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FIGURE 2. Species comparison. A. Lepanthes cordillerana E.Restrepo, J.S in Lepanthes cordillerana (Orchidaceae) a new species and the landscape threats to its wild populations

FIGURE 2. Species comparison. A. Lepanthes cordillerana E.Restrepo, J.S.Moreno & Gal.-Tar. B. Lepanthes teres Luer. C. Lepanthes intonsa Luer. D. Lepanthes jubata Luer. E. Lepanthes protuberans Luer & R.P.Jesup. Photographs by Robinson Galindo-Tarazona (A), Luis Baquero (B). Sebastián Moreno (C, D) and Gerrit Verhellen (E). Prepared by Eugenio Restrepo.

Fig. 4 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 4. Monoterpene composition of the two proposed cotton chemotypes. (a) Scatterplot of the relative abundance of the pinene group (α-Pinene + β-Pinene) against the relative abundance of the summed values of the γ-Terpinene group. (b) Representative chromatograms of plants belonging to chemotype classes A (upper panel) and B (lower panel). 1: (E)-2-Hexenal; 2: 2,4-Hexadienal (E,E); 3: α-Thujene; 4: α-Pinene; 5: Camphene; 6: Sabinene; 7: β-Pinene; 8: β-Myrcene; 9: α-Phellandrene; 10: α-Terpinene; 11: p-Cymene; 12: Limonene; 13: β-Phellandrene; 14: β-Ocimene; 15: γ-Terpinene; 16: Terpinolene; 17: Bornyl acetate; 18: γ-Elemene; 19: β-Caryophyllene; 20: α-Humulene; 21: Bicyclogermacrene. (c) visualisation of proportion of monoterpene compounds from panel (b), for each chemotype class.

Fig. 1 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 1. Map showing locations of the wild Gossypium hirsutum populations from which seeds were collected along the Yucatan Peninsula.

Fig. 3 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 3. Theorised monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Compounds highlighted in blue comprise the γ-terpinene compound group, those highlighted in grey comprise the α-pinene compound group. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 5. Principal coordinate analysis on relative abundance of monoterpenes in plants grown from seed, showing samples separated based on their compositional similarity.

Fig. 6 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 6. Ridgeline plot showing the distribution of the summed values of the γ-terpinene compound group (γ-terpinene, limonene, α-thujene, α-terpinene, terpinolene, and p-cymene; as % relative to total monoterpenes in each plant). In order from top to bottom: the plots coloured red (Celestún) and orange (Sisal) are located at the west of the peninsula. The plot coloured yellow (Chicxulub) is in the centre, and the cream coloured plot (Coloradas) is located at the east of the peninsula. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 2. Correlation analysis of all mono- and sesquiterpenes analysed in the wild Gossypium hirsutum plants. Red rectangles indicate highly supported groups of monoterpenes (approximately unbiased (AU) p <0.05). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

FIGURE 4. a in A new species of Lethrinops (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) from a Lake Malawi satellite lake, believed to be extinct in the wild

FIGURE 4. a. Lower pharyngeal bones of Lethrinops lethrinus, 128mm SL, BMNH 2023.1.11.49-50 (left); Lethrinops lethrinus 84mm SL (unregistered, bottom right); Lethrinops chilingali 69mmSL (unregistered, top right); b. Distribution of Lethrinops lethrinus specimens examined (●), unconfirmed records: juveniles or not examined (Q) and Lethrinops chilingali (●).

FIGURE 2. Lethrinops chilingali. a. Holotype, BMNH 2023.1.11.1 in A new species of Lethrinops (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) from a Lake Malawi satellite lake, believed to be extinct in the wild

FIGURE 2. Lethrinops chilingali. a. Holotype, BMNH 2023.1.11.1; female 70.9mm SL. b. Paratype, BMNH 2023.1.11.2-21; mature male, 81.2mm SL.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Lethrinops (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) from a Lake Malawi satellite lake, believed to be extinct in the wild

FIGURE 3. Comparisons of Lethrinops lethrinus and Lethinops chilingali. a. holotype of L. lethrinus, BMNH 1893.15.15., 118.5mm SL. b. paratype of L. chilingali, BMNH 2023.1.11.2-21, female, 60.7mm SL; c. L. lethrinus apparent female alive in aquarium. d. L. chilingali apparent immature male alive in aquarium. e. mature male L. lethrinus. f. mature male L. chilingali. The shorter snout L. chilingali is evident, and the more broken midlateral stripe can be seen in the live specimens.

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Data from: Genetic variation at innate and adaptive immune genes - contrasting patterns of differentiation and local adaptation in a wild gull

<p>Immunogenetic variation in natural vertebrate populations is expected to respond to spatial and temporal fluctuations in pathogen assemblages. While spatial heterogeneity in pathogen-driven selection enhances local immunogenetic adaptations and population divergence, different immune genes may yield contrasting responses to the environment. Here, we investigated population differentiation at the key pathogen recognition genes of the innate and adaptive immune system in a colonial bird species, the black headed gull <em>Chroicocephalus ridibundus</em>. We assessed genetic variation at three toll-like receptor (TLR) genes (innate immunity) and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes (adaptive immunity) in gulls from seven colonies scattered across Poland. As expected, we found much greater polymorphism at the MHC than TLRs. Population differentiation at the MHC class II, but not MHC-I, was significantly stronger than at neutral microsatellite loci, suggesting local adaptation. This could reflect spatial variation in the composition of extra-cellular parasite communities (e.g. helminths), possibly driven by sharp differences in habitat structure between colonies. Despite contrasting patterns of population differentiation, both MHC classes showed similar regimes of diversifying selection. Some significant population differentiation was also observed at TLRs, suggesting that innate immune receptors may respond to fine-scale spatial variation in pathogen pressure, although this pattern could have been enhanced by drift. Our results suggested that local adaptation at the pathogen recognition immune genes can be maintained at relatively small or moderate spatial scales in species with high dispersal potential and highlighted the complexity of immunogenetic responses of animals to heterogeneous environments.</p>

Fig. 6 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 6. Heatmap highlighting variation of volatile compounds across the 63 hop accessions from Northern France. This heatmap has been generated with normalized data for the top 51 molecules responsible for differences between the chemical profiles. Red and green colors indicate lowest and highest performance of the traits, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 5. Identification of population genetic structure of the 63 accessions of Humulus lupulus L. sampled in Northern France (Hauts-de-France region) using 11 microsatellites. A. Bar plot showing the distribution of individual assignations estimated for K = 2 and K = 6 clusters, from Bayesian inference cluster analysis performed with the 53 Humulus lupulus haplotypes sampled from the 14 locations (from A to K). Each vertical line represents an individual and the length of each colored line corresponds to the membership coefficient (scale at the left of the bar plot) for each cluster. Individuals are grouped according to their sampling locations. B. Frequencies of the 6 clusters (represented by colors) within each sampled location. Colors are same than on Fig. 5A. C. Principle Component Analysis (PCoA) based on genetic distances between each accession. Individuals were colored according to their sample site collection. D. Dendrogram underlying genetic clustering of the 63 hop accessions, including 10 commercial varieties (samples 1 to 10), 3 heirloom varieties (samples 11 to 13) and 50 wild sampled from 11 geographical locations (cf Table 1). 1: Nugget, 2: Strisselspalt, 3: Golding, 4: Challenger, 5: Brewers Gold, 6: Cascade, 7: Magnum, 8: Northern Brewer, 9: Target, 10: Fuggle, 11: Groene Bel, 12: Star, 13: Coigneau, Location A: 14 to 18; Location B: 19 to 23; Location C: 24 to 28; Location D: 29 to 32; Location E: 33 and 34; Location F: 34 and 35; Location G: 37 and 38; Location H: 39 to 42; Location I: 43 to 52; Location J: 53 to 58; Location K: 59 to 63. The tree was constructed using the unweighted neighbor-joining method based on genetic dissimilarity among the haplotypes according to microsatellite markers. Each branch corresponds to a hop genotype and the colors of branches indicate locations from which the genotypes were sampled. The color code is the same as the one on Fig. 5C.

Fig. 2 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 2. Analysis of volatile compounds in hop cones by GC-MS. A. Chemical structure of main volatile compounds found in hop cones. B. GC-MS total ion chromatogram of a hop cone sample (cv. Nugget). Compounds identified correspond to the following compounds: (1) β-myrcene; (2) β-caryophyllene; (3) linalool; (4) 2- undecanone; (5) copaene; (6) α-humulene; (7) γ-muurolene.

Fig. 4 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 4. Results of characterization of soil samples collected close to the root environment of the 63 hops studied. These 63 hops samples are represented by ten commercial varieties: Nugget comes from « comm_1 »; Strisselspalt comes from « comm_2 » and other commercial cultivars come from the same field « comm_3–10 »; three heirloom varieties coming from the same field identified as « old »; and fifty wild hops identified according to Table 1. The characterization of soil samples was based on pH and conductivity measurements, on organic matter content determined by loss of ignition as well as on dosage of the sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium elements. A. Dendrogram including hierarchical cluster analysis (N = 8) among soil samples determined by soil characterization. B. Heatmap associated to the dendrogram. The 8 clusters of the hierarchical clustering were reported on the heatmap. C. Pictures of soil samples from locations B (Tourbi`ere de Vred, Vred) (1), D (Cap Blanc nez, Wissant) (2) and K (Dunes d'Ecault) (3).

Fig. 1. Main hop prenylated phenolic compounds A in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 1. Main hop prenylated phenolic compounds A. Chemical structure of major chalcones and acylphloroglucinols produced by hops and their molecular weight. B. Chromatogram of a crude hydro-ethanolic extract of hops (cultivar Nugget) at 330 nm. XN: xanthohumol, α1: co-humulone; α2: humulone; α3: ad-humulone; β1: colupulone; β2: lupulone; β3: ad-lupulone.

Fig. 3 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 3. Geographical repartition of the fifty accessions of wild hop (Humulus lupulus L.) collected on the 11 locations A to K in the North of France.

Fig. 8. Untargeted metabolomic analysis A in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 8. Untargeted metabolomic analysis A. Principle component analysis of the 63 chemotypes of hop studied. Each symbol represents a single plant from the different accessions. Commercial varieties (10 accessions), heirloom varieties (3 accessions), wild hops collected on different locations (50 accessions, Fig. 3). B. Principle component analysis of the chemical markers.

Fig. 7 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 7. Results of the statistical treatment of data for the quantitation of xanthohumol, co-, n-, ad-humulone and co-, n-, ad-lupulone. This quantitation has been performed on the 63 crude hydro-ethanolic extracts of hop cone powder from Northern France, including 10 commercial varieties, 3 heirloom varieties and 50 wild hops (Fig. 1, Table 2). A. PCA biplot of quantitation data with score plot and loading plot of variables. Individuals were colored by collection site for a given observation. Variable contribution to component was represented by arrows length. B. Dendrogram of the hierarchical cluster analysis among the 63 hops based on the quantitation similarity (Ward's method, distance scale) (N = 3).