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Fig. 2 in Morphometry of the teeth of western North American tyrannosaurids and its applicability to quantitative classification

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of tooth and denticle measurements obtained for this study. Diagram is an outline of tooth specimen TMP 86.130.214. Denticles on tooth outline in lateral (A), basal (B), and enlarged (C) views, not to scale. For measurements, tooth is aligned so that the basal termination of enamel (broken line in A) is approximately horizontal. 1, fore−aft basal length (FABL); 2, tooth crown height (THEIGHT); 3, cross−sectional thickness (XSTHICK); 4, curvature (CURVATUR); 5, distance from the base of the mesial carina to the base of the tooth (DMCTOB); 6, denticle width (DW); 7, denticle height (DH).

Fig. 4. A in Morphometry of the teeth of western North American tyrannosaurids and its applicability to quantitative classification

Fig. 4. A. Ordination plot for PC I versus PC II for the teeth in jaws. B. Ordination plot for PC I versus PC III for the teeth in jaws. C. Ordination plot for PC II versus PC III for the teeth in jaws.

Fig. 1 in Morphometry of the teeth of western North American tyrannosaurids and its applicability to quantitative classification

Fig. 1. Longitudinal section through the crown of a small, broken, tyrannosaurid tooth (TMP 86.130.214, Judith River Group, Campanian, Alberta, Canada). The plane of the break resulted in the loss of the mesial carina, so only the distal carina is preserved on the tooth. A. Enlargement of the area outlined in B shows the enamel and the denticles. B. Photograh of the whole specimen showing dentine (light−colored area).

Fig. 3 in Morphometry of the teeth of western North American tyrannosaurids and its applicability to quantitative classification

Fig. 3. The five major types of teeth found in the tyrannosaurid jaw, Judith River Group, Campanian, Upper Cretaceous, Alberta, Canada. A. Premaxillary, TMP 65.26.3. B, C. Mesial maxillary, MM1 TMP 98.68.65 (B), MM2 TMP 66.31.36 (C). D. Distal maxillary, TMP 85.36.342. E, F. Mesial dentary, MD1 TMP 79.14.538 (E), MD2 TMP 89.79.4 (F). G. Distal dentary, TMP 97.12.43. Cross−sectional shape and location of carinae are as indicated, and are to scale relative to each other. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in An enigmatic chondrichthyan with Paleozoic affinities from the Lower Triassic of western Canada

Fig. 7. Histology of dermal denticles of Listracanthus pectenatus sp. nov., Lower Triassic, Wapiti Lake, British Columbia. A. Horizontal cross−section (perpendicular to long axis) of specimen UALVP 1889 (section T1). Note the secondarily "remodelled" central areas between the lateral ridges. B. Vertical sections along plane and long axis of a large denticle of specimen UALVP 38562 (sections T1 and T2). Note the large, well−defined cavities in the bases of the denticles in B1, B2 and the solid processes of the posterior border in B3. B4, B5. Vertical cross−sections (as above) of specimen UALVP 38562 (section T4 [B4] and section T6 [B5]) show that the bases of the comb−like processes in the posterior border are only in part secondarily ossified, complex structures with small lateral processes. All arrows point posteriad.

Fig. 5. Type I in An enigmatic chondrichthyan with Paleozoic affinities from the Lower Triassic of western Canada

Fig. 5. Type I−denticles of Listracanthus pectenatus sp. nov., Lower Triassic, Wapiti Lake, British Columbia, showing in situ arrangement (A) and aberrant morphology (B). A. As preserved in specimen TMP 95.114.52. B. Aberrant denticle as preserved in specimen TMP 2001.18.01. B1. General view. B2. Close−up of the mid−portion.

Fig. 4 in An enigmatic chondrichthyan with Paleozoic affinities from the Lower Triassic of western Canada

Fig. 4. Listracanthus pectenatus sp. nov., Lower Triassic, Wapiti Lake, British Columbia. Specimen UALVP 46551 showing morphological details of a large denticle (type I). A. A complete large denticle. Large denticles may vary in length, width and curvature. B. The apex of a large denticle with the fulcral ridges arranged like a "tuft". C. The posterior border as preserved in the same specimen. Note that each straight process possesses a striated shaft (1) and a triangular base (2) lateral to the process (see also thin sections in Fig. 7). D. Detail of postero−basal corner of the posterior border.

Fig. 1 in An enigmatic chondrichthyan with Paleozoic affinities from the Lower Triassic of western Canada

Fig. 1. Overview of the systematically searched "section D" above the Paleozoic–Mesozoic contact on top of the northwestern edge of "T−cirque" near "Fossil Fish Lake" in the Wapiti Lake Provincial Park (see Neuman and Mutter 2005 for details of locality) showing position of the three major fish assemblages. Tentative identifications of the time−sensitive fossils and respective presumed stages left in figure. Summarized occurrence of the major faunal elements right in figure. The denticles occur in very large numbers in the mid−section (denticle symbols). Below and above that part of the section, however, the denticles are found much less frequently.

Fig. 8. A. A in An enigmatic chondrichthyan with Paleozoic affinities from the Lower Triassic of western Canada

Fig. 8. A. A large denticle of Listracanthus hystrix, Upper Carboniferous, Bethel Quarry, Pike County, Indiana, USA. (A1), specimen BMNH P. 62273, with close−ups of the apical tip (A2) and base (A3) of denticles on the same slab. B, C. Small denticles (equivalent "type II" in L. pectenatus sp. nov.) of Listracanthus wardi, Upper Carboniferous, Smallthorne, North Staffs, UK, (associated with large denticles, [equivalent "type I", not shown), specimens BMNH 10005 (B) and BMNH 10004 (C).

Fig. 9 in An enigmatic chondrichthyan with Paleozoic affinities from the Lower Triassic of western Canada

Fig. 9. An artist's view of a possible life restoration of the chondrichthyan Listracanthus with the large type I−denticles restored along the dorsal ridge (Art− work © Ray Troll, 2001).

Fig. 6 in An enigmatic chondrichthyan with Paleozoic affinities from the Lower Triassic of western Canada

Fig. 6. Associated fragment (A) and sketch (B) of a?tooth−like fragment or skeletal fragment preserved on a slab with both types of denticles (not shown) of Listracanthus pectenatus sp. nov., Lower Triassic, Wapiti Lake, British Columbia, in specimen UALVP 38562.

Fig. 2 in An enigmatic chondrichthyan with Paleozoic affinities from the Lower Triassic of western Canada

Fig. 2. Small and large dermal denticles in holotype specimen UALVP 47002, a possible body part of Listracanthus pectenatus sp. nov., Lower Triassic, Wapiti Lake, British Columbia. A. A large number of denticles is irregularly arranged but an unusually high number is clustered to the left. On the right, denticle types I and II are widely spaced, clearly unrelated to each other. B. Three large denticles (type I) as preserved (close−up). C. Small denticles (type II) as preserved, showing variable crown shape (close−up).

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Fig. 2 in A sustainable mass rearing method for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Fig. 2. Diagram of life cycle, rearing procedures, and label coding for Frankliniella occidentalis. (A) Frankliniella occidentalis male (lef) and female (right) adults; (B) egg-infested cotyledon; (C) nymph-infested cotyledon; (D) pupae under filter paper in rearing container; cots = cotyledons.

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Fig. 1 in A sustainable mass rearing method for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Fig. 1. (A) Shirofumi soybean sprout with cotyledons ready to harvest (circled). (B) Metal tray housing immature stages of Frankliniella occidentalis in insect rearing containers with secondary standard Petri dish lids on top of ventilated mesh lids. Records of dates maintained and life stages present in containers are kept on each colony lid.

FIG. 2 in New archaeocyath genus from the early Cambrian of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco

FIG. 2. — Fouanoucyathus tafraoutiensis El Bakhouch & Kerner, n. gen., n. sp., holotype AA-FOU-CI-2 from section FO.IS8: A, transverse view of specimen prior to preparation;B, transverse section showing wall and septal porosity (inner wall at right);C, detail of longitudinal section showing the outer and inner walls with canals and septal porosity;D, detail of longitudinal section showing inner wall porosity (central cavity at right);E, detail of longitudinal section showing outer wall porosity (intervallum at right); F, longitudinal section showing wall, septal porosity and a synapticular tabulae (inner wall at right). Scale bars: A, 9 mm; B, 0.5 mm; C, E, F, 1 mm; D, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 5 in New archaeocyath genus from the early Cambrian of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco

FIG. 5. — Fouanoucyathus tafraoutiensis El Bakhouch & Kerner, n. gen., n. sp., paratype AA-FOU-CI-1 from section FO.IS4: A, longitudinal view of specimen prior to preparation; B, oblique transverse section showing details of walls and septa porosity; C, longitudinal section (inner wall at right); D, detail of C showing inner wall porosity (central cavity at right); E, detail of C showing outer wall porosity. Scale bars: A, 4 mm; B, 0.4 mm; C, 1.5 mm; D, 1 mm; E, 0.3 mm.

FIG. 1. — A in New archaeocyath genus from the early Cambrian of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco

FIG. 1. — A, Studied area in the Anti Atlas Mountains within Morocco; B, simplified geological map of the Fouanou Syncline with location of the studied section (redrawn and modified after Geological Map of Morocco, TAFRAOUT sheet, scale 1/100 000); C, lithostratigraphy of the studied section in the Fouanou Syncline.

FIG. 4 in New archaeocyath genus from the early Cambrian of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco

FIG. 4. — Fouanoucyathus tafraoutiensis El Bakhouch & Kerner, n. gen., n. sp., paratype AA-FOU-CI-4 from FO.IS24: A, transverse view of specimen prior to preparation; B, detail of transverse section showing inner wall porosity and synapticulae (central cavity at upper left); C, detail of longitudinal section showing septal porosity and inner wall canals (central cavity at right); D, detail of longitudinal section showing outer wall canals. Scale bars: A, 7.5 mm; B, 0.3 mm; C, 1 mm; D, 0.6 mm.

FIG. 3 in New archaeocyath genus from the early Cambrian of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco

FIG. 3. — Fouanoucyathus tafraoutiensis El Bakhouch & Kerner, n. gen., n. sp., paratype AA-FOU-CI-3 from FO.IS10: A, transverse view of specimen prior to preparation; B, detail of longitudinal section showing walls, septal porosity and synapticular tabulae (inner wall at left); C, detail of longitudinal section showing inner wall canals (central cavity at left); D, detail of longitudinal section showing outer wall canals and synapticular tabulae (intervallum at right). Scale bars: A, 8.5 mm; B, 2 mm; C, 1 mm; D, 0.5 mm.