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FIGURE 12A–D. Patrera ramirezi n in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 12A–D. Patrera ramirezi n. sp. Male: (AMNH): A habitus, dorsal view; C right palp, retroventral view; D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view. Female (AMNH): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Abbreviations: dps, dorsal projection of the subtegulum; FD, fertilization ducts; SR, seminal receptacles. Scale bars: A–B: 2.16mm; C:1mm; D–E: 0.66mm; F–G: 0.25mm.

FIGURE 6A–G. Patrera borjai n in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 6A–G. Patrera borjai n. sp. Male (ICN-Ar-6074): A habitus, dorsal view; B left palp, retroventral view; C palp, ventral view; D palp, retrolateral view. Female (IBSP 237017): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B: 2mm; C: 1mm; D–E: 0.5mm; F–G: 0.2mm.

FIGURE 5A–D. Patrera barbacoas n in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 5A–D. Patrera barbacoas n. sp. Male (ICN-Ar-10604): A habitus, dorsal view; B palp, retroventral view; C palp, ventral view; D palp, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A: 2mm; B–D: 0.5mm.

FIGURE 9A–G. Patrera perafani n in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 9A–G. Patrera perafani n. sp. Male (ICN-Ar-10602): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, retroventral view; D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view. Female (ICN-Ar-5429): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B: 2mm; C: 1mm; D–E: 0.5mm; F–G: 0.2mm.

FIGURE 1A–G. Patrera fulvastra Simon, 1903 in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 1A–G. Patrera fulvastra Simon, 1903. Male (ICN-Ar-5581): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, retroventral view; D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view. Female (MCN 24208): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A, atrium; BE, base of the embolus; CD, copulatory ducts; dps, dorsal projection of the subtegulum; H, hood; E, embolus; FD, fertilization ducts; LB, lateral borders; MA, median apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, spermathecae; SD, spermatic ducts; ST, subtegulum; SR, seminal receptacles; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A–B: 3mm; C: 0.8mm; D–E: 1mm; F–G: 0.5mm.

FIGURE 8A–G. Patrera dimar n in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 8A–G. Patrera dimar n. sp. Male (ICN-Ar-10634): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, retroventral view; D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view. Female (ICN-Ar-10635): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B: 2mm; C: 1mm; D–E 0.5mm; F–G: 0.2mm.

FIGURE 2A–G in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 2A–G. Patrera ruber (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900). Male (ICN-Ar-9674): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, retroventral view; D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view (Arrow: indicates the basal cymbial process). Female (ICN-Ar-5353): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view (Arrow: indicates anterolateral notch of the lateral borders); G epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B: 3mm; C: 1mm; 0.8mm D–E: 1mm; F–G: 0.5mm.

FIGURE 4A–G. Patrera anchicaya n in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 4A–G. Patrera anchicaya n. sp. Male (MCZ): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, retroventral view (Arrow: indicates dorsal tibial projection); D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view. Female: B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: A: 2.16mm; B: 4.66mm; C-E: 0.83mm; F–G: 0.25mm.

FIGURE 3A–G in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 3A–G. Patrera auricoma (L. Koch, 1866). Male (BMNH 1890.7.1.1280a): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, retroventral view; D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view. Female (ICN-Ar-9658): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Abbreviations: MA, median apophysis. Scale bars: A–B: 2mm; C: 1mm; D–E: 0.5mm; F–G: 0.2mm.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Data from: New forms of structure in ecosystems revealed with the Kuramoto model

This is the general Mathematica code for the article, "New forms of structure in ecosystems revealed with the Kuramoto model" by Vandermeer, Hajian-Forooshani, Medina and Perfecto. All results presented in the article can be obtained by running the code with appropriate parameter settings.

opencc-zeroFeb 2021View details →

Data from: A test for rate-coupling of trophic and cranial evolutionary dynamics in New World bats

Data supporting article Shi et al. 2021, Evolution: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14188">https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14188</a> Morphological evolution is often assumed to be causally related to underlying patterns of ecological trait evolution. However, few studies have directly tested whether evolutionary dynamics of and major shifts in ecological resource use are coupled with morphological shifts that may facilitate trophic innovation. Using diet and multivariate cranial (microCT) data, we tested whether rates of trophic and cranial evolution are coupled in the radiation of New World bats. We developed a generalizable information-theoretic method for describing evolutionary rate heterogeneity across large candidate sets of multi-rate models of evolution, without relying on a single best-fitting model. We found considerable variation in trophic evolutionary dynamics, in sharp contrast to a largely homogeneous cranial evolutionary process. This dichotomy is surprising given documented functional associations between overall skull morphology and trophic ecology. We suggest that assigning discrete trophic states may underestimate trophic generalism, and that this radiation could be characterized by generally labile crania that result in a homogeneous dynamic of overall high morphological rates. Overall, we discuss how trophic classification could substantively impact our interpretation of how these dynamics covary in adaptive radiations.

Data from: Unlocking the story in the swab: A new genotyping assay for the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

One of the most devastating emerging pathogens of wildlife is the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which affects hundreds of amphibian species around the world. Genomic data from pure Bd cultures has advanced our understanding of Bd phylogenetics, genomic architecture, and mechanisms of virulence. However pure cultures are laborious to obtain and whole genome sequencing is comparatively expensive, so relatively few isolates have been genetically characterized. Thus we still know little about the genetic diversity of Bd in natural systems. The most common non-invasive method of sampling Bd from natural populations is to swab amphibian skin. Hundreds of thousands of swabs have been collected from amphibians around the world, but Bd DNA collected via swabs is often low in quality and/or quantity. In this study, we developed a custom Bd genotyping assay using the Fluidigm Access Array platform to amplify 192 carefully-selected regions of the Bd genome. We obtained robust sequence data for pure Bd cultures and field-collected skin swabs. This new assay has the power to accurately discriminate among the major Bd clades, recovering the basic tree topology previously revealed using whole genome data. Additionally, we established a critical value for initial Bd load for swab samples (150 Bd genomic equivalents) above which our assay performs well. By leveraging advances in microfluidic multiplex PCR technology and the globally distributed resource of amphibian swab samples, non-invasive skin swabs can now be used to address critical spatial and temporal questions about Bd and its effects on declining amphibian populations.

Data from: "ABC" - the Awareness-Body-Chart: a New Tool Assessing Body Awareness

Background: Despite the importance of body awareness for health and well-being there is still a lack of valid assessment tools to scan proper body awareness. To respond to the limitations of questionnaires (reading/interpretation problems of subjects) the Awareness-Body-Chart (ABC) was designed to assess body awareness by colouring 51 regions according to their awareness. The objective of this study was to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the ABC. Methods: In a questionnaire-study, 106 students in Graz (79 females, 27 males, age median 21 (IQR 20 - 23) years) filled in the ABC, furthermore a German body awareness questionnaire "KEKS", and the Beck Depression Inventory II. Factor structure, internal consistency, and retest reliability of the ABC were investigated. Correlations of the ABC with the KEKS and the Beck Depression Inventory II and comparisons of subgroups were conducted. Results: Through factor analyses, 14 factors with clear assignments to body parts could be categorized: cranium, face, cervical/lumbar region, chest/abdomen, back, shoulder, upper arm, lower arm/elbow, hand, genital area, thigh/hip, knee, lower leg, and foot. The 14 body parts and the total score showed acceptable to high Cronbach's alphas (α = .64 - .97). The test-retest reliability showed values between ρ = .71 and ρ = .96. The correlation of the ABC and KEKS (r = .66, p < .001) confirmed validity. Further indications of validity could be seen in comparisons of subgroups and in correlations with the Beck Depression Inventory II. Conclusion: The ABC proved good psychometric properties with acceptable to high internal consistency, acceptable to high retest reliability and high construct validity. It is an easy-to-use tool for clinical settings and research. The ABC opens new insights into body awareness-patterns of various subgroups.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: New insights on postglacial colonisation in Western Europe: the phylogeography of the Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri)

Despite recent advances in the understanding of the interplay between a dynamic physical environment and phylogeography in Europe, the origins of contemporary Irish biota remain uncertain. Current thinking is that Ireland was colonized post-glacially from southern European refugia, following the end of the last glacial maximum (LGM), some 20 000 years BP. The Leisler's bat (Nyctalus leisleri), one of the few native Irish mammal species, is widely distributed throughout Europe but, with the exception of Ireland, is generally rare and considered vulnerable. We investigate the origins and phylogeographic relationships of Irish populations in relation to those across Europe, including the closely related species N. azoreum. We use a combination of approaches, including mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers, in addition to approximate Bayesian computation and palaeo-climatic species distribution modelling. Molecular analyses revealed two distinct and diverse European mitochondrial DNA lineages, which probably diverged in separate glacial refugia. A western lineage, restricted to Ireland, Britain and the Azores, comprises Irish and British N. leisleri and N. azoreum specimens; an eastern lineage is distributed throughout mainland Europe. Palaeo-climatic projections indicate suitable habitats during the LGM, including known glacial refugia, in addition to potential novel cryptic refugia along the western fringe of Europe. These results may be applicable to populations of many species.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Phylogenetic reconsideration of Myrmekiaphila systematics with a description of the new trapdoor spider species Myrmekiaphila tigris (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae)

The trapdoor spider genus Myrmekiaphila currently comprises 11 nominal species. A recent molecular phylogenetic evaluation of the group identified a number of problems with respect to how species and species groups were delineated by Bond and Platnick in their 2007 taxonomic revision of the genus. We report herein the discovery of a new species, Myrmekiaphila tigris sp. n. The phylogenetic position of the species is evaluated using a molecular phylogenetic approach based on a set of mtDNA markers. Our preferred phylogenetic hypothesis supports the recognition of a new species and further highlights the need to more carefully investigate species boundaries within the genus. These results further indicate that palpal bulb morphology is rapidly evolving and has likely been a contributing factor in rendering a number of species paraphyletic with respect to the molecular data.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Contributions toward understanding the biodiversity of Passiflora in North America: updates and a new combination from the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico and vicinity

The Baja California Peninsula and surrounding landmasses harbor an abundant flora in an otherwise harsh and arid environment. Of the many plant groups native to this peninsular and insular region, passionflowers (Passiflora, Passifloraceae) are represented by a handful of taxa that all belong to a single lineage within the genus (section Dysosmia). Despite centuries of exploration and floristic research in the area, basic questions remain regarding this group—particularly the taxonomic status among the Passiflora arida complex. Using an extensive sampling of herbarium specimens and iNaturalist observations, the claims of endemism, habitat characteristics, and taxon boundaries were investigated. Peninsular endemism was confirmed for only one of the native Passiflora taxa (P. fruticosa), with an additional taxon (P. palmeri) considered near-endemic. Soil and climatic data revealed significant distinctions between the habitats of many of the native taxa as well as within the P. arida complex, corresponding mostly to precipitation and temperature variables. Geometric morphometric analyses showed little success in separating taxa based on leaf shape, indicating this line of evidence may not be a good indicator of taxon identity in this group of plants. Based on ecological differences and discrete macro- and micromorphological features, a varietal name is here synonymized and a new combination is proposed: Passiflora pentaschista.

Data from: Thermal physiology: a new dimension of the pace-of-life syndrome

1) Current syndrome research focuses primarily on behavior with few incorporating components of physiology. One such syndrome is the Pace-of-Life Syndrome (POLS) which describes covariation between behaviour, metabolism immunity, hormonal response, and life history traits. Despite the strong effect temperature has on behavior, thermal physiology has yet to be considered within this syndrome framework. 2) We proposed the POLS to be extended to include a new dimension, the cold-hot axis. Under this premise, it is predicted that thermal physiology and behavior would covary whereby individual positioning along the thermal continuum would coincide with that of the behavioral continuum. 3) This hypothesis was tested by measuring thermal traits of delicate skinks (Lampropholis delicata) and linking it to their behavior. Principal components analysis and structural equation modelling were used to determine if traits were structured within the Pace-of-Life Syndrome (POLS) and to characterize the direction of their interactions. 4) Model results supported the inclusion of the cold-hot axis into the POLS and indicated that thermal physiology was the driver of this relationship, in that thermal traits either constrained or promoted activity, exploration, boldness, and social behavior. 5) This study highlights the need to integrate thermal physiology within a syndrome framework.

Data from: A new ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Judith River Formation of Montana, USA, based on an exceptional skeleton with soft tissue preservation

The terrestrial Judith River Formation of northern Montana was deposited over an approximately 4 Myr interval during the Campanian (Late Cretaceous). Despite having been prospected and collected continuously by palaeontologists for over a century, few relatively complete dinosaur skeletons have been recovered from this unit to date. Here we describe a new genus and species of ankylosaurine dinosaur, Zuul crurivastator, from the Coal Ridge Member of the Judith River Formation, based on an exceptionally complete and well-preserved skeleton (ROM 75860). This is the first ankylosaurin skeleton known with a complete skull and tail club, and it is the most complete ankylosaurid ever found in North America. The presence of abundant soft tissue preservation across the skeleton, including in situ osteoderms, skin impressions and dark films that probably represent preserved keratin, make this exceptional skeleton an important reference for understanding the evolution of dermal and epidermal structures in this clade. Phylogenetic analysis recovers Zuul as an ankylosaurin ankylosaurid within a clade of Dyoplosaurus and Scolosaurus, with Euoplocephalus being more distantly related within Ankylosaurini. The occurrence of Z. crurivastator from the upper Judith River Formation fills a gap in the ankylosaurine stratigraphic and geographical record in North America, and further highlights that Campanian ankylosaurines were undergoing rapid evolution and stratigraphic succession of taxa as observed for Laramidian ceratopsids, hadrosaurids, pachycephalosaurids and tyrannosaurids.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

Data from: Impact of brood parasitism and predation on nest survival of the fan-tailed gerygone in New Caledonia

Predation and brood parasitism are common reasons for nesting failure in passerine species and the additive impact by invasive species is a major conservation concern, particularly on tropical islands. Recognising the relative contribution of the different components of nesting failure rates is important to understand co-evolutionary interactions within brood parasite-host systems. In the remote archipelago of New Caledonia, the fan-tailed gerygone Gerygone flavolateralis is the exclusive host of the brood-parasitic shining bronze-cuckoo Chalcites lucidus. Additionally, invasive rodents also possibly have an impact on breeding success. To estimate the impact of potential nest predators, we 1) video monitored nests to identify predators, 2) estimated the probability of predation based on nest visibility and predator abundance and 3) tested the possibility that the location of experimental nests and lack of odour cues decrease the predation by rodents. In addition, we estimated nest survival rates using data collected in different habitats over the course of 8 breeding seasons. Nesting success of fan-tailed gerygone was relatively low and predation was the main cause of nesting failure. We recorded mainly predation by native birds, including the shining bronze-cuckoo, whereas predation by rats was rare. In open habitats predation by cuckoos was much lower than predation by other avian predators. Neither predator activity around nests nor nest visibility influenced the probability of predation. Experimental nests in more accessible locations and containing an odorous bait were more exposed to rodent predation. Apparently, the fan-tailed gerygone has either never been specifically vulnerable to predation by rats or has developed anti-predator adaptations.