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Figure 39 in Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes

Figure 39. Articulation between pectoral girdle and neurocranium in selected cypriniform fishes, left side in dorsal view. Anterior to top of page. A, Crossocheilus reticulatus, UAIC 14180.20, 39.6-mm standar length (SL). B, Annamia normani, BMNH uncat., 63.5-mm SL. Cartilage dark grey, ligaments light grey. Dorsalmost portion of cleithrum illustrated only. Abbreviations: Apto, autopterotic; Asph, autosphenotic; BL, Baudelot's ligament; C, claustrum; Cl, cleithrum; COL, cleithral–occipital ligament; Dpto, dermopterotic; Epo, epioccipital; Exoc, exoccipital; Exsc, extrascapular; Fr, frontal; I, intercalarium; Lp1/Lp2, lateral process of first or second vertebral centrum; Lp2 + Oos, fused lateral process of the second vertebral centrum and outer arm of os suspensorium; Na3, neural arch 3; Pa, parietal; Pt, post-temporal; S, scaphium; Scl, supracleithrum; SN2/SN3, surparneurals 2 or 3; Soc, supraoccipital; Tr, tripus.

Figure 20 in Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes

Figure 20. Portion of the anteriomost pectoral fin ray of Psilorhynchus, left side in dorsal view, illustrating fingerlike projections borne along the anterior edge of segments of the upper hemitrich. Anterior to top of page. A, Psilorhynchus balitora, UMMZ 244782, 31.2-mm standard length (SL). B, Psilorhynchus breviminor, ZRC 43452, paratype, 32.0-mm SL. C, Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis, KU 29519, 40.3-mm SL. Abbreviation: S, segment.

Figure 8 in Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes

Figure 8. Hyopalatine arch and opercular series of Psilorhynchus, right side in lateral (i) and medial (ii) view. Anterior to left (images reversed). A, Psilorhynchus sucatio, CAS 50289, 39.6-mm SL. B, Psilorhynchus balitora, UMMZ 244782, 31.2-mm SL. C, Psilorhynchus breviminor, ZRC 43452, paratype, 32.0-mm SL. D, Psilorhynchus gracilis, UMMZ 205345, paratype, 39.1-mm SL. E, Psilorhynchus robustus, CMK 17941, paratype, 58.1-mm SL. F, Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis, KU 29517, 41.5-mm SL. Cartilage highlighted in grey. Abbreviations: Ana, anguloarticular; Apa, autopalatine; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; Ecpt, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; Hy, hyomandibular; Iop, interopercle; MC, Meckel's cartilage; Mpt, metapterygoid; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic.

Figure 6 in Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes

Figure 6. Infraorbital series of Psilorhynchus, right side in lateral view. Anterior to left (images reversed). A, Psilorhynchus sucatio, CAS 50289, 39.6 mm standard length (SL). B, Psilorhynchus balitora, UMMZ 244782, 31.2-mm SL. C, Psilorhynchus breviminor, ZRC 43452, paratype, 32.0-mm SL. D, Psilorhynchus gracilis, UMMZ 205345, paratype, 39.1-mm SL. E, Psilorhynchus robustus, CMK 17941, paratype, 58.1-mm SL. F, Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis, KU 29517, 41.5-mm SL. *Point of connection between preopercular sensory canal and infraorbital sensory canal. Abbreviations: IO1–5, infraorbitals 1–5; So, supraorbital.

Figure 10 in Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes

Figure 10. Ventral gill-arch skeleton of Psilorhynchus in dorsal view. Anterior to top of page. A, Psilorhynchus sucatio, CAS 50289, 39.6-mm standard length (SL). B, Psilorhynchus balitora, UMMZ 244782, 31.2-mm SL. C, Psilorhynchus breviminor, ZRC 43452, paratype, 32.0-mm SL. D, Psilorhynchus gracilis, UMMZ 205345, paratype, 39.1-mm SL. E, Psilorhynchus robustus, CMK 17941, paratype, 58.1-mm SL. F, Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis, KU 29517, 41.5-mm SL. Cartilage highlighted in grey. Abbreviations: Bb1–4, basibranchials 1–4; Bh, basihyal; Cb1–5, ceratobranchials 1–5; Gr, gill raker; Hb1–3, hypobranchials 1–3; Hb2–3C, hypobranchials 2–3 cartilage.

Figure 3 in Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes

Figure 3. Neurocranium of Psilorhynchus in dorsal (i), lateral (left side) (ii), and ventral (iii) view. Anterior to left. A, Psilorhynchus sucatio, CAS 50289, 39.6-mm standard length (SL). B, Psilorhynchus balitora, UMMZ 244782, 31.2-mm SL. C, Psilorhynchus breviminor, ZRC 43452, paratype, 32.0-mm SL. D, Psilorhynchus gracilis, UMMZ 205345, paratype, 39.1-mm SL. E, Psilorhynchus robustus, CMK 17941, paratype, 58.1-mm SL. F, Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis, KU 29517, 41.5-mm SL. Cartilage highlighted in grey. Abbreviations: AV–VII, anterior opening of trigeminal–facial chamber; Apto, autopterotic; Asph, autosphenotic; Boc, basioccipital; BocPr, basioccipital process; E, ethmoid complex; Exoc, exoccipital; Epo, epioccipital; FIX, foramen for glossopharyngeal nerve; Fr, frontal; FX, foramen for vagus nerve; LE, lateral ethmoid; MaPl, masticatory plate of the basioccipital; N, nasal; Orsph, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parietal; PE, prethmoid; Pro, prootic; Psph, parasphenoid; Ptsph, pterosphenoid; PV–VII, posterior opening of trigeminal–facial chamber; Soc, supraoccipital; Sor, supraorbital; STF, subtemporal fossa; Vo, vomer.

Figure 2 in Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes

Figure 2. Previous hypotheses of relationships amongst cypriniform fishes. A, Hora's views on the evolution of the Balitoridae and Psilorhynchus; redrawn from Hora (1920). B, phylogenetic relationships of cypriniform fishes from Siebert (1987), based on parsimony analysis of 41 morphological characters. C, phylogenetic relationships of cypriniform fishes from Conway & Mayden (2007), based on parsimony analysis of 24 morphological characters. D, phylogenetic relationships of cypriniform fishes from Šlechtová et al. (2007), based on Bayesian analysis of RAG1 sequences. E, phylogenetic relationships of cypriniform fishes from He et al. (2008), based on Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial sequences. Grey and black vertical bars indicate the superfamilies Cyprinoidea and Cobitoidea, respectively, in B–E. Non-cyprinid clades collapsed to single terminals in D and E.

Figure 1 in Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes

Figure 1. Reproduction of Hamilton's original illustrations of Psilorhynchus balitora (Hamilton), as reproduced by McClelland (1839).

Figure 4. A in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of Oligo-Miocene cormorants (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) from Australia

Figure 4. A strict consensus tree of 137 most parsimonious trees, length 430, from parsimony analysis of the reduced taxon set, with all characters unordered and equally weighted. Bootstrap values (1000 replicates) greater than 50% shown above branches.

Figure 3 in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of Oligo-Miocene cormorants (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) from Australia

Figure 3. Nambashag microglaucus sp. nov.: Right femur (SAM P.32584), holotype, in caudal (A), anterior (B), and lateral (C) views; distal right tibiotarsus (SAM P.32583) in cranial view (D); right tarsometatarsus (AMNH 10782) in dorsal (E), medial (F), lateral (G), and plantar (H) views; distal left humerus (SAM P.32587) in cranial aspect (I); proximal left ulna (SAM P.32588) in ventrocranial (J) and cranial (K) aspects. Scale bars = 10 mm. Abbreviations: fb, fossa M. brachialis; col, condylus lateralis; com, condylus medialis; ehl, groove for the M. extensor hallicus longus; fdl, tendinal canal for M. flexor digitorum longus; fhl, tendinal canal for M. flexor hallicus longus; fmI, fossa metatarsi I; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; hyp, hypotarsus; ir, incisura radialis; Mc, insertion for M. caudofemoralis; Mfhl, origin for M. flexor hallicus longus; Mfi, insertion for M. flexor ischiofemoralis; Mp, insertion for M. psoas; pcd, proc. cotyla dorsalis; psd, proc. supracondylaris dorsalis; saIV, sulcus for M. abductor digiti IV; tcv, tuber. lig. collateralis ventralis; trf, tuber. retinaculi M. fibularis; tsv, tuber. supracondylare ventrale.

Figure 2 in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of Oligo-Miocene cormorants (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) from Australia

Figure 2. Nambashag billerooensis sp. nov.: left ramus of mandible (SAM P.32573) in dorsal (A) and medial (B) views; right quadrate (SAM P.32580) in cranial (C) and caudal (D) views; humeri, left (SAM P.32581) in cranial view (E), proximal left (SAM P.32569) in cranial (F) and caudal (G) views; ulnae, proximal right (SAM P.41264) in ventral aspect (H), distal right (UCR16097) in dorsal aspect (I); left carpometacarpus (SAM P.32574) in dorsal aspect (J); left tibiotarsus (SAM P.32565) in cranial (K) and proximal (L) aspects; left coracoid (SAM P.41289) in dorsal (M) and ventral (N) aspects; left femur (SAM P.32567) in cranial (O), caudal (P), and lateral (Q) aspects. Scale bars = 10 mm. Abbreviations: ccl, crista cnemialis lateralis; cd, crista deltopectoralis; ci, crista intercotylaris; cl, cotyla lateralis; co, capitulum oticum; coc, condylus caudalis; col, condylus lateralis; com, condylus medialis; cs, capitulum squamosum; ct, crista transversa fossae; fac, facies artic. clavicularis; fb, fossa M. brachialis; fcc, fovea carpalis caudalis; fp, fossa pneumotricipitalis; ic, impressio coracohumeralis; Mc, insertion for M. caudofemoralis; mc, margo caudalis; Mfhl, origin for M. flexor hallicus longus; Mfi, insertion for M. flexor ischiofemoralis; Mp, insertion for M. psoas; omm, os metacarpale minus; pa, proc. acrocoracoideus; pcd, proc. cotyla dorsalis; po, proc. orbitalis; pp, proc. procoracoideus; ps, pons supratendineus; sc, cotyla scapularis; tc, tuber. carpale; tcv, tuber. lig. collateralis ventralis; tsv, tuber. supracondylare ventrale; tub, tuberculum.

Figure 1 in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of Oligo-Miocene cormorants (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) from Australia

Figure 1. Holotype tarsometatarsus of Nambashag billerooensis sp. nov. SAM P.29079, in dorsal (A), plantar (B), medial (C), lateral (D), and proximal (E) views. Plantar wall of fhl broken in this specimen. Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: cl, cotyla lateralis; cm, cotyla medialis; ehl, groove for the M. extensor hallicus longus; ei, eminentia intercotylaris; fdl, tendinal canal for M. flexor digitorum longus; fhl, tendinal canal for M. flexor hallicus longus; fmI, fossa metatarsi I; fp2, tendinal canal for M. flexor perforatis digiti 2; fpm, fossa parahypotarsalis medialis; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; fvp, foramen vascularis proximalis lateralis; ire, impressiones retinaculi extensorii; saIV, sulcus for M. abductor digiti IV; tmt, tuberositas M. tibialis cranialis; II, trochlea metatarsi II; III, trochlea metatarsi III; IV, trochlea metatarsi IV.

Figure 5. A in Descriptions and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of Oligo-Miocene cormorants (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) from Australia

Figure 5. A strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees from analysis in which Phalacrocorax gaimardi was constrained to be sister to non-Microcarbo taxa, ordering applied to 19 characters, and weighting of 0.5 to pelvic characters. Bootstrap values (1000 replicates) where greater than 50%, are shown above nodes. Letters A-G indicate major clades discussed in the text.

Figure 2 in Comparative morphology, phylogenetic relationships, and historical biogeography of plesiolebiasine seasonal killifishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)

Figure 2. Jaws, jaw suspensorium, and opercular series: left jaw suspensorium and anterior part of opercular series, lateral view, of Plesiolebias filamentosus (A), and Pituna compacta (B); left autopalatine, medial view, of Kryptolebias brasiliensis (C), Pi. compacta (D), and Maratecoara splendida (E); left maxilla, proximal portion, dorsal view, of Rachovia maculipinnis (F), and Pi. compacta (G); left maxilla, proximal portion, posterior view, of M. splendida (H), and Pl. filamentosus (I). Numbers in brackets are characters and character states numbered according to Appendix S2. Larger stippling indicates cartilage. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 4 in Comparative morphology, phylogenetic relationships, and historical biogeography of plesiolebiasine seasonal killifishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)

Figure 4. Neurocranium, vertebrae, and fins: anterior portion of neurocranium, central and left portion, ventral view, of Papiliolebias bitteri (A); median portion of ventral part of neurocranium, left lateral view, of Plesiolebias filamentosus (B), and Maratecoara splendida (C); parasphenoid, ventral view, of Pa. bitteri (D); neurocranium, posterior part, and first two vertebrae, lateral view (ribs excluded), of Pl. filamentosus (E), and Ma. splendida (F); caudal skeleton (fin rays excluded), left lateral view, of Stenolebias damascenoi (G); anal-fin base, anterior portion, left lateral view, of Plesiolebias glaucopterus (H); left post-temporal and supracleithrum, lateral view, of Maratecoara formosa (I), Pa. bitteri (J), and Pterolebias longipinnis (K); left proximal radials of pectoral fin, lateral view, of Pituna poranga (L), and Maratecoara lacortei (M); pelvic bones, dorsal view, of Pituna obliquoseriata (N). Numbers in brackets are characters and character states numbered according to Appendix S2. Larger stippling indicates cartilage. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 3 in Comparative morphology, phylogenetic relationships, and historical biogeography of plesiolebiasine seasonal killifishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)

Figure 3. Hyoid and branchial arches: left hyoid bar, lateral view, of Plesiolebias filamentosus (A); basihyal and ventral part of branchial arches (fifth ceratobranchial excluded), central and left portion, dorsal view, of Pl. filamentosus (B), and Pituna poranga (C); urohyal, left lateral view, of Papiliolebias bitteri (D), and Rivulus pictus (E); dorsal branchial arches, anterior portion, ventral view, of Maratecoara splendida (F), and Pi. poranga (G); dorsal branchial arches, posterior portion, ventral view, of M. splendida (H), and Pa. bitteri (I). Numbers in brackets are characters and character states numbered according to Appendix S2. Larger stippling indicates cartilage. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 6 in Comparative morphology, phylogenetic relationships, and historical biogeography of plesiolebiasine seasonal killifishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)

Figure 6. Frontal scales (A–H) and cephalic squamation patterns amongst plesiolebiasines: A, Pituna obliquoseriata; B, Maratecoara lacortei; C, Plesiolebias xavantei. Abbreviations: an, anterior supraorbital series, posterior-most neuromast; pn, posterior supraorbital series, anterior-most neuromast. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

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Figure 1 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones

Figure 1. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6734-V (Type VI) in ventral (A), dorsal (B), and lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: al, anterior lamina; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cc, crus commune; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fss, foramen for the sigmoid sinus; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); me, mastoid exposure; mp, mastoid tympanic process; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psv?, probable prootic sinus vein; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sica, sulcus for the internal carotid artery; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; spsv?, sulcus for a probable vein connected to the prootic sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus; sss, sulcus for the sigmoid sinus; th, tympanohyal; tt, tuberculum tympani; ttf, tensor tympani fossa; ts, transverse sinus; tyc, tympanic crest; vf, vascular foramen; uf, unknown foramen; us, unknown sulcus; V3?, probable medial border of the foramen ovale for the V3 nerve.

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Figure 7 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones

Figure 7. Timing of the earliest evolution of metatherians according to the hypotheses highlighted in the most parsimonious trees (Fig. 4). Data sources: minimal age of Sinodelphys (Swisher et al., 1999), age for the North American metatherians (Clemens, 1966), dating of the Mongolian taxon Deltatheridium (Dashzeveg et al., 2005), dating of the South American metatherians (de Muizon, 1994; Flynn & Swisher, 1995; Marshall et al., 1997); molecular estimate of divergence of marsupial ordinal clades (Nilsson et al., 2004; Beck, 2008; Meredith et al., 2008). Thick and grey strokes represent fossil species. Geological stages: Ab, Albian; Bm, Barremian; C, Coniacian; Ca, Campanian; Ce, Cenomanian; Eo, Eocene; H, Hauterivian; Ma, Maastrichtian; Pa, Palaeocene; S, Santonian; T, Turonian; V, Valanginian.