery, and preoperative falls herald postoperative falls and other adverse outcomes. A history of preoperative falls should be routinely ascertained.
Data from: Trial-results reporting and academic medical centers.
To the Editor: Reporting of aggregate results helps mitigate disclosure biases affecting medical research. Although the reporting of summary results is currently mandated by the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (FDAAA), published findings suggest underreporting. Two recent proposals are aimed at improving public reporting of aggregate results. These are a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) to expand FDAAA requirements to include the results of trials of unapproved products, and a draft policy requiring the results of all National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded trials, including those not subject to the FDAAA.
Data from: In vivo tracking of dendritic cell using MRI reporter gene, ferritin
The noninvasive imaging of dendritic cells (DCs) migrated into lymph nodes (LNs) can provide helpful information on designing DCs-based immunotherapeutic strategies. This study is to investigate the influence of transduction of human ferritin heavy chain (FTH) and green fluorescence protein (GFP) genes on inherent properties of DCs, and the feasibility of FTH as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reporter gene to track DCs migration into LNs. FTH-DCs were established by the introduction of FTH and GFP genes into the DC cell line (DC2.4) using lentivirus. The changes in the rate of MRI signal decay (R2*) resulting from FTH transduction were analyzed in cell phantoms as well as popliteal LN of mice after subcutaneous injection of those cells into hind limb foot pad by using a multiple gradient echo sequence on a 9.4 T MR scanner. The transduction of FTH and GFP did not influence the proliferation and migration abilities of DCs. The expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80 and CD86) in FTH-DCs was similar to that of DCs. FTH-DCs exhibited increased iron storage capacity, and displayed a significantly higher transverse relaxation rate (R2*) as compared to DCs in phantom. LNs with FTH-DCs exhibited negative contrast, leading to a high R2* in both in vivo and ex vivo T2*-weighted images compared to DCs. On histological analysis FTH-DCs migrated to the subcapsular sinus and the T cell zone of LN, where they highly expressed CD25 to bind and stimulate T cells. Our study addresses the feasibility of FTH as an MRI reporter gene to track DCs migration into LNs without alteration of their inherent properties. This study suggests that FTH-based MRI could be a useful technique to longitudinally monitor DCs and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of DC-based vaccines.
A Chinese female Morvan patient with LGI1 and CASPR2 antibodies: a case report
<p>Video 1. shaking of the toes and myokymia of lower limbs.</p>
IMP HTML reports
<p>ZIP file contains the HTML files which are referred to as the "Additional file 1" in the manuscript.</p>
FIGURE 16 in Update of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in Chilean deep waters: three new reports and description of two new species
FIGURE 16. Leptochiton ferreirai sp. nov., holotype (MNHNCL 400189). A. dorsal scales (a), marginal needles (b) and ventral scales (c); B–D. Radula.
FIGURE 13 in Update of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in Chilean deep waters: three new reports and description of two new species
FIGURE 13. Leptochiton ibanezi sp. nov., holotype (MNHNCL 400187). A. Dorsal needles and scales, marginal needles and ventral scales; B, C. Dorsal needles and scales; D. Radula.
FIGURE 17 in Update of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in Chilean deep waters: three new reports and description of two new species
FIGURE 17. Leptochiton ferreirai sp. nov., holotype (MNHNCL 400189). A. Dorsal needle; B. Dorsal scales; C. Marginal spicule; D. Ventral scale; E. Central tooth and first lateral teeth of radula; F. Heads of major lateral teeth of radula; G. Schematic sketch of aesthet group, not to scale, diameter ranges from 40 to 60 microns. Scale bar 100 µm.
FIGURE 9 in Update of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in Chilean deep waters: three new reports and description of two new species
FIGURE 9. Leptochiton laurae Schwabe & Sellanes, 2010. BL—9.5 mm, RV Melville, AGT-2_583, ZISP 2276. A. Valve I, dorsal view; B. Valve V, dorsal view; C. Valve VIII, dorsal view; D. Valve IV, ventral view; E. Valve V, tegmentum sculpture of central area; F. Valve V, rostral view; G. Valve VIII, lateral view.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.