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opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Taxonomic and functional compositions and environmental data of 19 seedling assemblages in a Caatinga dry forest

We used these information to assess the structure, composition, and diversity of woody seedling assemblages across 19 forest stands in a human-modified landscape of Caatinga dry forest, assessing the role played by rainfall, aboveground biomass, and chronic anthropogenic disturbances (i.e., livestock grazing pressure and wood extraction) as assembly forces. We quantified a large set of community-level attributes including functional traits related to water availability, physical protection, and survival success. We recorded a total of 544 seedlings from 59 species.

openJan 2022View details →

Dataset used in the assessment of the article "Basic urban services fail to neutralise environmental determinants of 'rattiness', a composite metric of rat abundance"

This data was collected in four Brazilian informal settlements located in the city of Salvador - the third largest city of Brazil - in the wet season of the year 2018. The data includes the collection of three rat abundance metrics - namely, rat marks on track plates, rats caught in live traps and removed, and presence of rat signs (faecal droppings, trails and active burrows) - in a total of 529 independent sampling locations. In addition to the single rat metrics, which were also used to compose the rattiness outcome, the data contain the baseline environmental and socioeconomic (surveyed and mapped) variables and the BUS variables considered in Carvalho-Pereira et al., 2023. (the data will be available soon)

opennotspecifiedJan 2022View details →

Figure 1 in A theoretical composite model for population sex-specific shell size dynamics in Strombidae (Gastropoda, Neostromboidae)

Figure 1. Modelling male and females population distribution curves showing the mean size (μ) of each sex and the (1) Sex dependant factors: a) time to maturity; b) intra-male competition; c) femalespecific sexual selection; d) fecundity; (2) Inter-sex dependant factors: e) time to maturity; f) sex bias towards larger numbers of females; and (3) Population factors: g) environmental conditions; and h) universal size regulators that affect the size ratio between females and males.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Soil carbon composition and persistence under various management practices on Mollisols

This dataset contains information of the manuscript entitled "Persistent soil carbon enhanced in Mollisols by well-managed grasslands but not annual grain or dairy forage cropping systems". Grasslands-derived Mollisols cover a large area globally and are usually under intensive agricultural production, which has liberated large amounts of carbon (C) into the atmosphere. Whether improved management practices such as no-till, diversified crop rotations, legumes and/or manure additions, or re-establishing perennial grasslands and integrating livestock can restore soil C on Mollisols is unclear. In this study, we utilized the Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial (WICST), a long-term trial comparing conventional and alternative agricultural systems in the North Central USA, and studied soil C composition and persistence, and their relationships with soil microbial attributes after 29 years of different agricultural management. The soil C composition data include particulate organic matter (POM)-C, which is believed to be primarily plant-derived and unprocessed or partially processed by microbes, and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM)-C, which is believed to be mostly microbial-derived and simple structured. These soil C fractions were obtained by physical fractionation (53 µm). Diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to study the composition of MAOM (Aliphatic C vs. Aromatic C). Soil microbial attributes studied include soil microbial biomass C (by chloroform fumigation method), microbial C-use efficiency (CUE) (by 13C-tracing method), and microbial necromass (amino sugars biomarkers, including glucosamine, muramic acids, galactosamine, and mannosamine). Activities of oxidative enzymes were studied to assess the potential of soil organic matter oxidation under these different management regimes. These data suggested that on the Mollisols, only perennial pastures that were managed by rotational grazing could enhance soil (0-30 cm) carbon stock and persistence compared to the conventional continuous corn system that had annual tillage. No-till did not increase soil C stock or persistence, while including legumes/manure in crop rotations could enhance microbial C cycling, but could not enhance the stock of persistent MAOM-C.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Changes in arthropod communities mediate the effects of landscape composition and farm management on pest control ecosystem services in organically managed strawberry crops

Landscape composition and local diversification practices such as polyculture, cover cropping, and hedgerows may promote natural pest control by benefiting natural enemy communities on farms. Our study employs piecewise structural equation modeling (PSEM) to test causal hypotheses regarding the effects of landscape composition and local diversification practices on arthropod communities and pest control ecosystem services. We sampled 27 organic strawberry fields in California's Central Coast region in 2015 and 2016 (17 repeated between years) for a total of 37 distinct sites across years. The sites were selected along orthogonal gradients of landscape composition and local diversification practices. We also investigated the effects of two common pest management practices. At each site, we sampled arthropod communities using a hand-held vacuum and performed sentinel prey experiments using the pest species Lygus hesperus to estimate pest control levels. At the landscape scale, proportion woods increased natural enemy abundance; at the local scale, diversification practices increased natural enemy diversity. Insecticides and tractor vacuuming, aimed at controlling pests, were indirectly detrimental to pest control services. Both practices decreased natural enemy abundance, and while insecticides also decreased pest abundance, vacuuming did not. Natural enemy abundance and diversity increased pest control levels, while pest abundance had the opposite effect. The PSEM results confirmed our hypotheses that landscape and local effects on pest control are mediated through changes in arthropod communities. <a>Synthesis </a>and applications: At the landscape scale, higher proportions of woody habitat are associated with greater natural enemy abundance, which increases pest control levels. When promoting pest control ecosystem services is a policy goal, regional planners should prioritize the conservation and restoration of woodlands in agricultural landscapes. At the local scale, decisions of individual growers can impact pest control services. For many growers, adopting practices that promote on-farm plant diversity may be a feasible solution for increasing pest control levels while avoiding the environmental and economic costs imposed by insecticide application and tractor <a>vacuuming. </a> <div> <div> <div class="msocomtxt"> </div> </div> </div>

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Insect cuticular hydrocarbon composition influences their interaction with spider capture threads - Raw data

Raw data of the manuscript entitled "Insect cuticular hydrocarbon composition influences their interaction with spider capture threads", published in the Journal of Experimental Biology

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Direct and legacy-mediated drought effects on plant performance are species-specific and depend on soil community composition

Droughts affect plant communities, but their impacts may be mediated by soil biota. Soil communities may ameliorate drought stress, and droughts may leave legacies of altered soil communities that may affect future plant growth. However, it is not yet understood which groups of soil biota in particular affect plant performance under drought, nor which groups contribute to drought-legacy effects on future plant growth. We hypothesized that increasing soil-community complexity ameliorates drought stress and that drought-legacy effects are species-specific and soil-community-dependent. To test these hypotheses, we performed a two-phase experiment with six grassland species. In the first phase, we examined plant performance under drought and ambient conditions, in soils inoculated with a sterilized inoculum, or increasingly complex soil communities created by wet-sieving through 20-, 40-, and 200-µm mesh sieves. In the second phase, we examined drought-legacy effects on conspecific plant performance. We separately analysed plant performance in both phases, and integrated data from both phases using structural equation models. Drought effects on first-phase root biomass depended on soil inoculum, and this interaction differed among plant species, while effects on shoot biomass differed among species, but did not depend on inoculum. Only one species experienced drought-stress-ameliorating effects of soil biota. Drought-legacy effects on plant performance were positive, but depended on soil inoculum in case of root biomass, and on soil inoculum and species identity in case of shoot biomass. Drought-legacy effects were often mediated by first-phase biomass. In some species this effect was independent of inoculum, suggesting an abiotic legacy effect. In others, low first-phase biomass corresponded with high second-phase performance in presence of the most complex soil community. We conclude that drought-legacy effects on plant performance were soil-community-dependent but positive, suggesting that plants establishing after drought may benefit from increased nutrient availability and more positive impacts of soil biota.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Chemical compositions data for "Space weathering of the Chang'e-5 lunar sample from a mid-high latitude region on the Moon"

Data for “Space weathering of the Chang’e-5 lunar sample from a mid-high latitude region on the Moon”

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Supporting data for "Impact of compression on the electrochemical performance of the sulfur/carbon composite electrode in lithium–sulfur batteries"

This is the dataset of electrochemical and operando X-ray diffracytion experiments for our publication "Impact of compression on the electrochemical performance of the sulfur/carbon composite electrode in lithium–sulfur batteries". This archive contains the raw data and scripts written in R used in the analysis and presentation of the results in this manuscript. Abstract for the manuscript: While lithium–sulfur batteries theoretically have both high gravimetric specific energy and volumetric energy density, only its specific energy has been experimentally demonstrated to surpass that of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion systems at cell level. One major reason for the unrealized energy density is the low capacity density of the highly porous sulfur/carbon composite as the positive electrode. In this work, mechanical compression at elevated temperature is demonstrated to be an effective method to increase the capacity density of the electrode by at least 90% and moreover extends its cycle life. Distinct impacts of compression on the resistance profiles of electrodes with different thickness are investigated by tortuosity factors derived from both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray computed tomography and kinetic analysis based on operando X-ray diffraction. The results highlights the importance of a homogeneous electrode structure for the lithium–sulfur system.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Tropical montane forest in South Asia: Composition, structure and dieback in relation to soils and topography

We evaluated the composition, structure and dieback of a montane forest in relation to soils and physiography of an important biogeographic region that has been sparsely studied. Our objectives were to: 1. Describe the forest composition and structure; 2. Assess the current extent of dieback; and 3. Relate tree composition, structure, and dieback proneness to edaphic and physiographic measures. We enumerated all live and dead standing plants ≥ 3 cm diameter at breast height (DBH), in thirty 20×15 m2 over story plots. We measured all regeneration < 1m height in subplots, sampled soils and measures of physiography, and visually rated the proportion of crown die-back, and recorded standing dead trees.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

On the Cost-Effectiveness of Composite Metamorphic Relations for Testing Deep Learning Systems

This is the replication package of our paper "On the Cost-Effectiveness of Composite Metamorphic Relations for Testing Deep Learning Systems" published at the Metamorphic Testing Workshop (MET).

Fig. 3 in Species Composition And Biotopical Distribution Of Blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) On The South-Western Macroslope Of The Ukrainian Carpathians

Fig. 3. Correlation of different groups of blackflies in hydrobiocoenoses on the south-western macroslope of the Ukrainian Carpathians.

Fig. 2 in Species Composition And Biotopical Distribution Of Blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) On The South-Western Macroslope Of The Ukrainian Carpathians

Fig. 2. Correlation Simuliidae species developing in rivers on the south-western macroslope of the Ukrainian Carpathians.

Fig. 6 in Species Composition And Biotopical Distribution Of Blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) On The South-Western Macroslope Of The Ukrainian Carpathians

Fig. 6. Species diversity of blackflies (according to Simpson's index) on the south-western macroslope of the Ukrainian Carpathians. (The numeration of altitudinal vegetative groups corresponds to that one given in fig. 4.)

Fig. 5 in Species Composition And Biotopical Distribution Of Blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) On The South-Western Macroslope Of The Ukrainian Carpathians

Fig. 5. Cluster analysis of similarity of blackflies species composition in altitudinal vegetation groupings on the south-western macroslope of the Ukrainian Carpathians. (The numeration of altitudinal vegetative groups corresponds to that one given in fig. 4).

Fig. 4 in Species Composition And Biotopical Distribution Of Blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) On The South-Western Macroslope Of The Ukrainian Carpathians

Fig. 4. Geobotanical subdivision of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Holubets, 2003). І — subdivision of oak-beech and oak submontane Transcarpathian forests (1): 1a — district of beech-oak and oak-beech submontane forests of the Volcanic Range, 1b — district of oak-beech and beech-oak forests of Marmaros basin; ІІ — subdivision of beech Carpathian forests: 2 — district of fur-beech Verkhouzhotski forests, 3 — district of hornbeam-beech and beech Dubrynychi-Svaliava forests, 4 — districts of the beech forests of southern megaslope of the Polonynian Beskyd, 5 — Mizhhirskiy (Intermountain) and 6 — Rakhiv subdistricts in the district of spruce-fir-beech, spruce-beech-fir and spruce-beech Transcarpathian forests; III — subdivision of spruce Carpathian mountain forests: 7 — subdistrict of the Upper Tysa beech-fir-spruce forests of the district of Chornohora-Marmaros forests. • — places of sample collection.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Micro-thermometry and minerochemical composition of ultramafic xenoliths and minerals from Mt. Vulture volcano (southern Italy)

Here minerochemical composition and micro-thermometric data of ultramafic xenoliths (wehrlite) and loose xenocrysts (olivine and Cr-diopside) from the last melilitite-carbonatite explosive volcanic activity of Mt. Vulture volcano. In addition, some geometrical parameters of pelletal lapilli are reported.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Data from: A new composite abundance metric detects stream fish declines and community homogenization during six decades of invasions

Aim: We developed a new technique, utilizing species-specific counts of individuals from historical fish community samples, to examine landscape-level, spatiotemporal trends in relative abundance distributions. Abundance-based historical distribution analyses are often plagued by data comparability issues, but provide critical information about community composition trends inaccessible to those using analyses based only on species presence-absence. We established trends in native and non-native fish abundance and community homogenization, uniqueness, and diversity to help local conservation managers prioritize targets and motivate similar studies globally to support fish conservation. Location: Upper and middle New River (UMNR) basin, Appalachian Mountains, USA. Methods: We compiled catch data from 61 years of fish community surveys (1958-2019) and tested for community homogenization by comparing data from repeatedly sampled sites (1900s versus 2000s samples) using dispersion analyses. We measured community uniqueness (site contributions to beta diversity) and species diversity (Shannon index) at sampled streams to identify potential conservation hotspots. We then used regression analyses and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to examine species-specific basin-wide and local abundance trends and identify species of potential conservation concern. Results: Dispersion of sites in species-abundance space was significantly greater in the 1900s compared to the 2000s, indicating homogenization had occurred. Of 36 native species analyzed, 44.4% (16) showed basin-wide declines. Non-native species exhibited mixed patterns; site-level abundance increased in 2 of 15 species analyzed (13%). Main conclusions: Our results indicate basin-wide community homogenization has occurred within the UMNR, but many unique and diverse communities persist. If conserved, these could help maintain regional fish diversity. We found basin-wide declines in four endemic species, as well as spread patterns of non-native and native species that were not detected by a presence-absence analysis applied within the same study area. This finding illustrates the importance of considering both species' abundance and occurrence patterns as separate dimensions of biodiversity to inform conservation planning.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Introduction of an Adhesion Factor to Cube in Cube Models and its Effect on Calculated Moduli of Particulate Composites

The cube in cube approach was used by Paul and Ishai-Cohen to model and derive formulas for filler content dependent Young´s moduli of particle filled composites assuming perfect filler matrix adhesion. Their formulas were chosen because of their simplicity, recalculated using an elementary volume approach which transforms spherical inclusions to cubic inclusions. The EV approach led to expression for the composites moduli that allow for introducing an adhesion factor kadh ranging from 0 and 1 to take into account none perfect reduced filler matrix adhesion. This adhesion factor scales the edge length of the cubic inclusions, thus, reducing the stress transfer area between matrix and filler. Fitting the experimental data with the modified Paul model provides reasonable kadh for PA66, PBT, PP, PE-LD and BR which are in line with their surface energies. Further analysis showed that stiffening only occurs if kadh exceeds \( { \ \sqrt{E^M/E^F} \ }\) and depends on the ratio of matrix modulus and filler modulus. The modified model allows for a quick calculation of any particle filled composites for known matrix modulus EM, filler modulus EF, filler volume content vF and adhesion factor kadh. Thus, finite element analysis (FEA) simulations of any particle filled polymer parts as well as materials selection are significantly eased. FEA of cubic and hexagonal EV arrangements show that stress distributions within the EV exhibit more shear stresses if one deviates from the cubic arrangement. At high filler contents the assumption that the property of the EV is representative for the whole composite, holds only for filler volume contents up to 15 or 20 % (corresponding to 30 to 40 weight %). Thus, for vast majority of commercially available particulate composites, the modified model can be applied. Furthermore, this indicates that the cube in cube approach reaches two limits: i) the occurrence of increasing shear stresses at filler contents above 20 % due to deviations of EV arrangements or spatial filler distribution from cubic arrangements (singular), and ii) increasing interaction between particles with the formation of particle network within the matrix violating the EV assumption of their homogeneous dispersion.