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Figure 7 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 7. Large nectar droplets (arrow) regularly accumulate on the lower lid surface of Nepenthes gracilis pitchers early in the morning.
Figure 6 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 6. Average nectar production per day for five Nepenthes species (n = 9 pitchers for N. gracilis and n = 8 for all other species). Values represent lid nectar for N. gracilis and peristome nectar for all other species. Bars denote medians, boxes represent the inner quartiles and whiskers include 1.5 times interquartile range. Circles represent outliers. Significant differences are marked with asterisks (Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn comparisons; Bonferroni correction applied; ***: P <0.001; *: P <0.05).
Figure 5 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 5. (a, b) lesser tree shrew (Tupaia minor) collecting nectar from the lower lid surface of Nepenthes gracilis pitchers in Tutong site II.
Figure 4 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 4. Sunbirds foraging on Nepenthes nectar in Tutong site II. (a) Female olive-backed sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis) and (b) male brown-throated sunbird (Anthreptes malacensis) drinking nectar from the peristomes of N. rafflesiana pitchers. (c, d) Male brown-throated sunbird (A. malacensis) harvesting nectar from the underside of the pitcher lid of N. gracilis.
Figure 3 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 3. Experimental setup to measure nectar production. Pitchers were enclosed in gauze bags to exclude visitors, and roofed with custom-made plastic umbrellas to prevent the nectar from being washed off by rain.
Figure 2 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 2. (a) Typical habitat (Tutong site I) where we observed sunbirds and a tree shrew foraging on nectar of Nepenthes rafflesiana and N. gracilis pitchers. (b) Temperature and humidity measurements from the same site. The peak foraging times coincided with the times of high relative humidity from sunrise to about 10:30, and from about 17:00 until sunset. (c) The Belait site was less open, and surrounded by mature forest. We never observed vertebrates foraging on pitcher nectar in this site.
Figure 1 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 1. (a) A typical Nepenthes trap (here N. rafflesiana) consists of a fluid-filled pitcher body (B), a collar-shaped peristome (P) and a roof-like lid (L). Insects are attracted by nectar secreted onto the peristome, and fall into the trap where they drown and are digested by the plant. This 'standard' trap design has been considerably modified in species that engage in mutualistic relationships with mammals: the pitchers of N. hemsleyana (b) are elongated and contain only very little fluid, making them a preferred daytime roost for woolly bats. (c) N. lowii attracts tree shrews (Tupaia montana) that harvest nectar from the inside of the pitcher lid. The lid is bent backwards to allow the tree shrew to access the nectar while sitting on top of the large and sturdy pitcher. The wide-open funnel shape of the pitcher ensures that the shrew droppings end up in the trap. (d) N. rajah pitchers show similar adaptations and have been shown to be visited by tree shrews and nocturnal rats.
Figure 3 in Food niche of Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) fulvofasciata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Brazilian savannah: the importance of oil-producing plant species as pollen sources
Figure 3. Absolute abundance of pollen types and the number of types observed in each sample. (A) Ecological Station of Panga, MG (ESP), and (B) State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas, GO (SPSCN).
Figure 5 in Food niche of Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) fulvofasciata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Brazilian savannah: the importance of oil-producing plant species as pollen sources
Figure 5. Abundance of pollen types according to grain size categories: small (S) and medium (M) in two natural areas. (A) Ecological Station of Panga, MG (ESP), and (B) State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas, GO (SPSCN).
Figure 1 in Food niche of Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) fulvofasciata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Brazilian savannah: the importance of oil-producing plant species as pollen sources
Figure 1. Number of Exomalopsis fulvofasciata recorded on Byrsonima flowers in the two savannah areas. Ecological Station of Panga, MG (ESP) – 1 to 9 and State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas, GO (SPSCN) – 10 to18.
Figure 4 in Food niche of Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) fulvofasciata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Brazilian savannah: the importance of oil-producing plant species as pollen sources
Figure 4. Abundance of pollen types according to the anther type: poricidals (P) and non-poricidals (NP). (A) Ecological Station of Panga, MG (ESP), and (B) State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas, GO (SPSCN).
Decoupling the effects of food and density on life history plasticity of wild animals using field experiments: Insights from the steward who sits in the shadow of its tail, the North American red squirrel
<p>Long-term studies of wild animals provide the opportunity to investigate how phenotypic plasticity is used to cope with environmental fluctuations, and how the relationships between phenotypes and fitness can be dependent upon the ecological context.</p> <p>Most previous studies have only investigated life history plasticity in response to changes in temperature, yet wild animals often experience multiple environmental fluctuations simultaneously. This requires field experiments to decouple which ecological factor induces plasticity in fitness-relevant traits to better understand their population-level responses to those environmental fluctuations.</p> <p>For the past 32 years, we have conducted a long-term integrative study of individually marked North American red squirrels (<i>Tamiasciurus hudsonicus </i>Erxleben) in the Yukon, Canada. We have used multi-year field experiments to examine the physiological and life history responses of individual red squirrels to fluctuations in food abundance and conspecific density.</p> <p>Our long-term observational study and field experiments show that squirrels can anticipate increases in food availability and density, thereby decoupling the usual pattern where animals respond to, rather than anticipate, an ecological change.</p> <p>As in many other study systems, ecological factors that can induce plasticity (such as food and density) co-vary. However, our field experiments that manipulate food availability and social cues of density (frequency of territorial vocalizations) indicate that increases in social (acoustic) cues of density in the absence of additional food can induce similar life history plasticity, as does experimental food supplementation.</p> <p>Changes in the levels of metabolic hormones (glucocorticoids) in response to variation in food and density are one mechanism that seems to induce this adaptive life history plasticity. </p> <p>Although we have not yet investigated the energetic response of squirrels to elevated density or its association with life history plasticity, energetics research in red squirrels has overturned several standard pillars of knowledge in physiological ecology.</p> <p>We show how a tractable model species combined with integrative studies can reveal how animals cope with resource fluctuations through life history plasticity.</p>
R4D data Towards Food Sustainability Project
<p>Contains the data of the Swiss r4d project "Towards Food Sustainability" (2015-2020)</p>
Statement to Joint Committee on Agriculture, Food and the Marine re: the Island Fisheries (Heritage Licence) Bill 2017
<p>Statement to Joint Committee on Agriculture, Food and the Marine re: the Island Fisheries (Heritage Licence) Bill 2017</p>
Dispersal of Drosophila melanogaster over landscapes with different food patch structures
<p>Theoretical and empirical studies often show that within populations, individuals vary in their propensity to disperse. We aspired to understand how this behavioural variation is impacted by the distribution and pattern of food patches across a landscape. In a series of experiments, we examined how inter-patch distance and the distribution of food patches influenced dispersal in wild-type strains of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> with natural allelic variants of the <em>foraging</em> (<em>for</em>) gene known to influence dispersal in this species. The "rover" strain was homozygous for the <em>for</em><sup>R</sup> allele (more dispersive) whereas the "sitter" strain was homozygous for <em>for</em><sup>s</sup> (less dispersive). We also assessed an outbred population of flies with an unknown dispersal propensity. Dispersal was assayed in a multi-patch lab arena (25 cells, 5 x 5 array). In the inter-patch distance trials, landscapes of two different sizes (small vs. large) were used, both with food in all 25 cells. Dispersal was reduced in the large landscape relative to the small landscape for all three fly strains. Sitter dispersal was lowest relative to both rovers and the outbred flies, whose dispersal tendencies were similar. In the patch distribution trials, flies were assayed in landscapes with varying distribution and number of cells containing food. Dispersal generally increased as the number of patches with food increased, however, rovers and sitters adopted similar dispersal strategies when food was fixed and limited. Conversely, their strategies differed when the total amount of food increased along with the number of patches. We found that both the inter-patch distance and distribution can influence dispersal. However, the effect of inter-patch distance and distribution on dispersal depends on genotype x environment interaction (G x E). Our findings highlight the importance of considering G x E when assessing how dispersal strategies and landscape dynamics influence the distribution of animal communities.</p>
Morphological traits influence food choice by coexisting New World warbler (Parulidae) species
<p>New World wood warblers (Parulidae) represent one of the most dramatic adaptive radiations in North America. However, the ecological bases for these species' evolved morphological differences remain poorly understood, especially considering how many foraging and habitat studies the family has inspired. We hypothesized relationships between morphology and diet in parulids. We combined a principal component analysis (PCA) of 18 external morphological traits from 11 species with stomach content data from coexisting species in one breeding community in Louisiana and three wintering communities in Jamaica. The primary morphological differences, corresponding with the first three PCA axes, were body size, morphological adaptations for aerial foraging versus gleaning, and arboreal versus ground adaptations. Our analysis revealed little morphological overlap among all 11 species. Diet differences among the bird species showed a significant relationship to the first two PCA axes of morphological traits. For five coexisting, foliage-gleaning species wintering in Jamaican wet limestone forest, larger warblers ate larger beetles and Orthopterans but not larger ants. In analyses including all four communities, warbler species with aerial foraging morphologies consumed a greater proportion of winged insects than other warbler species. Overall, our results indicate that food and foraging have likely played an integral role in the morphological diversification and coexistence of Parulidae.</p>
Changes in stream food web structure across a gradient of acid mine drainage increases local community stability
<p>Understanding what makes food webs stable has long been a goal of ecologists. Topological structure and the distribution and magnitude of interaction strengths in food webs have been shown to confer important stabilizing properties. However, our understanding of how variable species interactions affect food web structure and stability is still in its infancy. Anthropogenic stress, such as acid mine drainage, is likely to place severe limitations on the food web structures possible due to changes in community composition and body mass distributions. Here, we used mechanistic models to infer food web structure and quantify stability in streams across a gradient of acid mine drainage. Multiple food webs were iterated for each community based on species pairwise interaction probabilities, in order to incorporate the variability of realistic food web structure. We found that food web structure was altered systematically with a 32-fold decrease in the number of links and a 2-fold increase in connectance across the gradient. Stability generally increased 6-fold with increasing acid mine drainage stress, regardless of how interaction strengths were estimated. However, the distribution of the stability measure, s, for some impacted communities separated into clusters of higher and lower magnitude depending on how interaction strengths were estimated. Management and restoration of impacted sites needs to consider their increased stability, as this may have important implications for the re-colonization of desirable species. Furthermore, active species introductions may be required to overcome the internal ecological inertia of affected communities.</p>
Data from: Trematode parasites exceed aquatic insect biomass in Oregon stream food webs
<p>1) Although parasites are increasingly recognized for their ecosystem roles, it is often assumed that free-living organisms dominate animal biomass in most ecosystems and therefore provide the primary pathways for energy transfer.</p> <p>2) To examine the contributions of parasites to ecosystem energetics in freshwater streams, we quantified the standing biomass of trematodes and free-living organisms at nine sites in three streams in western Oregon, USA. We then compared rates of biomass flow from snails (<i>Juga</i> <i>plicifera</i>) into trematode parasites relative to aquatic vertebrate predators (sculpin, cutthroat trout, and Pacific giant salamanders).</p> <p>3) The trematode parasite community had the fifth highest dry biomass density among stream organisms (0.40 g m<sup>-2</sup>) and exceeded the combined biomass of aquatic insects. Only host snails (3.88 g m<sup>-2</sup>), sculpin (1.11 g m<sup>-2</sup>), trout (0.73 g m<sup>-2</sup>), and crayfish (0.43 g m<sup>-2</sup>) had a greater biomass. The parasite 'extended phenotype', consisting of trematode plus castrated host biomass, exceeded the individual biomass of every taxonomic group other than snails. The substantial parasite biomass stemmed from the high snail density and infection prevalence, and the large proportional mass of infected hosts that consisted of trematode tissue (mean = 31% per snail).</p> <p>4) Estimates of yearly biomass transfer from snails into trematodes were slightly higher than the combined estimate of snail biomass transfer into the three vertebrate predators. Pacific giant salamanders accounted for 90% of the snail biomass consumed by predators.</p> <p>5) These results demonstrate that trematode parasites play underappreciated roles in the ecosystem energetics of some freshwater streams.</p>
Data from: Foraging bumblebees acquire a preference for neonicotinoid-treated food with prolonged exposure
Social bees represent an important group of pollinating insects but can be exposed to potentially harmful pesticides when foraging on treated or contaminated flowering plants. To investigate if such exposure is detrimental to bees, many studies have exclusively fed individuals with pesticide spiked food, informing us about the hazard but not necessarily the risk of exposure. Whilst such studies are important to establish the physiological and behavioural effects on individuals they do not consider the possibility that exposure may change over time. For example, many pesticide assays exclude potential behavioural adaptations, such as a rejection of harmful compounds by choosing to feed on an uncontaminated food source, which would behaviourally lower the risk of exposure. Here we conducted an experiment over 10 days in which bumblebees forage on an array of sucrose feeders containing a range of concentrations (0, 2 & 11 parts per billion) of the neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam. We more closely mimic pesticide exposure in the wild by allowing foraging bees to experience i) a range of pesticide concentrations across a chronic exposure period, ii) repeated interactions with the pesticide, and iii) allowing foraging bees to retain the social cues associated with foraging by using whole colonies. We found that the proportion of visits to pesticide-laced feeders increased over time, resulting in the consumption of more pesticide-laced sucrose. After changing the spatial position of each feeder, foragers continued to preferentially visit the pesticide-laced food, indicating that workers can detect thiamethoxam and alter their behaviour to continue feeding from it. The increasing preference for consuming the neonicotinoid treated food, therefore increases the risk of exposure for the colony during prolonged pesticide exposure. Our results highlight the need to incorporate attractiveness of field relevant concentrations of pesticides to foraging bees (and other insect p
Data from: Effects of food variability on growth and reproduction of Aedes aegypti
Despite a large body of knowledge about the evolution of life histories, we know little about how variable food availability during an individual's development affects its life history. We measured the effects of manipulating food levels during early and late larval development of the mosquito Aedes aegypti on its growth rate, life history and reproductive success. Switching from low to high food led to compensatory growth: individuals grew more rapidly during late larval development and emerged at a size close to that of mosquitoes consistently reared at high food. However, switching to high food had very little effect on longevity, and fecundity and reproductive success were considerably lower than in consistently well-fed mosquitoes. Changing from high to low food led to adults with similar size as in consistently badly nourished mosquitoes, but even lower fecundity and reproductive success. A rapid response of growth to changing resources can thus have unexpected effects in later life and in lifetime reproductive success. More generally, our study emphasizes the importance of varying developmental conditions for the evolutionary pressures underlying life-history evolution.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.