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7,883 results for “Tropic”
Data from: Changes in seed predation along a 2300-m elevational gradient on a tropical mountain in Myanmar: a standardized test with 32 non-native plant species
<p>It has been hypothesized that biotic interactions are stronger towards lower latitudes and elevations. However, results vary among interaction systems and experimental protocols. Our goal was to examine the validity of this prediction by using a standardized method to investigate seed–animal interaction. We assessed removal by animals for 40960 seeds belonging to 32 non-native tree species along an elevation gradient from 600 m to 2910 m on Mount Victoria (Nat Ma Taung), western Myanmar. We analyzed the elevational trends of seed removal at both individual seed level (probability of depot encounter, proportion of seeds removed after encounter and total proportion of seeds removed) and community level (Shannon diversity and species evenness indices). The dry and wet seasons had opposite relationships between seed removal and elevation,<br> i.e. hump-shaped in the dry season and U-shaped in the wet season. Individual plant species displayed almost all possible patterns: U-shaped and hump-shaped, monotonic decrease and increase, and elevation-independent patterns. As a consequence of the hump-shaped seed removal pattern with elevation in the dry season, the diversity and evenness of surviving seeds showed U-shaped patterns. Our study shows that elevational trends in seed–animal interactions do not follow a constant rule, but differ between seasons and among species, suggesting that a one-off survey with few species might give misleading information on overall macroecological patterns. Future studies of trends in biotic interactions along gradients should bear this in mind.</p>
Data from: Genetic diversity of the rain tree (Albizia saman) in Colombian seasonally dry tropical forest for informing conservation and restoration interventions
<p><i>Albizia saman</i> is a multipurpose tree species of seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) of Mesoamerica and northern South America typically cultivated in silvopastoral and other agroforestry systems around the world, a trend that is bound to increase in light of multimillion hectare commitments for forest and landscape restoration. The effective conservation and sustainable use of <i>A. saman</i> requires detailed knowledge of its genetic diversity across its native distribution range of which surprisingly little is known to date. We assessed the genetic diversity and structure of <i>A.saman</i> across twelve representative locations of SDTF in Colombia, and how they may have been shaped by past climatic changes and human influence. We found four different genetic groups which may be the result of differentiation due to isolation of populations in pre-glacial times. The current distribution and mixture of genetic groups across STDF fragments we observed might be the result of range expansion of SDTFs during the last glacial period followed by range contraction during the Holocene and human-influenced movement of germplasm associated with cattle ranching. Despite the fragmented state of the presumed natural <i>A. saman</i> stands we sampled we did not find any signs of inbreeding, suggesting that gene flow is not jeopardized in humanized landscapes. However, further research is needed to assess potential deleterious effects of fragmentation on progeny. Climate change is not expected to seriously threaten the <i>in situ</i> persistence of <i>A. saman</i> populations and might present opportunities for future range expansion. However, the sourcing of germplasm for tree planting activities needs to be aligned with the genetic affinity of reference populations across the distribution of Colombian SDTFs. We identify priority source populations for i<i>n situ</i> conservation based on their high genetic diversity, lack or limited signs of admixture and/or genetic uniqueness.</p>
Archive data for: Loss of predation risk from apex predators can exacerbate marine tropicalization caused by extreme climatic events
<p>1. Extreme climatic events (ECEs) and predator removal represent some of the most widespread stressors to ecosystems. Though species interactions can alter ecological effects of climate change (and vice versa), it is less understood whether, when, and how predator removal can interact with ECEs to exacerbate their effects. Understanding the circumstances under which such interactions might occur is critical because predator loss is widespread and ECEs can generate rapid phase shifts in ecosystems which can ultimately lead to tropicalization.</p> <p>2. Our goal was to determine whether loss of predation risk may be an important mechanism governing ecosystem responses to extreme events, and whether the effects of such events, such as tropicalization, can occur even when species range shifts do not. Specifically, our goal was to experimentally simulate loss of an apex predator, the tiger shark (<i>Galeocerdo cuvier</i>) effects on a recently damaged seagrass ecosystem of Shark Bay, Australia by applying documented changes to risk sensitive grazing of dugong (<i>Dugong dugon</i>) herbivores. </p> <p>3. Using a 16-month field experiment established in recently disturbed seagrass meadows, we used previous estimates of risk-sensitive dugong foraging behavior to simulate altered risk-sensitive foraging densities and strategies of dugongs consistent with apex predator loss, and tracked seagrass responses to the simulated grazing.</p> <p>4. Grazing treatments targeted and removed tropical seagrasses, which declined. However, like in other mixed-bed habitats where dugongs forage, treatments also incidentally accelerated temperate seagrass losses, revealing that herbivore behavioral changes in response to predator loss can exacerbate ECE effects and promote tropicalization, even without range expansions or introductions of novel species. </p> <p>5. Our results suggest that changes to herbivore behaviors triggered by loss of predation risk can undermine ecological resilience to ECEs, particularly where long lived herbivores are abundant. By implication, ongoing losses of apex predators may combine with increasingly frequent ECEs to amplify climate change impacts across diverse ecosystems and large spatial scales.</p>
Calcareous defense structures of prey mediate the effects of predation and biotic resistance towards the tropics
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Aims</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The importance of biotic interactions in creating and maintaining diversity is expected to increase toward low latitudes. However, the way in which predation affects diversity, can depend on how predators mediate competitive interactions and also on defensive traits of prey. Here we assessed the role of physical defences of prey to escape predation and how the importance of predation on community structure and diversity changes across latitude.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Location</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Six sites, in three regions distributed across 45 degrees of latitude in the Atlantic Ocean: a tropical region in Angola, a subtropical region in Brazil and a temperate region in Wales-UK.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Methods</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We manipulated predation on marine sessile communities, using exclusion cages and assessed community parameters, including their susceptibility to biological invasion during early and advanced succession.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Results</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Predation was more intense in the tropics and in advanced communities suggesting that predation effects increase through time. In the tropical region, predators reduced the number of co-occurring species and beta diversity, limited the occurrence of exotic species and promoted a change in the identity of the dominant organisms, replacing soft-bodied organisms with calcified animals. In the subtropical region, predation promoted a similar trait-mediated change in the identity of dominant prey, although it was not strong enough to affect diversity and did not prevent bioinvasion. In the temperate region other processes than predation seem to drive the community organization and resistance to invasion.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Main conclusions</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Our results support both Biotic Interaction and Biotic Resistance Hypotheses, showing that the importance of predation to biodiversity increases toward the tropics. In addition, where predation is intense, morphological traits of prey drive the final structure and dominance in the community. Our results suggest that physical defences are the main traits preventing predation, perhaps explaining why calcified organisms are among the most common invasive species in coastal habitats.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Batriscenellus Jeannel from tropical Asia (Coleoptera Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 2. Diagnostic characters of Batriscenellus suthepensis (A–F. Male. G. Female). A. Head and prothorax, dorsal. B. Abdomen, dorsal. C. Sternite 7 (IX). D–F. Aedeagus, in axial (D), lateral (E), and ventral (F) view. G. Genital complex. Scale bars: 0.2 mm in A, B; 0.05 mm in C; 0.1 mm in D–G.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Batriscenellus Jeannel from tropical Asia (Coleoptera Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 1. Habitus of Batriscenellus species. A. B. suthepensis. B. B. vietnamicus. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Batriscenellus Jeannel from tropical Asia (Coleoptera Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Batriscenellus vietnamicus, male. A. Head and prothorax, dorsal. B. Abdomen, dorsal. C. Sternite 7 (IX). D–F. Aedeagus, in axial (D), ventral (E), and lateral (F) view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm in A, B; 0.05 mm in C; 0.1 mm in D–F.
Data from: Carbon flux and forest dynamics: increased deadwood decomposition in tropical rainforest tree-fall gaps
<p>This study was carried out within an area of lowland, old growth dipterocarp rainforest in the Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (4° 44' 35" to 55" N and 116° 58' 10" to 30" E; mean annual rainfall 2838 mm ± 93 mm). On the 20<sup>th</sup> of July 2017, there was a storm at the study site, which generated winds speeds of 8.4 m/s (Fig. S1). These were among the strongest winds normally experienced in inland forests of the region, which placed extreme sheer stress on trees. Consequently, a large number of trees fell within the same 24-hour period in the study location. Ten tree-fall gaps (mean length: 32 m ± 2.8, mean width: 24.5 m ± 3; see table S1 for gap characteristics) created during this event were selected for use in this investigation, along with ten adjacent closed canopy sites, located 20 m from the edge of each gap. We took 10 hemispherical photos in each gap and closed canopy sites to quantity canopy openness at each location.</p>
FIGURE 13 in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 13. Historical and new records of Phragmatopoma species. Empty symbols indicate previous records.
FIGURE 10. Phragmatopoma villalobosi n in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 10. Phragmatopoma villalobosi n. sp. A, Complete body, dorsal view. B, Opercular crown, top view. C, Median ridge. D, Outer paleae. Middle paleae: E, Dorsal; F, Ventral. G, Inner paleae. H, Parathoracic lanceolate neurochaetae. I, Abdominal uncini. J, Opercular crown without middle paleae with ridge. Scale bars: A: 1 mm; B: 400 μm; C–D: 100 μm; E–G: 200 μm; H: 50 μm; I: 5 μm; J: 300 μm. Abbreviation: pc, peduncle caudal; pl, median plume; ri, ridge; op, outer paleae; mp, middle paleae.
FIGURE 5. Phragmatopoma digitata Rioja, 1962. A in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 5. Phragmatopoma digitata Rioja, 1962. A, Complete body, dorsal view. B, Opercular crown, top view. C, Operculum, lateral view. D, Median ridge. E, Outer paleae. F, Details of median plume. G, Middle paleae. H, Inner paleae. I, Parathoracic lanceolate and capillary notochaetae. J, Parathoracic lanceolate neurochaetae. K, Abdominal uncini. L, Outer paleae of juvenile specimen. Scale bars: A: 1.5 mm; B: 1 mm; C, D: 0.5 mm; E: 100 μm; F: 20 μm; G–H: 150 μm; I–J, L: 50 μm; K: 10 μm. Abbreviation: op, outer paleae; mp, middle paleae; pa, papillae; mr, median ridge; pl, median plume; lt, lateral teeth.
FIGURE 12 in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 12. Morphology of tubes. A, Phragmatopoma caudata. B, P. digitata. C, P. carlosi n. sp. Tubes of P. balbinae n. sp. with: D, Bryozoans; E, Serpulids and F, Syllids associated. Scale bars: A–B, D: 1 mm; C: 2 mm; E: 500 μm; F: 300 μm.
FIGURE 8. Phragmatopoma balbinae n in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 8. Phragmatopoma balbinae n. sp. A, Complete body, dorsal view. B, Operculum, lateral view. C, Median ridge. D, Outer paleae. E, Middle paleae. F, Inner paleae. G, Thoracic capillary neurochaetae. H, Parathoracic lanceolate notochaetae. I, Abdominal uncini. Scale bars: A: 1 mm; B–C: 250 μm; D, G: 50 μm; E–F, H: 100 μm; I: 5 μm. Abbreviation: pc, peduncle caudal; mp, middle paleae; mr, median ridge; pl, median plume; lt, lateral teeth.
FIGURE 2 in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 2. Morphology of body, opercular paleae and chaetae. A, Complete body, ventral view. Morphology of outer paleae: B, Phragmatopoma moerchi; C, P. attenuata. Morphology of middle paleae: D, P. villalobosi n. sp.; E, P. attenutata. Morphology of inner paleae: F–G, P. attenuata. Outer paleae: H, P. digitata; I, P. caudata; J–K, P. californica; L, P. virgini. Middle paleae: M, P. carlosi n. sp.; N, P. balbinae n. sp.; O, P. digitata; P, P. peruensis. Q, Inner paleae of P. balbinae n. sp. R, Capillary chaetae. S, Bipinnate chaetae. T, Lanceolate chaetae. U–V, Verticillate chaetae. W, Uncini. Abbreviation: tbl, total body length; mp, middle paleae; op, outer paleae; Pr, parathoracic region; lt, lateral teeth; pl, median plume; plw, plume width; pll, plume length; bl, blade length; bw, blade width; nw, nape width; nl, nape length; peal, peak length; pew, peak width; cl, chin length; cw, chin width. Modified from: A) Kirtley (1994), B-C, E, I-L) Hartman (1944), H) Rioja (1942).
FIGURE 4 in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 4. Phragmatopoma caudata Krøyer in Mörch, 1867. A, Complete body, dorsal view. B, Operculum, lateral view. C, Median ridge. D, Outer paleae. E–F, Middle paleae. G, Inner paleae. H, Parathoracic lanceolate notochaetae. I, Parathoracic lanceolate neurochaetae. J, Abdominal uncini. K, Opercular crown, top view. Scale bars: A: 1 mm; B: 500 μm; C: 200 μm; D, H: 50 μm; E–G: 100 μm; I: 30 μm; J: 10 μm; K: 300 μm. Abbreviation: pc, peduncle caudal; op, outer paleae; mp, middle paleae; mr, median ridge; pl, median plume; lt, lateral teeth.
FIGURE 7. Phragmatopoma peruensis Hartman, 1944. A in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 7. Phragmatopoma peruensis Hartman, 1944. A, Complete body, dorsal view. B, Operculum, lateral view. C, Median ridge. D–E, Outer paleae. F, Parathoracic lanceolate neurochaetae. G–H, Middle paleae; H, Rough margin. I, Inner paleae. J, Parathoracic lanceolate notochaetae. K, Parathoracic lanceolate notochaetae. L, Abdominal uncini; M) Verticillate abdominal chaetae. Scale bars: A: 2 mm; B: 1 mm; C: 500 μm; D, E, I: 100 μm; F, H, J–K: 50 μm; G: 200 μm; L: 10 μm; M: 20 μm. Abbreviation: br, branchiae; gm, gametes; pc, peduncle caudal; op, outer paleae; mp, middle paleae; s1, first thoracic segment; bo, building organ; pl, median plume; lt, lateral teeth.
FIGURE 3 in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 3. Phragmatopoma californica (Fewkes, 1889). A, Complete body, dorsal view. B, Opercular crown, top view. C, Operculum, lateral view. D, Median ridge. E, Outer paleae. F–G, Middle paleae; G, Rough margin. H, Inner paleae. I, Parathoracic lanceolate notochaetae. J, Parathoracic lanceolate neurochaetae. K, Abdominal uncini. L, Verticillate abdominal chaetae. Scale bars: A: 2 mm; B, D: 500μm; C: 1 mm; E, G–H: 100 μm; F, I: 200 μm; J: 20 μm; K–L: 10 μm. Abbreviation: pc, peduncle caudal; mp, middle paleae; op, outer paleae; mr, median ridge; pl, median plume.
FIGURE 6 in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 6. Comparisons of opercular paleae in Phragmatopoma species. P. californica (Hartman 1944): A, Middle paleae; B, Inner paleae. P. digitata (Rioja 1963): C–D) Outer paleae; E, Middle paleae; F, Inner paleae. P. virgini (Hartman 1944): G, Middle paleae; I, Outer paleae. P. virgini (Kirtley 1994): H, J, Middle and outer paleae of holotype; K, M, Middle and inner paleae of topotype. P. peruensis (Hartman 1944): L, Middle paleae; N, Outer paleae. P. moerchi (Hartman 1944): O, Middle paleae; P, Inner paleae. P. digitata (this work): Q, Middle paleae; R, Inner paleae; U, Outer paleae. P. californica (Rioja 1942): S, Middle paleae; T, Inner paleae; V, Outer paleae. Modified from S-T) Rioja (1942).
FIGURE 11 in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 11. Phragmatopoma sp. A, Complete body, dorsal view. B, Opercular crown, up view. C, Median ridge. D, Operculum, lateral view. E, Outer paleae. F, Middle paleae. G, Inner paleae. H, Verticillate abdominal chaetae. I, Abdominal uncini. Scale bars: A: 2 mm; B: 500 μm; C: 300 μm; D: 1 mm; E, H: 50 μm; F: 150 μm; G: 100 μm; I: 10 μm. Abbreviation: op, outer paleae; mp, middle paleae; ip, inner paleae; mr, median ridge; pl, median plume; lt, lateral teeth.
FIGURE 9. Phragmatopoma carlosi n in New species and new records of Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) from Tropical America
FIGURE 9. Phragmatopoma carlosi n. sp. A, Complete body, dorsal view. B, Operculum, lateral view. C, Median ridge. D, Outer paleae. Middle paleae: E, Dorsal; F, Ventral. G, Inner paleae. H, Parathoracic lanceolate neurochaetae. I, Abdominal uncini. J, Papillae longer. Scale bars: A: 1.5 mm; B–C: 1 mm; D: 100 μm; E–G, J: 200 μm; H: 30 μm; I: 10 μm. Abbreviation: br, branchiae; pc, peduncle caudal; op, outer paleae; mp, middle paleae; pa, papillae; mr, median ridge; pl, median plume; lt, lateral teeth.
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