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12,309 results for “America”
Figure 2. Neusiokia appalachiensis n in New fossil false click-beetles from the Americas (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae)
Figure 2. Neusiokia appalachiensis n. sp., holotype, dorsal view.
WikiProject Clinical Trials - WikiConference North America 2021 presentation
<p>Lane Rasberry presents "WikiProject Clinical Trials, Wikipedia for Research" at WikiConference North America 8 October 2021. Included here is a video recording of the live presentation and the slides presented.</p> <ul> <li>conference page: <a href="https://wikiconference.org/wiki/Submissions:2021/WikiProject_Clinical_Trials,_Wikipedia_for_Research">https://wikiconference.org/wiki/Submissions:2021/WikiProject_Clinical_Trials,_Wikipedia_for_Research</a></li> <li>slides archive: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WikiProject_Clinical_Trials.pdf">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WikiProject_Clinical_Trials.pdf</a></li> <li>watch video: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR35orgEmlA">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR35orgEmlA</a></li> </ul> <p>Thanks</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Noun_clinical_benchmarking_1958245.svg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Noun_clinical_benchmarking_1958245.svg</a> by Bold Yellow</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_full_length.svg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_full_length.svg</a> by Kasuga</li> </ul>
Synthesis of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in South America: amphibian species under risk and areas to focus research and disease mitigation
<p>Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been recognized as the infectious disease causing the most catastrophic loss of biodiversity known to science, with South America being the most impacted region. We tested whether Bd prevalence is distributed among host taxonomy, ecoregion, conservation status and habitat preference in South America. Here we provide a synthesis on the extent of Bd infection across South America based on 21,648 molecular diagnostic assays, roles of certain species in the epidemiology of Bd and explore its association with the reported amphibian catastrophic declines in the region. We show that Bd is widespread, with a continental prevalence of 23.2%. Its occurrence in the region shows a phylogenetic signal and the probability of infection is determined by ecoregion, preferred habitat, and extinction risk hosts' traits. The taxa exhibiting highest Bd occurrence, were mostly aquatic amphibians, including Ranidae, Telmatobiidae, Hylodidae, Calyptocephalellidae and Pipidae. Surprisingly, families exhibiting unusually low Bd prevalence included species in which lethal chytridiomycosis and population declines have been described (genus Atelopus, Rhinoderma and Eleutherodactylus). Higher than expected prevalence of Bd occurred mainly in amphibians living associated with mountain environments in the Andes and Atlantic forests, reflecting highly favourable Bd habitats in these areas. Invasive amphibian species (e.g. Lithobates catesbeianus and Xenopus laevis) exhibited high Bd prevalence, as thus we suggest using these as sentinels to understand their potential role as reservoirs, vectors or spreaders of Bd that can be subjected to management. Our results guide on the prioritization of conservation actions to prevent further biodiversity loss due to chytridiomycosis in the world's most amphibian diverse region.</p>
Data from: Above- and belowground drivers of intraspecific trait variability across subcontinental gradients for five ubiquitous forest plants in North America
<p class="MsoPlainText">Intraspecific trait variability (ITV) provides the material for species adaptation to environmental changes. To advance our understanding of how ITV can contribute to species adaptation to a wide range of environmental conditions, we studied five widespread understory forest species exposed to both continental-scale climate gradients, and local soil and disturbance gradients. We investigated the environmental drivers of between-site leaf and root trait variation, and tested whether higher between-site ITV was associated with increased trait sensitivity to environmental variation (i.e. environmental fit).</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">We measured morphological (specific leaf area: SLA, specific root length: SRL) and chemical traits (Leaf and Root N, P, K, Mg, Ca) of five forest understory vascular plant<span> </span>species at 78 sites across Canada. A total of 261 species-by-site combinations spanning ~4300 km were sampled, capturing important abiotic and biotic environmental gradients (neighbourhood composition, canopy structure, soil conditions, climate). We used multivariate and univariate linear mixed models to identify drivers of ITV and test the association of between-site ITV with environmental fit.</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">Between-site ITV of leaf traits was primarily driven by canopy structure and climate. Comparatively, environmental drivers explained only a small proportion of variability in root traits: these relationships were trait-specific and included soil conditions (Root P), canopy structure (Root N) and neighbourhood composition (SRL, Root K). Between-site ITV was associated with increased environmental fit only for a minority of traits, primarily in response to climate (SLA, Leaf N, SRL).</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">Synthesis. By studying how ITV is structured along environmental gradients among species adapted to a wide range of conditions, we can begin to understand how individual species might respond to environmental change. Our results show that generalizable trait-environment relationships occur primarily aboveground and only accounted for a small proportion of variability. For our group of species with broad ecological niches, variability in traits was only rarely associated with higher environmental fit, and primarily along climatic gradients. These results point to promising research avenues on the various ways in which trait variation can affect species performance along different environmental gradients.</p>
Aedes aegypti in North America (Microsatellite and SNP array)
<p>The <em>Aedes aegypti</em> mosquito first invaded the Americas about 500 years ago and today is a widely distributed invasive species and the primary vector for viruses causing dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever. Here we test the hypothesis that the North American colonization by <em>Ae. aegypti</em> occurred via a series of founder events. We present findings on genetic diversity, structure, and demographic history using data from 70 <em>Ae. aegypti</em> populations in North America genotyped at 12 microsatellite loci and/or ~20,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the largest genetic study of the region to date. We find evidence consistent with a colonization driven by serial founder effect (SFE), with Florida as the putative source for a series of westward invasions. This scenario was supported by 1) a decrease in the genetic diversity of <em>Ae. aegypti </em>populations moving west, 2) a correlation between pairwise genetic and geographic distances, and 3) demographic analysis based on allele frequencies. A few <em>Ae. aegypti</em> populations on the west coast do not follow the general trend, likely due to a recent and distinct invasion history. We argue that SFE provides a helpful albeit simplified model for the movement of <em>Ae. aegypti </em>across North America, with outlier populations warranting further investigation.</p>
Data from: Coyote diet in North America: geographic and ecological patterns during range expansion
<p>This dataset was used to review and analyze coyote diets across North America in "Coyote diets in North America: geographic and ecological patterns during range expansion" by Jensen et al. in Mammal Review. We only include data from studies that reported data as percent frequency of occurrence and from multiple seasons. We ultimately used 93 of the included studies (294 seasonal records) in our analyses.</p>
Population genetics and biogeography of the lungwort lichen in North America support distinct Eastern and Western gene pools
<p>Populations of species with large spatial distributions are shaped by complex forces that differ throughout their ranges. To maintain the genetic diversity of species, genepool-based subsets of widespread species must be considered in conservation assessments. In this study, the population genetics of the lichenized fungus Lobaria pulmonaria and its algal partner, Symbiochloris reticulata , were investigated to determine population structure, genetic diversity, and degree of congruency in eastern and western North America. Data loggers measuring temperature and humidity were deployed at selected populations in eastern North America to test for climatic adaptation. To better understand the role Pleistocene glaciations played in shaping population patterns, a North American, range-wide species distribution model was constructed and hindcast to 22,000 years before present and at 500-year time slices from then to the present. The presence of two gene pools with minimal admixture was supported, one in the Pacific Northwest and one in eastern North America. Western populations were significantly more genetically diverse than eastern populations. There was no evidence for climatic adaptation among eastern populations, though there was evidence for range-wide adaptation to evapotranspiration rates. Hindcast distribution models suggest that observed genetic diversity may be due to a drastic Pleistocene range restriction in eastern North America, whereas a substantial coastal refugial area is inferred in the west. Taken together the results show different, complex population histories of L. pulmonaria in eastern and western North America, and suggest that conservation planning for each gene pool should be considered separately.</p>
Early stages of speciation with gene flow in the Amazilia Hummingbird (Amazilis amazilia) subspecies complex of Western South America
<p>Disentangling the factors underlying the diversification of geographically variable species with a wide geographical range is essential to understanding the initial stages and drivers of the speciation process. The Amazilia Hummingbird, <em>Amazilis amazilia</em>, is found along the Pacific coast from northern Ecuador down to the Nazca Valley of Peru, and is currently classified as six phenotypically differentiated subspecies. Our aims were to resolve the evolutionary relationships of the six subspecies, to assess the geographical pattern and extent of evolutionary divergence, and to test for introgression using both a mtDNA marker and a genome-by-sequencing dataset from 86 individuals from across the species range. The consensus phylogenetic tree separated the six subspecies into three distinct clades, corresponding with the Ecuador lowlands (<em>A. amazilia dumerilii</em>), the Ecuador highlands (<em>A. amazilia alticola</em> and <em>A. amazilia azuay</em>), and the Peruvian coast (<em>A. amazilia leucophoea</em>, <em>A. amazilia amazilia</em>, and <em>A. amazilia caeruleigularis</em>). However, an unresolved mtDNA network suggests that the diversification of the subspecies was recent and rapid. We found evidence of gene flow among the subspecies <em>A. amazilia dumerilii</em>, <em>A. amazilia alticola</em>, and <em>A. amazilia leucophoea</em>, with strong genetic isolation of the subspecies <em>A. amazilia azuay</em> in the isolated Yunguilla Valley of Ecuador. Finally, environmental data from each subspecies' capture locations were concordant with the three distinct clades. Overall, our results suggest that both expansion into new habitats and geographic isolation shaped the present-day phylogeny and range of the <em>A. amazilia</em> subspecies, and that <em>A. amazilia azuay </em>may be genetically divergent enough to be considered a separate species.</p>
The geographic distribution of rodent granivory and cheek pouches across North America
<p>Seeds are an important food resource for many rodents. One of the specializations that many granivorous rodents exhibit to increase their efficiency in harvesting seeds is cheek pouches. However, many rodent species lack cheek pouches. We propose that the presence or absence of cheek pouches is related to seed size and the productivity of the habitat where those rodents reside. </p> <p><b>Location</b> North America – United States and Canada.</p> <p><b>Taxon</b> Granivorous rodents.</p> <p>We divided granivorous rodents into those species with and without cheek pouches. We then compiled a list of plant species (n = 389) that are known or suspected to be dispersed by these rodents via scatter hoarding the seeds in soil and compared the richness distributions of small (≤10 mm) and large seeds (>10 mm) to the distributions of rodents with and without cheek pouches. Large seeds are generally too large to fit into cheek pouches so they are usually carried one at a time with the incisors. Most rodents with cheek pouches live in the arid southwestern North America, whereas most rodents that lack cheek pouches live in the mesic southeastern North America. The richness distribution of rodents with cheek pouches was more similar to the richness distribution of small seeds, and the richness distribution of rodents that lack cheek pouches was more similar to the richness distribution of large seeds (nuts), although details of these distributions differed significantly. The body mass of rodents with cheek pouches (mean = 59.5 g) was significantly less than the body mass of rodents that lack cheek pouches (592.6 g). Large rodents that lack cheek pouches live mostly in the more productive southeastern portion of North America where there are many trees that produce large nuts. Small rodent with cheek pouches live mostly in the less productive southwestern portion of North America where there are many shrubs, forbs, and grasses that produce small seeds.</p>
Fig. 15 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America
Fig. 15. Semi-schematic drawing of pseudoplate configuration in Milnesium irenae sp. nov.
EWINA_1st_RECORDS: Year of the first record of observation of each native and exotic earthworm species present in North America
<p>Year of the first record of each native and exotic earthworm species (Oligochaeta) present in North America. Stops in 2021.</p> <p>More details here: <a href="https://github.com/JeromeMathieuEcology/GlobalWorming">https://github.com/JeromeMathieuEcology/GlobalWorming</a>.</p>
EWINA_RICH : a database of EarthWorm native and alien species richness accross North America
<p><strong>EWINA_RICH</strong> gathers data on observed and predicted native and alien species richness of earthworms species across geographical units of North America (Mexico, US and Canada), based on data from 1850 to 2021.</p><p>Please refer to the published paper for the details about the process to produce the predictions and the general interpretation of the results.</p><p>Data are given at two distinct spatial resolutions</p><blockquote><p><strong>- Data at the resolution of counties or equivalent</strong></p><ul><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_counties.geojson">EWINA_counties.geojson: </a>Spatial layer of all counties or alike geographical units, with environmental covariates. Used to map geographical units and to predict RASR.</li><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_2000_counties_obs.csv">EWINA_2000_counties_obs.csv</a>: Observed earthworm species richness and RASR (Relative Alien Species Richness) in the geographical units with earthworm data, since year 2000, together with the environmtal covariates.(Coverage based estimates, used in the paper, will be released soon, feel free to reach out if you need them).</li><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_2000_counties_pred.csv">EWINA_2000_counties_pred.csv</a>: Predicted earthworm RASR (Relative Alien Species Richness) and its uncertainty, in all counties or equivalent, based on a model fitted on data after the year 2000.</li></ul><p><strong>- Data at the resolution of TDWG4 geographical units (≈ states)</strong></p><p>see <a href="https://www.tdwg.org/">the Biodiversity Information Facility Website</a> for more info about the definition of TDWG4 geographical units</p><ul><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_TDWG4_aboveground.geojson">EWINA_TDWG4_aboveground.geojson</a><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_counties.geojson">: </a>Spatial layer of TDWG4 geographical units, with above ground alien taxa richness from Dawson 2017 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0186">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0186</a>.</li><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/61402820-f567-48fb-b030-2353b156a676/EWINA_TDWG4_earthworms.csv">EWINA_TDWG4_earthworms_YYYY.csv:</a> Observed earthworm native and exotic species richness in the TDWG4 units, data cumulated from 1850 to YYYY.</li><li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/dea6f9e3-c6b3-488a-85ea-a9c6d63799c4/EWINA_TDWG4_fun.csv">EWINA_TDWG4_fun.csv</a>: Observed native and alien earthworm species functionnal role in the TDWG4 units, data cumulated from 1850 to 2021.</li></ul></blockquote><p>All data files are provided with a readme file that explains the meaning of the variables.</p><p>Scripts to use the data are stored on GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/JeromeMathieuEcology/GlobalWorming">https://github.com/JeromeMathieuEcology/GlobalWorming</a></p>
Data from: Accuracy of node and bud-scar counts for aging two dominant conifers in western North America
Accurately aging trees is critical for understanding tree demography and tree responses to environmental change. Given the proliferation of studies aimed at understanding the effects of climate and disturbance on forest ecosystems, it is important to understand the tradeoffs between field-based age estimates and precise dendrochronological techniques. We assessed the accuracy of age estimates from node counts in the field against precise tree-ring counts at the root-shoot boundary, in 1279 ponderosa pine and 1268 Douglas-fir seedlings sampled from across three study regions in the western U.S. We also assessed the accuracy of age estimates from bud-scar counts in the field against node counts and precise tree-ring counts in a subset of 757 seedlings from the Northern Rockies. Node counts systematically underestimated ring counts by an average of 4.1 years, with bias increasing with tree age. At annual, ±1-, ±2-, and ±5-yr precision, the accuracy of node counts was 5%, 15%, 29%, and 74% across all regions and species, respectively. Similar results were found for bud scars. Given the magnitude of the bias between field-based methods and ring counts, it is critical to select appropriate aging methods, based on the precision required to answer specific ecological questions. To improve the accuracy of field-based age estimates in these species, we provide a tool for correcting for the bias when precise dendrochronological aging is not feasible.
Data collected by citizen scientists reveal the role of climate and phylogeny on the frequency of shelter types used by frogs across the Americas
<p><strong>Supplementary Material </strong> of the manuscript on frog shelters across americas. Raw data and figures.</p> <p><strong>Table S1.</strong> The number of all anuran observations per species per country in the iNaturalist dataset on July 1, 2021.</p> <p><strong>Table S2.</strong> Distribution of shelter types among frog species retrieved from the iNaturalist platform across the Americas. Species with shelter first time reports are marked with *, shelter types are: AH = Holes in an artificial material; AS = Artificial surface; HG = Hole in the ground; HR = Among rocks; VBa = Hollow in bamboo; VBr = Bromelias or bromelia-like plants; VL = Live vegetation; VT = Tree trunk; VD = Leaf litter; WA = Water</p> <p><strong>Table S3.</strong> Anuran shelter sites around the world based on our literature review. *indicates the reference is secondary literature</p>
Species as conservation umbrellas: a case study with lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) in the southern Great Plains of North America
<p><span>Qualitative index of conservation benefit conferred by management for the lesser prairie chicken on non-target at-risk wildlife species.</span></p>
Phylogenetic data for: High diversity of new and known Phytophthora species from phylogenetic Clade 10 in natural ecosystems of Asia, Europe and the Americas
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>During extensive surveys of <em>Phytophthora</em> diversity, 14 new species were detected in natural ecosystems in Chile, Louisiana, Sweden, Ukraine, Vietnam and Indonesia. Multigene phylogeny based on the nuclear LSU, <em>rpl10</em>, ITS, <em>ßtub</em>, <em>enl</em>, <em>hsp90</em>, <em>tef-1α</em>, </span><em><span>ras-ypt1</span></em><span> and <em>tigA </em>and the mitochondrial <em>cox1</em>, <em>nadh1</em> and <em>rps10</em> gene sequences demonstrated that they belong to phylogenetic Clade 10 which is structured into three subclades. Subclades 10a and 10b comprise soil- and waterborne species with nonpapillate sporangia and variable breeding systems, including the known <em>P. afrocarpa</em>, <em>P. gallica</em> and <em>P. intercalaris</em> and the new </span><em><span>P. ludoviciana, P. procera, P. pseudogallica, P. scandinavica, P. subarctica</span></em><span>, <em>P. tenuimura, P. tonkinensis</em> and<em> P. ukrainensis</em>. In contrast, </span><span>all species in Subclade 10c are airborne with papillate sporangia and homothallic breeding system, including the known <em>P. boehmeriae</em>, <em>P. kernoviae</em> and <em>P. morindae</em> and the new </span><em><span>P. celebensis</span></em><span>, <em>P. chilensis, P. javanensis, P. multiglobulosa, P. pseudochilensis </em>and<em> P. pseudokernoviae</em>.<em> </em></span><span>All new species differed from each other and from related species by a unique combination of morphological characters, the breeding system, cardinal temperatures and growth rates.</span><span> The biogeography and evolutionary history of Clade 10 are discussed and the hypothesis put forward that the extant subclades originate from early divergences of pre-Gondwanan ancestors (>175 Mya) into water-/soilborne and airborne lineages which during their global spread experienced multiple allopatric and sympatric radiations.</span></p>
Atlas of Depth-Duration-Frequency Relationships for Extreme Precipitation in South America and Africa
<p>A continental-scale parameterization of a stochastic weather generator (CLIGEN) was used to determine depth-duration-frequency relationships with coverage of Africa and South America.</p>
Figures 1-2 in First records of Icius subinermis (Araneae: Salticidae) in North America, with notes on the local establishment of this species and its behavior in captivity
Figures 1-2. Photographs of Icius subinermis taken in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on a fence beside the Delaware River Trail at Washington Avenue Green. 1, Female with captured midge, May 2020. 2, Male, June 2019.
Figure 3 in First records of Icius subinermis (Araneae: Salticidae) in North America, with notes on the local establishment of this species and its behavior in captivity
Figure 3. Fence at Washington Avenue Green, beside the Delaware River, from which specimens of Icius subinermis were collected in May 2020.
Figure 5 in A new species of Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from western North America
Figure 5. Approximate geographic ranges of Epeolus autumnalis Rob-
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.