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Preserving wintering frugivorous birds in agro‐ecosystems under land use change: Lessons from intensive and super-intensive olive orchards
<p>Fleshy-fruit production is becoming more intensive worldwide, but how this affects frugivorous birds is poorly known. In the Mediterranean region, intensive and super-intensive olive orchards are fast expanding, potentially affecting millions of wintering songbirds. Here we test the idea that intensification may benefit frugivorous birds, at least locally, due to increased fruit availability, while negatively affecting the wider wintering bird community due to intensive management, structural simplification and landscape homogenisation. We estimated olive abundance and surveyed birds in early, mid- and late winter, at traditional, intensive, and super-intensive orchards in southern Portugal. We used Hierarchical Modelling of Species Communities to relate species richness, prevalence and abundance to management intensity, winter period, olive availability and landscape context, and evaluated the role of frugivory on observed responses. Olive availability was much higher throughout the winter in more intensive than in traditional orchards, both in trees and on the ground. Frugivorous bird abundance was higher in more intensive orchards, and the most abundant frugivorous species (blackcap, song thrush, robin) were positively affected by olive availability and/or increasing landscape cover by olive orchards, while intensification level had relatively minor effects after accounting for other variables. Non-frugivorous richness and abundance were higher in traditional orchards, and many non-frugivorous species were less prevalent in more intensive orchards or negatively affected by landscapes dominated by olive cultivation. Synthesis and applications. While negatively affecting the wider bird community, our results suggest that olive farming intensification can contribute to sustain large numbers of frugivorous birds in the Mediterranean region. As frugivorous birds are not seen as damaging by olive farmers, there is an opportunity to promote their conservation in intensive and super-intensive orchards, which requires management to increase habitat heterogeneity, and to reduce risks such as mortality associated with mechanical harvest and contamination with pesticide residues. Overall, we recommend that efforts to manage farmland biodiversity should consider the impacts and conservation opportunities of fruit crop intensification.</p>
FIGURE 8 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru
FIGURE 8. Records of land planarians from Peru. The black dots indicate areas with records and the relative size (and numbers inside them) indicates the number of localities cited for a given region. The species are listed for each region. The star indicates the type locality of G. excelentissima.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru
FIGURE 7. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. A, Female reproductive system, detail of the vagina opening into the female atrium. B, Male reproductive system showing the structure of the prostatic vesicle.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru
FIGURE 6. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. Sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior end to the right).
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru
FIGURE 5. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. A, Sagittal section of the pharynx (anterior end to the left). B, Sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus (anterior end to the right).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru
FIGURE 4. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. A nematode larva below the ventral cutaneous musculature.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru
FIGURE 3. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. A, Transversal section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Arrow heads show the glandular margin. B, Detail of the ventral side showing the oviduct and the efferent duct. C, Detail of the testes in the dorsal side. D, Detail of the glandular margin.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru
FIGURE 2. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. Schematic drawing of the colour pattern and eyes of anterior (left) and posterior (right) body regions, in dorsal view from preserved specimen.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Geoplana (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Western Amazon Basin with comments on the land planarian fauna from Peru
FIGURE 1. Geoplana excelentissima sp. nov. External view of a living specimen. A, Dorsal view. B, Ventral view. The anterior end is on the left.
FIGURE 26 in Three new species of land flatworms and comments on a complex of species in the genus Geoplana Stimpson (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola)
FIGURE 26. Geoplana baptistae sp. nov.: photograph of a live specimen (paratype MZU PL.00124) in dorsal view. Scale bar: 30 mm.
FIGURES 31–32 in Three new species of land flatworms and comments on a complex of species in the genus Geoplana Stimpson (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola)
FIGURES 31–32. Geoplana baptistae sp. nov.: (31) diagrammatic sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype; (32) diagrammatic horizontal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of paratype MZU PL.00125. (cmc) common muscle coat, (cov) common glandular ovovitelline duct, (ej) ejaculatory duct, (fa) female atrium, (go) gonopore, (ma) male atrium, (ov) ovovitelline ducts, (pp) penis papilla, (pv) prostatic vesicle, (sc) secretory cells, (sv) spermiducal vesicle, (va) vagina. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 16–17 in Three new species of land flatworms and comments on a complex of species in the genus Geoplana Stimpson (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola)
FIGURES 16–17. Geoplana carbayoi sp. nov.: (16) colour pattern and (17) detail of eyes pattern of a preserved specimen (paratype MZU PL.00114) in dorsal view. (e) eyes. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIGURES 18–19 in Three new species of land flatworms and comments on a complex of species in the genus Geoplana Stimpson (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola)
FIGURES 18–19. Geoplana carbayoi sp. nov.: (18) pre-pharyngeal region of the holotype in transverse section; (19) pharynx of the holotype in sagittal section. (de) dorsal epidermis, (di) dorsal insertion, (es) esophagus, (gm) glandular margin, (i) intestine, (im) internal musculature, (lu) pharyngeal lumen, (m) mouth, (mm) mesenchymatic muscles, (om) outer musculature, (n) nerve plate, (pp) pharyngeal pouch, (sc) secretory cells, (t) testes, (v) vitellaria, (ve) ventral epidermis, (vi) ventral insertion. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 11–15 in Three new species of land flatworms and comments on a complex of species in the genus Geoplana Stimpson (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola)
FIGURES 11–15. Geoplana ficki sp. nov.: (11) copulatory apparatus of paratype MZU PL.00103 from São Francisco de Paula in horizontal section; (12) copulatory apparatus of paratype MZU PL.00111 from São Francisco de Paula in horizontal section; (13) detail of paired portions of the prostatic vesicle of paratype MZU PL.00103 from São Francisco de Paula in horizontal section; (14) opening of spermiducal duct into one of the paired portions of prostatic vesicle in sagittal section (holotype); (15) encysted stage of a parasite (arrow), possibly metacercariae, in paratype MZU PL.00106. (de) dorsal epidermis, (ej) ejaculatory duct, (fa) female atrium, (go) gonopore, (ma) male atrium, (ov) oviduct, (pp) penis papilla, (pv) prostatic vesicle, (sv) spermiducal vesicle, (va) vagina. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 3–4 in Three new species of land flatworms and comments on a complex of species in the genus Geoplana Stimpson (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola)
FIGURES 3–4. Geoplana ficki sp. nov.: (3) detail of colour pattern of preserved specimen (paratype MZU PL.00111) in dorsal view; (4) detail of eyes pattern in the anterior body half of a preserved specimen (paratype MZU PL.00110) in dorsal view. (e) eyes, (pg) pigmentation. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIGURES 9–10 in Three new species of land flatworms and comments on a complex of species in the genus Geoplana Stimpson (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola)
FIGURES 9–10. Geoplana ficki sp. nov.: copulatory apparatus in sagittal sections (holotype). (ej) ejaculatory duct, (fa) female atrium, (go) gonopore, (ma) male atrium, (ov) ovovitelline ducts, (pp) penis papilla, (pv) prostatic vesicle, (sc) secretory cells, (sg) shell glands, (va) vagina. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 22–25 in Three new species of land flatworms and comments on a complex of species in the genus Geoplana Stimpson (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola)
FIGURES 22–25. Geoplana carbayoi sp. nov.: (22) detail of paired portions of the prostatic vesicle of paratype MZU PL.00112 in horizontal section; (23) copulatory apparatus of paratype MZU PL.00112 in horizontal section; (24) copulatory apparatus of paratype MZU PL.00113 in horizontal section; (25) copulatory apparatus of the holotype in sagittal section. (cmc) common muscle coat, (cov) common glandular ovovitelline duct, (ej) ejaculatory duct, (fa) female atrium, (go) gonopore, (ma) male atrium, (pp) penis papilla, (pv) prostatic vesicle, (sc) secretory cells, (sg) shell glands, (sv) spermiducal vesicle, (va) vagina. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 20–21 in Three new species of land flatworms and comments on a complex of species in the genus Geoplana Stimpson (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola)
FIGURES 20–21. Geoplana carbayoi sp. nov.: (20) diagrammatic sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype; (21) diagrammatic horizontal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of paratype MZU PL.00112. (cmc) common muscle coat, (cov) common glandular ovovitelline duct, (ej) ejaculatory duct, (fa) female atrium, (go) gonopore, (ma) male atrium, (ov) ovovitelline ducts, (pp) penis papilla, (pv) prostatic vesicle, (sv) spermiducal vesicle. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 29–30 in Three new species of land flatworms and comments on a complex of species in the genus Geoplana Stimpson (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola)
FIGURES 29–30. Geoplana baptistae sp. nov.: (29) pre-pharyngeal region (paratype MZU PL.00124) in transverse section; (30) pharynx of paratype MZU PL.00120 in sagittal section. (di) dorsal insertion, (es) esophagus, (i) intestine, (im) internal musculature, (lu) pharyngeal lumen, (m) mouth, (mm) mesenchymatic muscles, (n) nerve plate, (om) outer musculature, (sc) secretory cells, (t) testes, (v) vitellaria, (vi) ventral insertion. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 7–8 in Three new species of land flatworms and comments on a complex of species in the genus Geoplana Stimpson (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola)
FIGURES 7–8. Geoplana ficki sp. nov.: (7) diagrammatic horizontal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of paratype MZU PL.00103; (8) sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. (cmc) common muscle coat, (cov) common glandular ovovitelline duct, (ej) ejaculatory duct, (fa) female atrium, (go) gonopore, (ma) male atrium, (ov) ovovitelline ducts, (pp) penis papilla, (pv) prostatic vesicle, (sg) shell glands, (sv) spermiducal vesicle, (va) vagina. Scale bar: 1 mm.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.