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9,882 results for “Scale”
Figure 1 in Transfer of the myrmecophilous soft scale insect Neolecanium amazonensis Foldi to Foldilecanium gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), with description of a new species from Colombia.
Figure 1. Foldilecanium amazonensis (Foldi), adult female.
Biodiversity scale-dependence and opposing multi-level correlations underlie differences among taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity
<p><b>Aim:</b> Biodiversity is a multi-dimensional property of biological communities that represents different information depending on how it is measured, but how dimensions relate to one another and under what conditions is not well understood. We explore how taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity can differ in scale-of-effect dependence and habitat-biodiversity relationships, and subsequently how spatial differences among biodiversity dimensions may arise.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Nebraska, United States</p> <p><b>Time period:</b> May-July 2016, 2017</p> <p><b>Major taxa studied:</b> Birds</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Across 2016 and 2017, we conducted 2,641 point counts at 781 sites. We modeled the occupancy of 141 species using Bayesian Bernoulli-Bernoulli hierarchical logistic regressions. We calculated species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and functional diversity (FD) for each site and year based on predicted occupancy, accounting for imperfect detection. Using Bayesian latent indicator scale selection and multivariate modeling, we quantified the spatial scales-of-effect that best explained the relationships between environmental characteristics and SR, PD, and FD. Additionally, we decomposed the residual between- and within-site biodiversity correlations using our repeated measures design.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> We demonstrate spatial differences among biodiversity predictions, arising from scale-dependence in habitat-biodiversity relationships and variation in correlation structure among biodiversity dimensions. Although relationships between specific land cover types and SR, PD and FD were qualitatively similar, the spatial scales at which these variables were important in explaining biodiversity differed among dimensions. Between-site residual biodiversity correlations were negative, yet within-site biodiversity residual correlations were positive.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Our results demonstrate how spatial differences among biodiversity dimensions may arise from biodiversity-specific scale-dependent habitat relationships, low shared environmental correlations and opposing residual correlations between dimensions, which suggest that single-scale and single-dimension analyses are not entirely appropriate for quantifying habitat-biodiversity relationships. After accounting for shared habitat relationships, we found positive within-site residual correlations between taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity, suggesting that habitat change over time influenced all biodiversity dimensions relatively similarly. However, negative between-site residual correlation among biodiversity dimensions may indicate trade-offs in achieving maximum biodiversity across multiple biodiversity dimensions at any given location. Although habitat management can to a limited degree improve biodiversity relatively across all metrics, other environmental effects may ensure that not all facets of biodiversity can be maximized at once. If maximizing a specific biodiversity dimension is the goal, then care should be taken to consider these within-site residual correlations.</p>
Soil Survey of Scotland Staff (1970-1987). Soil maps of Scotland (partial coverage) at a scale of 1:25 000. Digital phase 8 release.
<p>This is the digital dataset which was created by digitising the Soils of Scotland 1:25,000 Soil maps and the Soils of Scotland 1:25,000 Dyeline Masters. The Soils of Scotland 1:25,000 Soil maps were the source documents for the production of the Soils of Scotland 1:63,360 and 1:50,000 published map series. Where no 1:25,000 published maps exist 1:63,360 maps have been digitised for this data set, the field SOURCE_MAP describes the source of the data. The classification is based on Soil Associations, Soil Series and Phases which reflect parent material, major soil group, and soil sub-groups, drainage and (for phases), texture, stoniness, land use, rockiness, topography and organic matter. Phases are not always mapped. In general terms this dataset primarily covers the cultivated land of Scotland but also includes some upland areas. This data set is undergoing a phased revision, the latest (phase 8) was released in August 2021. The digitising of the recently added data was funded by the Rural & Environment Science & Analytical Services Division of the Scottish Government. The data can also be downloaded from or viewed at <a href="https://www.hutton.ac.uk/soil-maps/">https://www.hutton.ac.uk/soil-maps/ </a>or viewed at <a href="https://map.environment.gov.scot/Soil_maps/?layer=2">Scotland's Soils - soil maps (environment.gov.scot). </a> This map should be cited as: 'Soil Survey of Scotland Staff (1970-1987). Soil maps of Scotland (partial coverage) at a scale of 1:25 000. Digital phase 8 release. James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.5159133.</p>
Dataset for "Modeling Neighborhood-Scale Shallow Geothermal Energy Utilization - A Case Study in Berlin"
<p>Dataset with prepared ogs simulations used in the paper "Modeling Neighborhood-Scale Shallow Geothermal Energy Utilization - A Case Study in Berlin".</p> <p>Plese read the README file in the folder first.</p>
Model output data for compressible EULAG dynamical core in COSMO: convective-scale Alpine weather forecasts
<p>The archive contains model output data for article "Compressible EULAG dynamical core in COSMO: convective-scale Alpine weather forecasts" to be published in Monthly Weather Review.</p> <p>The article presents the semi-implicit compressible EULAGas a newdynamical core for convective-scale<br> numerical weather prediction. The core is implemented within the infrastructure of the<br> operational model of the Consortium for Small Scale Modeling (COSMO), forming the NWP<br> COSMO-EULAG model (CE). This regional high-resolution implementation of the dynamical<br> core complements its global implementation in the Finite-Volume Module of ECMWF’s Integrated<br> Forecasting System. The paper documents the first operational-like application of the dynamical<br> core for realistic weather forecasts. After discussing the formulation of the core and its coupling<br> with the host model, the paper considers several high-resolution prognostic experiments over<br> complex Alpine orography. Standard verification experiments examine the sensitivity of the CE<br> forecast to the choice of the advection routine and assess the forecast skills against those of the<br> default COSMO Runge-Kutta dynamical core at the 2.2 km grid showing a general improvement.<br> The skills are also compared using satellite observations for a weak-flow convective Alpine weather<br> case-study, showing favorable results. Additional validation of the new CE framework for partly<br> convection-resolving forecasts using 1.1 km, 0.55 km, 0.22 km, and 0.1 km grids, designed to<br> challenge its numerics and test the dynamics-physics coupling, demonstrates its high robustness in<br> simulating multi-phase flows over complex mountain terrain, with slopes reaching 85 degrees, and<br> the flow’s realistic representation.</p>
Rapid adaptive evolution to drought in a subset of plant traits in a large-scale climate change experiment
<p>Rapid evolution of traits and of plasticity may enable adaptation to climate change, yet solid experimental evidence under natural conditions is scarce. Here, we imposed rainfall manipulations (+30%, control, -30%) for ten years on entire natural plant communities in two Eastern Mediterranean sites. Additional sites along a natural rainfall gradient and selection analyses in a greenhouse assessed whether potential responses were adaptive. In both sites, our annual target species <i>Biscutella didyma</i> consistently evolved earlier phenology and higher reproductive allocation under drought. Multiple arguments suggest that this response was adaptive: it aligned with theory, corresponding trait shifts along the natural rainfall gradient, and selection analyses under differential watering in the greenhouse. However, another seven candidate traits did not evolve, and there was little support for evolution of plasticity. Our results provide compelling evidence for rapid adaptive evolution under climate change. Yet, several non-evolving traits may indicate potential constraints to full adaptation.</p>
Figure 1 in Comparative morphology of scales of four teleost fishes from Sudan and Yemen
Figure 1. Areas where scales were removed from left side of fish.
Figure 5 in Scale insects of the families Asterolecaniidae and Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in New Caledonia
Figure 5. Rhopalotococcus metrosideri sp. nov., adult female.
Figure 3 in Scale insects of the families Asterolecaniidae and Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in New Caledonia
Figure 3. Rhopalotococcus dugdalei sp. nov., adult female.
Figure 4 in Scale insects of the families Asterolecaniidae and Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in New Caledonia
Figure 4. Rhopalotococcus dugdalei sp. nov., second-instar female.
Figure 1 in Scale insects of the families Asterolecaniidae and Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in New Caledonia
Figure 1. Oacoccus nothofagi sp. nov., adult female.
Figure 2 in Scale insects of the families Asterolecaniidae and Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in New Caledonia
Figure 2. Eriococcus millei sp. nov., adult female.
Figure 95 in The Australian species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) and armoured scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea: Diaspididae)
Figure 95. Encarsia clariscutellum (Girault), female holotype.
Figures 8–10. Encarsia adela n in The Australian species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) and armoured scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea: Diaspididae)
Figures 8–10. Encarsia adela n. sp., female. (8) Mesosoma and gaster. (9) Antenna. (10) Fore wing.
Supplementary Information for Consonance-emerging Hebbian Learning neural network model predicts discreteness of musical scales and the Natural Just Intonation scale
<p><strong>The following phenomena and features are apparent in music and auditory perception in general: the discreteness of the tones in musical scales</strong> [1]<strong>, the prevalence of the tonal frequency span of one semitone (100 cents) in musical scales across cultures </strong>[1]<strong>, the list of tonal intervals ordered by consonance [2], and the musical performers’ preference of the Natural Just-Intonation scale [3] (A). However, researchers still have no agreement about the causes and the emergence of said phenomena (A). Here we show that the consonance-pattern emerging neural network model introduced in our previous study [4], predicts and yields all the said phenomena (A) with a precision of 1/100<sup>th</sup> of a semitone (1 cent). This precision is beyond the resolution of human hearing </strong>[5], [6], [7]. <strong>Since the Hebbian learning paradigm and harmonicity are the main features of our model, we propose that they are sufficient conditions for any system to yield the said phenomena (A). Therefore, they have a crucial role in processing pitch, consonance, and music perception in general. As a consequence, we additionally propose that the mentioned phenomena (A) are a balanced result of the joint workings of the Hebbian paradigm (nurture and cultural exposure) and harmonicity (auditory physics and biology).</strong></p>
Data from: Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non-feather integumentary structures in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs
<p class="MsoBodyText">Modern birds are typified by the presence of feathers, complex evolutionary innovations that were already widespread in the group of theropod dinosaurs (Maniraptoriformes) that include crown Aves. Squamous or scaly reptilian-like skin is, however, considered the plesiomorphic condition for theropods and dinosaurs more broadly. Here, we review the morphology and distribution of non-feathered integumentary structures in non-avialan theropods covering squamous skin and naked skin as well as dermal ossifications. The integumentary record of non-averostran theropods is limited to tracks, which ubiquitously show a covering of tiny reticulate scales on the plantar surface of the pes. This is consistent also with younger averostran body fossils, which confirm an arthral arrangement of the digital pads. Among averostrans, squamous skin is confirmed in<i> </i>Ceratosauria (<i>Carnotaurus</i>), Allosauroidea (<i>Allosaurus, Concavenator, Lourinhanosaurus</i>), Compsognathidae (<i>Juravenator</i>), and Tyrannosauroidea (<i>Santanaraptor, Albertosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Tarbosaurus, Tyrannosaurus</i>), whereas dermal ossifications consisting of sagittate and mosaic osteoderms are restricted to <i>Ceratosaurus.</i> Naked, non-scale bearing skin is found in the contentious tetanuran <i>Sciurumimus</i>, possibly ornithomimosaurians (<i>Pelecanimimus</i>) and tyrannosauroids (<i>Santanaraptor</i>), and also on the patagia of scansoriopterygids (<i>Ambopteryx, Yi</i>). Scales are surprisingly conservative among non-avialan theropods compared to some dinosaurian groups (e.g., hadrosaurids); however, the limited preservation of tegument on most specimens hinders further interrogation. Scale patterns vary between and/or within body regions in <i>Carnotaurus</i>, <i>Concavenator</i> and <i>Juravenator</i>, and include polarised, snake-like ventral scales on the tail of the latter two genera. Unusual but more uniformly-distributed patterning also occurs in <i>Tyrannosaurus</i>, whereas feature scales are present only in <i>Albertosaurus</i> and <i>Carnotaurus.</i> Few theropods currently show compelling evidence for the cooccurrence of scales and feathers (e.g., <i>Juravenator,</i> <i>Sinornithosaurus</i>), although reticulate scales were probably retained on the mani and pedes of many theropods with a heavy plumage. Feathers and filamentous structures appear to have replaced widespread scaly integuments in maniraptorans<i>.</i> Theropod skin, and that of dinosaurs more broadly, remains a virtually untapped area of study and the appropriation of commonly-used techniques in other palaeontological fields to the study of skin holds great promise for future insights into the biology, taphonomy and relationships of these extinct animals.</p>
Figure 7. Messelornis nearctica, BHI 1283, scale bar 20 in New Birds from the Lower Eocene Green River Formation, North America
Figure 7. Messelornis nearctica, BHI 1283, scale bar 20 mm.
Figure 11. Zygodactylidae indet., NAMAL 2000-0217-004, scale bar 20 in New Birds from the Lower Eocene Green River Formation, North America
Figure 11. Zygodactylidae indet., NAMAL 2000-0217-004, scale bar 20 mm.
Figure 2. Messelornis nearctica, FMNH A 716, scale bar 20 in New Birds from the Lower Eocene Green River Formation, North America
Figure 2. Messelornis nearctica, FMNH A 716, scale bar 20 mm.
Figure 4. Messelornis nearctica, USNM 776273, scale bar 20 in New Birds from the Lower Eocene Green River Formation, North America
Figure 4. Messelornis nearctica, USNM 776273, scale bar 20 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.