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FIGURE 4 in A new species of Samba s. str. (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) from the Turkana Basin, Kenya with observations on the function of the metatibial spur in females

FIGURE 4. Phylogeny for species of Samba and select related genera. Small numbers above the internodes indicate the character numbers from Michez etal. (2010) (see also "Phylogeny" section above), small numbers below internodes indicate the state that the character changes to along that internode. Large numbers above and below the internodes show support for the monophyletic groups subtended by that internode: GC values and traditional bootstrap frequencies respectively. Filled in circles indicate unique apomorphies, open circles indicate homoplasious apomorphies. See text for details. The character state vector for the new species is: 101110110111---------12*01111111111.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Samba s. str. (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) from the Turkana Basin, Kenya with observations on the function of the metatibial spur in females

FIGURE 5. Phylogeny of Samba based upon DNA barcode sequences. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of base changes. The black bar represents 2% sequence divergence.

FIGURES 7A–B. Fig. 7A in A new species of Samba s. str. (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) from the Turkana Basin, Kenya with observations on the function of the metatibial spur in females

FIGURES 7A–B. Fig. 7A. Samba turkana foraging on Crotalaria sp. at Nachekichok, South Turkwel, Turkana County, Kenya. Note the bee gripping the standard petal with its mandibles (a), and the use of the middle legs to force apart the wing petals (b), while exposing the keel, forced down by the bees' grip, to comb the anthers for pollen (c) passing them through the gap between the hind–tibial spur and the inner surface of the hind–leg. Fig. 7B. Apex of hind leg of a female S. turkana to show pollen collected by the metatibial spur (arrow).

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Samba s. str. (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) from the Turkana Basin, Kenya with observations on the function of the metatibial spur in females

FIGURE 6. Typical arid habitat where Samba turkana was collected (this is following rains) with Vachelia tortilis trees and Indigofera spinosa in the foreground.

FIGURES 2A–E in A new species of Samba s. str. (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) from the Turkana Basin, Kenya with observations on the function of the metatibial spur in females

FIGURES 2A–E. Samba turkana: darkest paratype female. Fig. 2A. Clypeus, oblique view to show weakly developed median longitudinal ridge (label line). Fig. 2B. Lateral view of mesosoma to show darker colouration than in holotype (compare to Figs. 1A and 1E). Fig. 2C. Cardo, mentum and prementum to show, as labelled: a) enormous inner cardinal process, b) sclerotized sides to mentum (broken and somewhat displaced at basal 1/3, and c) elongate fragmentum. Fig. 2D. Lorum to show posterior concavity (label line). Fig. 2E. Prementum, slightly oblique dorsal view to show, as labelled: a) form of ligular arm, b) membranous lateral wall; c) concave apex of ligular arm.

FIGURES 1A–G in A new species of Samba s. str. (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) from the Turkana Basin, Kenya with observations on the function of the metatibial spur in females

FIGURES 1A–G. Samba turkana: Figs. 1A&B holotype, remainder from a paratype. Fig. 1A. Lateral habitus. Fig. 1B. Head, frontal view. Figs. 1C-G a paratype. Fig. 1C. Clypeus, oblique view to show lack of medial carina or ridge (arrow). Fig. 1D. Dorsum of mesosoma to show sparse punctation. Fig. 1E. Metapleuron to show relative position of metapleural pits (arrows). Fig. 1F. Mesobasitarsus to show length to width. Fig. 1G. Metatibia and metatarsus to show enormously developed metatibial spur.

FIGURE 3 in New species, corallivory, in situ video observations and overview of the Goniasteridae (Valvatida, Asteroidea) in the Hawaiian Region

FIGURE 3. Holotype of Astroceramus eldredgei n. sp. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal plates.C. Closeup of armtip showing abutted superomarginals. D. Actinal surface. E. Closeup of actinal surface showing actinal intermediate region and tube foot groove. F. Close up of adambulacral region, showing furrow spines and etc.

FIGURE 2 in New species, corallivory, in situ video observations and overview of the Goniasteridae (Valvatida, Asteroidea) in the Hawaiian Region

FIGURE 2. In situ video observations of Goniasteridae. A. Astroceramus callimorphus hunched over prey. B. Astroceramus eldredgei n. sp. on substrate. C. A. eldredgei n. sp. feeding on Paragorgia? D. A. eldredgei n. sp. feeding on the blue plexaurid octocoral Astromuricea theophilasi E. A. eldredgei n. sp. the blue plexaurid octocoral Astromuricea theophilasi F. Calliaster pedicellaris feeding observation.

FIGURE 1 in New species, corallivory, in situ video observations and overview of the Goniasteridae (Valvatida, Asteroidea) in the Hawaiian Region

FIGURE 1. Holotype of Apollonaster kelleyi n. sp. A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal plates.C. Closeup of armtip showing abutted superomarginals. D. Actinal surface. E. Closeup of actinal surface showing actinal intermediate region and tube foot groove. F. Close up of adambulacral region, showing furrow spines and etc.

FIGURE 4 in New species, corallivory, in situ video observations and overview of the Goniasteridae (Valvatida, Asteroidea) in the Hawaiian Region

FIGURE 4. In situ video observations of other Goniasteridae. A. Calliderma emma in situ on sandy substrate B. Circeaster pullus feeding on isidid octorcoral. C. C. pullus with swollen disk, likely feeding on isidid octocoral. D. Hippasteria muscipula feeding on isidid ocotocrals, off Kona, HI. E. H. muscipula feeding on soft coral in Celebes Sea. F. Plinthaster ceramoidea feeding on Gerardia?

FIGURE 3 in Badis laspiophilus, a new miniature addition to the ichthyofauna of West Bengal, north-eastern India, with observations on its ecology and preliminary notes on its ethology (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Badidae)

FIGURE 3. Live colouration of Badis laspiophilus, topotypic female, displaying dark flank bars, not preserved.

FIGURE 4 in Badis laspiophilus, a new miniature addition to the ichthyofauna of West Bengal, north-eastern India, with observations on its ecology and preliminary notes on its ethology (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Badidae)

FIGURE 4. Type locality of Badis laspiophilus (asterisk) and type locality of B. singenensis (square) in north-eastern India.

FIGURE 2 in Badis laspiophilus, a new miniature addition to the ichthyofauna of West Bengal, north-eastern India, with observations on its ecology and preliminary notes on its ethology (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Badidae)

FIGURE 2. Live colouration of Badis laspiophilus, topotypic male, displaying orange-red flank bars, not preserved.

FIGURE 1 in Badis laspiophilus, a new miniature addition to the ichthyofauna of West Bengal, north-eastern India, with observations on its ecology and preliminary notes on its ethology (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Badidae)

FIGURE 1. Badis laspiophilus, topotypic male, MSNG 58040, 33.7 mm SL, kept in captivity for a few months.

FIGURE 28 in Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini

FIGURE 28. Final instar caterpillars of Gegenes niso brevicornis. 1, newly moulted, dorsal view, collected as n-2 instar caterpillar on maize, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 17.xi.; photographed 17.xi., 22mm; pupated 26.xi.; ref. 88/ 110; 2, detail of head, anterior view; as (1); 3, detail of head, anterolateral view, collected as n-3 instar caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 30.i.1990; moulted to final instar 6–9.ii.; photographed 10.ii., 22mm; pupated 20.ii.; ref. 90/ 6G.

FIGURE 27 in Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini

FIGURE 27. Diagram of leaf shelter of Gegenes niso brevicornis on leaf of young maize plant, collected Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 5 Nov 1988, approximately 2x life size; ref. 88/110.

FIGURE 25. Adult Gegenes niso brevicornis. 1, a in Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini

FIGURE 25. Adult Gegenes niso brevicornis. 1, a worn male nectaring, Ashnil Mare Camp, Masai Mara, 16.viii.2010 (A.D. Warren); 2, female at rest, Kakamega Forest, 15.vi.1991 (vouchered).

FIGURE 22 in Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini

FIGURE 22. Final instar caterpillars of Borbo lugens. 1, lateral view with wax glands visible, collected 8.ii.1981 on Panicum trichocladum, Kisii; photographed 10.ii., 25mm; pupated 15.ii; ref. 91/8; 2, detail of head with heavy markings, anterodorsal view; reared from ovum (cf. Figure 20); moulted to final instar 29.iii–1.iv; photographed 2.iv., 16 mm.; pupated 12.iv; ref. 90/ 22A; detail of head with medium markings, anterodorsolateral view; collected and photographed as (1); 4, detail of head with light markings, anterodorsal view; collected as n-2 instar caterpillar 5.viii.1980 on P. trichocladum, Kadera God Forest, near Kisii; moulted to final instar 5–8.viii; photographed 21.viii., 22 mm; pupated 1.ix.; ref. 90/83B.

FIGURE 23 in Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini

FIGURE 23. Pupae of Borbo lugens. 1, dorsolateral view; collected as final instar caterpillar 8.ii.1981 on Panicum trichocladum, Kisii; pupated 15.ii; photographed 19.ii., 23mm; adult female 27.ii.; ref. 91/8; 2, dorsal view, collected as n-2 instar caterpillar 5.viii.1980 on P. trichocladum, Kadera God Forest, near Kisii; pupated 1.ix.; photographed 2.ix., 24 mm; adult male 19.ix; ref. 90/83B.

FIGURE 24 in Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini

FIGURE 24. Adults of Borbo detecta. 1, male at rest 3.vi.1990, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; 2, male at rest, early morning, Kibwezi Forest, 31.xii.1989 (vouchered); 3, female at rest, Kakamega Forest, 22.ix.1991 (vouchered).