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Fig. 21. P in Phylogenetic Systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae)

Fig. 21. P. validus (F:AM 61835), dorsal oblique view of cranium, stereo pair. Anterior is to the top. View is anterolateral, from the left side, through the opening in the left parietal bone. On the right side of the floor of the cranial cavity can be seen three separate grooves for the three branches of the trigeminal nerve (optic via sphenorbital fissure (sf), maxillary via foramen rotundum (fr), and mandibular via foramen ovale (fo)), which exit the braincase via separate foramina. The broken edge of the osseous tentorium (ten), separating the middle and posterior cranial fossae, can be seen. On the lateral wall of the cranial cavity, lateral and dorsal to the foramina, distinct impressions for cerebral convolutions can be seen. The left zygomatic arch (zygo) is labeled.

Fig. 7 in Phylogenetic Systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae)

Fig. 7. Pseudaelurus intrepidus Leidy sinclairi (AMNH 17212), right ramus fragment, type specimen. Drawing from Matthew (1918).

Fig. 20. P in Phylogenetic Systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae)

Fig. 20. P. validus (F:AM 61834), oblique view of right basicranial foramina, stereo pair. Anterior is up and to the right to display the foramina. In this specimen the ''roof'' of the alisphenoid canal (ac) is intact. The left paroccipital process (pp) can be seen projecting posteroventrally away from the posterior surface of the caudal entotympanic. Abbreviations: optic foramen (of), sphenorbital fissure (sf), foramen ovale (fo).

Fig. 33. P in Phylogenetic Systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae)

Fig. 33. P. intrepidus (F:AM 61910), lateral view of P3 and P4, anterior is to the right. The main cusp of P3 is similar in size to the paracone of P4. Abbreviation: parastyle of P4 (pas).

FIG. 9 in A New Species of Forstercooperia (Perissodactyla: Paraceratheriidae) from Northern China with a Systematic Revision of Forstercooperiines

FIG. 9. Scatter plots of length vs. width across P4/p4 and M1/m1 of forstercooperiines. A, scatter plots of P4; B, scatter plots of M1; C, scatter plots of p4; D, scatter plots of m1.

FIG. 7 in A New Species of Forstercooperia (Perissodactyla: Paraceratheriidae) from Northern China with a Systematic Revision of Forstercooperiines

FIG. 7. Dentition of F. ulanshirehensis in lateral and occlusal view. A, IVPP V20154 in lateral view; B, IVPP V20154 in occlusal view; C, IVPP V20156 in occlusal view; D, IVPP V20156 in lateral view.

FIG. 6 in A New Species of Forstercooperia (Perissodactyla: Paraceratheriidae) from Northern China with a Systematic Revision of Forstercooperiines

FIG. 6. Mandibles of F. ulanshirehensis (IVPP V20155) in lateral view. Abbreviations: cdp, condylar process; crp, coronoid process; mf, mandibular foramen; pcp, postcotyloid process.

FIG. 5 in A New Species of Forstercooperia (Perissodactyla: Paraceratheriidae) from Northern China with a Systematic Revision of Forstercooperiines

FIG. 5. Mandibles of F. ulanshirehensis (IVPP V20155) in occlusal view. Abbreviations: cdp, condylar process; crp, coronoid process; pcp, postcotyloid process.

FIG. 2 in A New Species of Forstercooperia (Perissodactyla: Paraceratheriidae) from Northern China with a Systematic Revision of Forstercooperiines

FIG. 2. Cranium of F. ulanshirehensis (AMNH 21608) in lateral view. Abbreviations: for, foramen orbitale; fr, frontal; fro, foramen rotundum; iof, infraorbital foramen; ju, jugal; lc, lacrimal; mr, median ridge of postglenoid process; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; opf, optic foramen; pa, parietal; pf, preorbital fossa; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process; pocp, paroccipital process; ppf, posttympanic-paroccipital foramen; ptp, posttympanic process; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; tc, temporal crest.

FIG. 1 in A New Species of Forstercooperia (Perissodactyla: Paraceratheriidae) from Northern China with a Systematic Revision of Forstercooperiines

FIG. 1. Location of the main fossil localities in the Erlian Basin. Three localities (Irdian Manha, Wulantaolegai, and Wulanhuxiu), where the new specimens of F. ulanshirehensis were unearthed, are marked by red solid stars. Black solid circles represent other known fossil localities, solid squares denote cities or counties, and open circles denote towns and villages. This figure is modified from Wang et al., (2010).

FIG. 4 in A New Species of Forstercooperia (Perissodactyla: Paraceratheriidae) from Northern China with a Systematic Revision of Forstercooperiines

FIG. 4. Cranium of F. ulanshirehensis (AMNH 21608) in ventral view. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; gch, partial great cornu of hyoid; hf, hypoglossal foramen; ju, jugal; mr, median ridge of postglenoid process; mx, maxilla; oc, occipital condyle; of, oval foramen; pac, posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal; pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pocp, paroccipital process; ppa, pterygoid process of alisphenoid; ptp, posttympanic process.

FIG. 8 in A New Species of Forstercooperia (Perissodactyla: Paraceratheriidae) from Northern China with a Systematic Revision of Forstercooperiines

FIG. 8. Dentition of F. ulanshirehensis in occlusal and lateral view (AMNH 22101). A, occlusal view; B, lateral view.

FIG. 10 in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 10. — Percentages of the amphibians and squamate reptiles from Almenara-Casablanca-3 grouped together by climatic and environmental affinities. We have considered here some typical Mediterranean species suggesting "warm" climatic conditions (Blanus cinereus and Chalcides bedriagai), high-lying areas species suggesting "fresher" climatic conditions (cf. Discoglossus, Bufo bufo, Natrix natrix, Vipera latasti), some aquatic or water edges species (cf. Discoglossus and Pelophylax perezi), species suggesting a some environmental humidity (cf. Discoglossus, Pelodytes punctatus, B. bufo, B. cinereus, Ch. bedriagai, N. natrix), species suggesting a dry (small lacertids, Rhinechis scalaris, Malpolon monspessulanus and V. latasti) or arid environment (Pelobates cultripes), species suggesting a wooded landscape (cf. Discoglossus, P. punctatus, B. bufo, B. cinereus, Ch. bedriagai and N. natrix) and finally species suggesting a more open landscape (P. cultripes and V. latasti).

FIG. 7. — A-E in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 7. — A-E, Coronella girondica (Daudin, 1803), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior,left-lateral and posterior views; F-J, Rhinechis scalaris (Schinz, 1822), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 4. — A-D in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 4. — A-D, Blanus cinereus (Vandelli, 1797); A, right dentary, medial view; B-D, trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral and right-lateral views; E-I, Chalcides cf. Ch. bedriagai (Boscá, 1880); E, F, right dentary, medial and lateral views; G-I, trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral and anterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 3. — A in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 3. — A, Bufo sp., left ilium, lateral view; B, C, Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758); B, left scapula, dorso-lateral view; C, right humerus of a male, ventral view; D-G, Pelophylax cf. P. perezi Seoane, 1885; D, E, right frontoparietal, ventral and dorsal views; F, G, left ilium, lateral and distal views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 9 in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 9. — Measurements of "colubrine" trunk vertebrae (from Szyndlar 1984; modified), and comparison of biometrical ratios between the Almenara-Casablanca-3 material (in black) and modern specimens (in grey) for Coronella girondica (Cg), Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Hh), Rhinechis scalaris (Rs) and Malpolon monspessulanus (Mm). Abbreviations: CL, centrum length; CNW, condyle neck width; NAW, centrum width; PO-PO, width between the outer edges of postzygapophyseal articular surfaces; PR-PO, length from the anterior edge of prezygapophyseal articular surface to the posterior edge of postzygapophyseal articular surface; PR-PR, width between the outer edges of prezygapophyseal articular surfaces. Data on recent specimens from Blain (2005).

FIG. 6. — A-E in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 6. — A-E, Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views; F, G, Coronella girondica (Daudin, 1803); F, supraoccipital, dorsal view; G, left exoccipital, lateral view; H, I, Rhinechis cf. Rh. scalaris (Schinz, 1822), right articular, lateral and medial views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 5. — A-L in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 5. — A-L, small lacertids; A-F, frontals, ventral and dorsal views; G, H, parietal, ventral and dorsal views; I, premaxilla, posterior view; J, K, jugal, dorsal and lateral views; L, "Psammodromus-Acanthodactylus" type, right dentary, medial view; M, "Podarcis" type, left dentary, medial view. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 2. — A in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 2. — A, cf. Discoglossus, left ilium, lateral view; B-E, Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier, 1829); B, left squamosal, lateral view; C, right part of frontoparietal, dorsal view; D, E, left ilium, lateral and medial views; F-J, Pelodytes cf. P. punctatus (Daudin, 1802); F, G, left ilium, lateral and medial views; H, left humerus of a female, ventral view; I, J, trunk vertebra, dorsal and posterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.