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Figure 8 from: Yonow N (2020) Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
Figure 8 Phyllidia schupporum, drawing of the digestive anatomy, also showing the genitalia (in heavier ink).
Figure A1 from: Yonow N (2020) Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
Figure A1 Phyllidiopsis sinaiensis, photograph of preserved specimen collected by the 'Meteor' expedition at 214–237 meters depth. Anus visible to the right of the photograph, at the narrowing of the longitudinal black lines.
Plates 15-18 from: Yonow N (2020) Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
Plates 15-18 Paradoris hypocrita sp. nov., specimen and individuals illustrating constant patterns 15 Hurghada, 09 Sept 2010 (S. Kahlbrock) 16 Hurghada, 14 July 2010 (S. Kahlbrock) 17 paratype SMF 360587, Sha'arm el Sheikh, May 1980 (B.E. Picton) 18 Marsa Alam, 28 July 2014, photograph of 30 mm individual (Hsini Lin – LIN_0805).
Figure 10 from: Yonow N (2020) Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
Figure 10 Paradoris hypocrita sp. nov., jaws of paratype SMF 360588 A light micrograph of three plates B SEM of rodlets.
Figure 7 from: Yonow N (2020) Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
Figure 7 Phyllidia schupporumA dorsal view of preserved specimen (same orientation as living animal in Plate 9 with head to the left) B detail of lateral tubercles and margin (lower) of specimen (enlarged from photograph of the living specimen C ventral view of holotype (M. Schrödl) D, E oral tentacles, 'lips' and anterior foot margin of specimen.
Figure 1 from: Yonow N (2020) Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
Figure 1 Phyllidiella amphitrite sp. nov., holotype SMF 360585 A dorsal view B ventral view C detail of oral tentacles and anterior foot margin D drawing of oral tentacles, 'lips', and anterior foot margin.
Figure 12 from: Yonow N (2020) Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
Figure 12 Paradoris hypocrita sp. nov., SEM radular images A middle rows [from Fig. 12C] magnified to show a few of the teeth with the distinctive groove (arrowed); paratype SMF 360588 B newer rows of paratype SMF 360589 specimen B) C old end of radula, paratype SMF 360588.
Figure 9 from: Yonow N (2020) Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
Figure 9 Paradoris hypocrita sp. nov. A detail of the granulation of the pink areas and the tubercles (photograph only, Hsini Lin LIN-0805) B gills partially extended, preserved paratype SMF 360587 C dorsal view showing extended gills, preserved holotype SMF 360586 D ventral view of preserved holotype SMF 360586 E ventral view of specimen A SMF 360589 with penis extruded F anterior bilabiate foot margin of specimen B SMF 360589.
Data from: Running with the Red Queen: host-parasite coevolution selects for biparental sex
Most organisms reproduce through outcrossing, even though it comes with significant costs. The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that selection from coevolving pathogens facilitates the persistence of outcrossing in spite of these costs. We utilized experimental coevolution to test the Red Queen hypothesis, and found that coevolution with a bacterial pathogen (Serratia marcescens) resulted in significantly more outcrossing in mixed mating experimental populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, we found that coevolution with the pathogen rapidly drove obligately selfing populations to extinction, while outcrossing populations persisted through reciprocal coevolution. Thus, consistent with the Red Queen hypothesis, coevolving pathogens can select for biparental sex.
Data from: The contrasting role of male relatedness in different mechanisms of sexual selection in red junglefowl
In structured populations, competition for reproductive opportunities should be relaxed among related males. The few tests of this prediction often neglect the fact that sexual selection acts through multiple mechanisms, both before and after mating. We performed experiments to study the role of within-group male relatedness across pre- and postcopulatory mechanisms of sexual selection in social groups of red junglefowl, Gallus gallus, in which two related males and one unrelated male competed over females unrelated to all the males. We confirm theoretical expectations that, after controlling for male social status, competition over mating was reduced among related males. However, this effect was contrasted by other sexual selection mechanisms. First, females biased male mating in favor of the unrelated male, and might also favor his inseminations after mating. Second, males invested more -rather than fewer- sperm in postcopulatory competition with relatives. A number of factors may contribute to explain this counterintuitive pattern of sperm allocation, including trade-offs between male investment in pre- vs postcopulatory competition, differences in the relative relatedness of pre- vs. postcopulatory competitors, and female bias in sperm utilization in response to male relatedness. Collectively, these results reveal that within-group male relatedness may have contrasting effects in different mechanisms of sexual selection.
Data from: Immunosenescence and the ability to survive bacterial infection in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
1. In most animals, ageing is associated with a decline in immune function (immune senescence). However, different components of the immune system seem to age differentially, and many studies do not measure the ultimate fitness consequences of immune function after infection. Previous work shows that immune function may be traded off with other fitness components such as reproduction. It is possible that age alters the nature of these trade-offs, particularly in conjunction with factors such as gender and mating that can also affect investment in immune function. 2. We tested the impact of age, sex and mating on post-infection survivorship in Tribolium castaneum flour beetles, as well as the components of baseline constitutive innate immunity and external (secreted) immune function in uninfected individuals. We also tested whether the reproductive ability of uninfected females is traded off with immune function (baseline innate and external immunity) and post-infection survivorship across age groups. 3. We found that age, sex and mating significantly affected immune components and infection outcome, although the magnitude and nature of the impact varied in each case. We found that older beetles were more susceptible to infection by the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis even though major components of the constitutive innate immune defence (antibacterial and phenoloxidase activity) remained unchanged or improved with age. Thus, these aspects of innate immunity cannot explain the observed decline in post-infection survival of older beetles. We did not find trade-offs between the reproductive ability of uninfected females and their immune function. In contrast to innate immunity, external immunity showed an overall decline with age but was also affected by sex and mating. Finally, we show that bacterial infection alters external immunity via complex interactions between age, sex and mating status. 4. Our work uncovers novel interactions between age, sex and mating that can determine the evolution and outcome of immunosenescence by affecting the time course of relative investment in different immune and fitness components.
Data from: Very low levels of direct additive genetic variance in fitness and fitness components in a red squirrel population
A trait must genetically correlate with fitness in order to evolve in response to natural selection, but theory suggests that strong directional selection should erode additive genetic variance in fitness and limit future evolutionary potential. Balancing selection has been proposed as a mechanism that could maintain genetic variance if fitness components trade off with one another and has been invoked to account for empirical observations of higher levels of additive genetic variance in fitness components than would be expected from mutation–selection balance. Here, we used a long-term study of an individually marked population of North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) to look for evidence of (1) additive genetic variance in lifetime reproductive success and (2) fitness trade-offs between fitness components, such as male and female fitness or fitness in high- and low-resource environments. "Animal model" analyses of a multigenerational pedigree revealed modest maternal effects on fitness, but very low levels of additive genetic variance in lifetime reproductive success overall as well as fitness measures within each sex and environment. It therefore appears that there are very low levels of direct genetic variance in fitness and fitness components in red squirrels to facilitate contemporary adaptation in this population.
Data from: Spatiotemporally explicit demographic modelling supports a joint effect of historical barriers to dispersal and contemporary landscape composition on structuring genomic variation in a red-listed grasshopper
Inferring the processes underlying spatial patterns of genomic variation is fundamental to understand how organisms interact with landscape heterogeneity and to identify the factors determining species distributional shifts. Here, we employ genomic data (ddRADSeq) to test biologically-informed models representing historical and contemporary demographic scenarios of population connectivity for the Iberian cross-backed grasshopper Dociostaurus hispanicus, a species with a narrow distribution that currently forms highly fragmented populations. All models incorporated biological aspects of the focal taxon that could hypothetically impact its geographical patterns of genomic variation, including (a) spatial configuration of impassable barriers to dispersal defined by topographic landscapes not occupied by the species, (b) distributional shifts resulted from the interaction between the species bioclimatic envelope and Pleistocene glacial cycles, and (c) contemporary distribution of suitable habitats after extensive land clearing for agriculture. Spatiotemporally-explicit simulations under different scenarios considering these aspects and statistical evaluation of competing models within an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) framework supported spatial configuration of topographic barriers to dispersal and human-driven habitat fragmentation as the main factors explaining the geographical distribution of genomic variation in the species, with no apparent impact of hypothetical distributional shifts linked to Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Collectively, this study supports that both historical (i.e., topographic barriers) and contemporary (i.e., anthropogenic habitat fragmentation) aspects of landscape composition have shaped major axes of genomic variation in the studied species and emphasizes the potential of model-based approaches to gain insights into the temporal scale at which different processes impact the demography of natural populations.
Data from: Specificity of oral immune priming in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
Immune specificity is the degree to which a host's immune system discriminates among various pathogens or antigenic variants. Vertebrate immune memory is highly specific due to antibody responses. On the other hand, some invertebrates show immune priming, i.e. improved survival after secondary exposure to a previously encountered pathogen. Until now, specificity of priming has only been demonstrated via the septic infection route or when live pathogens were used for priming. Therefore, we tested for specificity in the oral priming route in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. For priming, we used pathogen-free supernatants derived from three different strains of the entomopathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis, which express different Cry toxin variants known for their toxicity against this beetle. Subsequent exposure to the infective spores showed that oral priming was specific for two naturally occurring strains, while a third engineered strain did not induce any priming effect. Our data demonstrate that oral immune priming with a non-infectious bacterial agent can be specific, but the priming effect is not universal across all bacterial strains.
Data from: High genetic diversity and stable Pleistocene distributional ranges in the widespread Mexican red oak Quercus castanea Née (1801) (Fagaceae)
<p>The Mexican highlands are areas of high biological complexity where taxa of Nearctic and Neotropical origin and different population histories are found. To gain a more detailed view of the evolution of the biota in these regions, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of historical tectonic and climate events on species. Here, we analyzed the phylogeographic structure, historical demographic processes, and the contemporary period, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Last Interglacial (LIG) ecological niche models of Quercus castanea, to infer the historical population dynamics of this oak distributed in the Mexican highlands. A total of 36 populations of Q. castanea were genotyped with seven chloroplast microsatellite loci in four recognized biogeographic provinces of Mexico: the Sierra Madre Occidental (western mountain range), the Central Plateau, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB, mountain range crossing central Mexico from west to east) and the Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS, southern mountain range). We obtained standard statistics of genetic diversity and structure and tested for signals of historical demographic expansions. A total of 90 haplotypes were identified and 29 of these haplotypes were restricted to sngle populations. The within-population genetic diversity was high (mean hS = 0.72), and among-population genetic differentiation showed a strong phylogeographic structure (NST = 0.630 > GST = 0.266; P < 0.001). Signals of demographic expansion were identified in the TMVB and the SMS. The ecological niche models suggested a considerable percentage of stable distribution area for the species during the LGM and connectivity between the TMVB and the SMS. High genetic diversity, strong phylogeographic structure and potential distribution models suggest in situ permanence of Q. castanea populations with large effective population sizes. The complex geological and climatic histories of the TMVB help to explain the origin and maintenance of a large proportion of the genetic diversity in this oak species.</p>
Data from: Gene expression levels are correlated with synonymous codon usage, amino acid composition and gene architecture in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum
Gene expression levels correlate with multiple aspects of gene sequence and gene structure in phylogenetically diverse taxa suggesting an important role of gene expression levels in the evolution of protein-coding genes. Here we present results of a genome-wide study of the influence of gene expression on synonymous codon usage, amino acid composition and gene structure in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Consistent with the action of translational selection, we find that synonymous codon usage bias increases with gene expression. However, the correspondence between tRNA gene copy number and optimal codons is weak. At the amino acid level, translational selection is suggested by the positive correlation between tRNA gene numbers and amino acid usage which is stronger for highly expressed genes. In addition, there is a clear trend for increased use of metabolically cheaper, less complex, amino acids as gene expression increases. tRNA gene numbers also correlate negatively with amino acid size/complexity score indicating the coupling between translational selection and selection to minimize the use of large/complex amino acids. Interestingly, the correlation between tRNA gene numbers and amino acid size/complexity score appears to be widespread given our analyses of 10 additional genomes and might be explained by selection against negative consequences of protein misfolding. At the level of gene structure, three major trends are detected 1) CDS length increases across low and intermediate expression levels but decreases in highly expressed genes; 2) the average intron size shows the opposite trend, first decreasing with expression, followed by a slight increase in highly expressed genes and 3) intron density remains nearly constant across all expression levels. These changes in gene architecture are only in partial agreement with selection favoring reduced cost of biosynthesis.
Data from: Response of bats to light with different spectra: light-shy and agile bat presence is affected by white and green, but not red light
Artificial light at night has shown a remarkable increase over the past decades. Effects are reported for many species groups, and include changes in presence, behaviour, physiology and life-history traits. Among these, bats are strongly affected, and how bat species react to light is likely to vary with light colour. Different spectra may therefore be applied to reduce negative impacts. We used a unique set-up of eight field sites to study the response of bats to three different experimental light spectra in an otherwise dark and undisturbed natural habitat. We measured activity of three bat species groups around transects with light posts emitting white, green and red light with an intensity commonly used to illuminate countryside roads. The results reveal a strong and spectrum-dependent response for the slow-flying Myotis and Plecotus and more agile Pipistrellus species, but not for Nyctalus and Eptesicus species. Plecotus and Myotis species avoided white and green light, but were equally abundant in red light and darkness. The agile, opportunistically feeding Pipistrellus species were significantly more abundant around white and green light, most likely because of accumulation of insects, but equally abundant in red illuminated transects compared to dark control. Forest-dwelling Myotis and Plecotus species and more synanthropic Pipistrellus species are thus least disturbed by red light. Hence, in order to limit the negative impact of light at night on bats, white and green light should be avoided in or close to natural habitat, but red lights may be used if illumination is needed.
Data from: Generalization of learned preferences covaries with behavioral flexibility in red junglefowl chicks
The relationship between animal cognition and consistent among-individual behavioral differences (i.e. behavioral types, animal personality, or coping styles), has recently received increased research attention. Focus has mainly been on linking different behavioral types to performance in learning tasks. It has been suggested that behavioral differences could influence also how individuals use previously learnt information to generalize about new stimuli with similar properties. Nonetheless, this has rarely been empirically tested. Here we therefore explore the possibility that individual variation in generalization is related to variation in behavioral types in red junglefowl chicks (Gallus gallus). We show that more behaviorally flexible chicks have a stronger preference for a novel stimulus that is intermediate between two learnt positive stimuli compared to more inflexible chicks. Thus, more flexible and inflexible chicks differ in how they generalize. Further, behavioral flexibility correlates with fearfulness, suggesting a coping style, supporting that variation in generalization is related to variation in behavioral types. How individuals generalize affects decision making and responses to novel situations or objects, and can thus have a broad influence on the life of an individual. Our results add to the growing body of evidence linking cognition to consistent behavioral differences.
Data from: Eco-evolutionary feedback promotes Red Queen dynamics and selects for sex in predator populations
Although numerous hypotheses exist to explain the overwhelming presence of sexual reproduction across the tree of life, we still cannot explain its prevalence when considering all inherent costs involved. The Red Queen hypothesis states that sex is maintained because it can create novel genotypes with a selective advantage. This occurs when the interactions between species induce frequent environmental change. Here we investigate whether coevolution and eco-evolutionary feedback dynamics in a predator-prey system allows for indirect selection and maintenance of sexual reproduction in the predator. Combining models and chemostat experiments of a rotifer-algae system we show a continuous feedback between population and trait change along with recurrent shifts from selection by predation and competition for a limited resource. We found that a high propensity for sex was indirectly selected and was maintained in rotifer populations within environments containing these eco-evolutionary dynamics; whereas within environments under constant conditions, predators evolved rapidly to lower levels of sex. Thus, our results indicate that the influence of eco-evolutionary feedback dynamics on the overall evolutionary change has been underestimated.
Data from: Arabidopsis MKK10-MPK6 mediates red-light-regulated opening of seedling cotyledons through phosphorylation of PIF3
Photomorphogenesis is an important process in which seedlings emerge from soil and begin autotrophic growth. Photomorphogenesis mechanisms include light signal perception, signal transduction, and the modulation of light-responsive genes expression, ultimately leading to cellular and developmental changes. Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) play pivotal roles in negatively regulating photomorphogenesis. Light-induced activation of phytochromes triggers the rapid phosphorylation and degradation of PIFs, but the kinases responsible for the phosphorylation of PIFs are largely unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis MPK6 is a kinase involved in phosphorylating PIF3 and regulating red (R) light-induced cotyledon opening, a crucial process during seedling photomorphogenesis. MPK6 was activated by R light, and cotyledon opening angle in R light was reduced in mpk6 seedlings. MKK10, a MAPKK whose function is currently unclear, appears to act as a kinase upstream of MPK6 in regulating cotyledon opening. The activation of MPK6 by MKK10 led to the phosphorylation of PIF3 and accelerated its turnover in transgenic seedlings. Accordingly, the overexpression of PIF3 suppressed the MKK10-induced cotyledon opening. MKK10-MPK6 function downstream of phyB in regulating seedlings cotyledon opening in R light. Therefore, MKK10-MPK6 cascade appears to mediate the regulation of R light-controlled seedling photomorphogenesis,via a mechanism that might involve the phosphorylation of PIF3.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.